氧化苦参碱对H2O2诱导的L6成肌细胞凋亡的影响

研究氧化苦参碱对L₆大鼠成肌细胞H<>sub>2O₂凋亡的影响．采用过氧化氢损伤L₆大鼠成肌细胞的方法,建立L₆大鼠成肌细胞H₂O₂凋亡模型．使用剂量为0.3,0.15,0.75 g/L的氧化苦参碱处理细胞．应用MTT法统计存活率和流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及凋亡率,用DAPI荧光染色、HE染色以及Bax和Bcl-2抗体鉴定损伤程度,Western blot检测蛋白质差异．结果表明,H₂O₂损伤的成肌细胞存活率降低,凋亡率增加．各种剂量氧化苦参碱能提高成肌细胞的存活率,促使Bcl-2增高,Bax降低．对成肌细胞的保护程度随氧化苦参碱剂量增加而增强,在剂量为0.3 g/L时,效果显著,其次是0.15、0.75 g/L的氧化苦参碱．其生理生化机制是氧化苦参碱保护₂O₂通过NFκB信号通路造成的大鼠成肌细胞凋亡模型．结果显示,氧化苦参碱具有作为新的抗氧化药物的潜力．     

基于液相色谱-串联质谱技术（LC-MS/MS）检测癫痫小鼠毛发中内源性大麻素（2-AG、AEA）的含量

摘要 目的：基于液相色谱-串联质谱技术（LC-MS/MS）对癫痫小鼠毛发中内源性大麻素（2-AG、AEA）进行含量检测。方法：匹鲁卡品腹腔注射方法建立小鼠癫痫模型,采用LC-MS/MS检测毛发中2-AG、AEA的含量,对比分析不同癫痫发作分级小鼠2-AG、AEA含量差异。结果：标准品溶液中AEA、2-AG的保留时间分别为14.3 min,18.1 min,毛发样品中AEA、2-AG的保留时间分别为14.0 min,17.7 min。毛发样品中AEA的检测限、定量限、回收率为0.7 pg/mg、2.1 pg/mg和97.9%,毛发样品中2-AG的检测限、定量限、回收率为3.2 pg/mg、10.9 pg/mg和99.3%,且二者的日内、日间变异系数均低于15%。癫痫发作1级、2级、3级、4级、5级这五个分级癫痫小鼠的AEA含量和2-AG含量依次升高,不同癫痫发作分级小鼠毛发样品中AEA含量和2-AG含量比较（P均<0.05）。结论：LC-MS/MS测定癫痫小鼠毛发中2-AG、AEA的表达量,具有灵敏度更高,样品使用量更少等优点,可大规模样本研究。     

苦参碱和氧化苦参碱在苦参中高效液相色谱指纹图谱法的研究

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器建立了苦参药材指纹图谱,并对主要成分苦参碱和氧化苦参碱含量进行研究。苦参药材,用水冷浸提取后,直接用HPLC-UVD检测,外标法定量。结果表明:通过建立的苦参药材指纹图谱方法,对主要成分苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量测定回收率分别为102.5%和100.8%,精密度(RSD)分别为4.13%和1.58%,检测下限分别为1μg/mL和20μg/mL,定量分析线性r值分别为0.9996和0.9993。本方法灵敏度、选择性、精密度和定量分析线性关系均良好,符合中药指纹图谱研究的技术要求。     

漏芦醇提取物对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤的缓解作用

摘要 目的：探讨漏芦乙醇提取物（RUEE）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤发挥保护作用。方法：采用体外培养的小鼠乳腺上皮细胞系 HC11 为模型,首先利用MTT法筛选RUEE的最佳作用浓度及检测LPS和RUEE对细胞活力的影响,然后用1 μg?mL^-1 LPS单独处理,20、40、80 μg?mL^-1的RUEE与 1 μg?mL^-1 LPS 共处理 HC11细胞,检测氧化应激相关指标、抗氧化相关基因mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果：细胞活力实验确定20、40、80 μg?mL^-1的RUEE作为后续试验的添加浓度。LPS诱导可显著提高HC11细胞内丙二醛（MDA）含量、一氧化氮（NO）水平、一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性（P＜0.05）;明显降低超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P＜0.05）;显著抑制核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）、血红素氧合酶1（HO-1）、NAD(P)H醌氧化还原酶1（NQO1）的mRNA及蛋白表达（P＜0.05）。20、40、80 μg?mL^-1的RUEE预处理后可明显下调LPS诱导的HC11细胞内MDA含量、NO水平及iNOS活性（P＜0.05）;显著提高SOD、GPx、CAT的活性及T-AOC（P＜0.05）;显著上调Nrf2、HO-1、NQO1 mRNA和蛋白表达（P＜0.05）。结论：RUEE可以有效减轻LPS诱导的乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤,这可能与RUEE能激活乳腺上皮细胞Nrf2进而促进抗氧化基因的表达有关。     

高胱氨酸尿对大鼠肾脏自噬水平的抑制作用

摘要 目的：探讨胱氨酸尿症中高胱氨酸浓度对大鼠肾脏自噬水平的影响。方法：通过液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）测定Slc7a9基因敲除大鼠24小时尿液胱氨酸浓度确定高尿胱氨酸;通过IHC（免疫组织化学）染色筛选无结石产生的胱氨酸尿症大鼠、观察肾脏组织结构有无明显变化;通过Western blot测定肾脏组织中的LC3-I、LC3-II、p62和mTOR的蛋白相对表达量,以检测自噬水平的变化,并探索变化原因;通过组织切片Masson染色法检测肾脏髓质纤维化程度。结果：10只无结石胱氨酸尿症大鼠尿液胱氨酸显著高于对照组;未发现有胱氨酸结石的生成与肾脏结构性变化;Masson染色提示胱氨酸尿症大鼠发现轻度肾脏纤维化过程;肾脏组织自噬标记蛋白LC3-I、LC3-II蛋白相对表达量、LC3-II/LC3-I比值以及自噬当量p62相对表达较对照组均显著降低,mTOR相对表达量显著升高。以上差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：在胱氨酸尿症大鼠模型上,发现无结石形成情况下的尿高胱氨酸水平可通过mTOR途径抑制大鼠肾脏组织的自噬水平,自我保护作用减弱,由此参与胱氨酸尿症的肾脏损伤过程。     

苦参碱对神经病理性大鼠背根神经节P2X3受体、疼痛行为学和疼痛阈值的影响

摘要 目的：探讨苦参碱对神经病理性大鼠背根神经节P2X3受体、疼痛行为学和疼痛阈值的影响。方法：选择Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠30只,随机分为3组,包括模型组、试验组和假手术组。于大鼠造模成功1 d后,试验组给予30 mg/（kgod）的剂量在腹腔注射苦参碱溶液,1次/d;给予假手术组和模型组腹腔注射等量浓度为0.9 %的氯化钠溶液,1次/d,共14 d。进行自发疼痛行为学评分检测、机械痛阈值检测、热痛阈值检测、P2X2和P2X3mRNA相对表达量检测、P2X2和P2X3蛋白表达水平检测,以及氧化应激指标水平检测。结果：术后模型组与试验组自发性疼痛行为学评分与假手术组比均升高,自术后第5天起,与模型组比,试验组自发性疼痛行为学评分明显低于模型组（P<0.05）;自术后第3天起,相较于假手术组,模型组机械痛阈值、热痛阈值显著下降,相较于模型组,试验组自术后第5天起机械痛阈值、热痛阈值显著上升（均P<0.05）;术后第14天试验组与假手术组机械痛阈值、热痛阈值对比无差异（P>0.05）;模型组P2X2和P2X3mRNA、P2X2及P2X3蛋白比假手术组和试验组高（均P<0.05）,试验组和假手术组P2X2、P2X3mRNA、P2X2及P2X3蛋白比较无差异（P>0.05）;干预前及干预1、2周后模型组大鼠脊髓组织SOD比假手术组低,MDA比假手术组高;试验组大鼠脊髓组织SOD比模型组高,MDA比模型组低（均P<0.05）。结论：苦参碱可有效缓解神经病理性痛的所引发的机械痛觉和热痛觉,镇痛作用较好,机制可能在于其可使大鼠背根神经元中P2X2、P2X3受体下降相关,同时其在抑制神经病理性大鼠脊髓组织氧化应激反应方面有一定的作用,与其在对神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓组织神经元凋亡的抑制有密切关系。     

白喉乌头及其炮制品生物碱成分变化与细胞毒性研究

摘要 目的：比较白喉乌头生品、炮制品生物碱成分的含量变化及其细胞毒性。方法：将白喉乌头生品及哈萨克法炮制品（以下简称"炮制品"）采用高效液相色谱法（High Performance Liquid Chromatography，HPLC）分析比较，测定炮制前后各提取液生物碱成分的变化；用MTT比色法分析比较不同浓度白喉乌头生品及炮制品提取液的细胞毒性。结果：白喉乌头经炮制，乌头碱及次乌头碱峰面积显著减少，降低率分别为 45.1 %和 74.5 %；去乙酰高乌甲素峰面积明显升高，升高率为62.2 %；高乌甲素、冉乌头碱及去乙酰冉乌头碱峰面积基本不变；同时，有新的色谱峰产生，说明经炮制有新成分产生；白喉乌头生品及炮制品提取液浓度分别为在5000、2500、1250、625、312.5 μg/mL 给药48 h，与白喉乌头生品提取液相比，其炮制品提取液细胞抑制率明显降低（P＜0.05），白喉乌头生品及炮制品的IC50分别是1826.70 μg/mL、3192.48 μg/mL。结论：白喉乌头经炮制，主要成分的色谱峰面积发生了变化，同时有新色谱峰产生，其毒性成分乌头碱、次乌头碱峰面积明显减少，说明乌头碱、次乌头碱含量减少，通过 MTT 比色法检测细胞毒性，证明其达到减毒目的。     

基于Wnt/β-catenin信号通路探讨miR-613对宫颈癌SiHa细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响

摘要 目的：研究基于Wnt/β-catenin信号通路探讨微小RNA（miR）-613对宫颈癌SiHa细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响。方法：体外培养宫颈癌SiHa细胞和正常宫颈上皮细胞H8,检测细胞中miR-613表达。根据转染miR-613 mimic浓度不同,将SiHa细胞分为0 μmol/L组,100 μmol/L和200 μmol/L组。MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭能力。蛋白免疫印迹法检测miR-613表达对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路蛋白β-catenin、Vimentin、E-cadherin和MMP9表达的影响。结果：宫颈癌SiHa细胞中miR-613表达水平均显著低于正常宫颈上皮细胞H8,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。转染miR-613 mimic后,100 μmol/L、200 μmol/L 组SiHa细胞中miR-613表达水平显著上调,并且具有浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。与0 μmol/L组相比,100 μmol/L、200 μmol/L组的SiHa细胞增殖,迁移,侵袭能力均明显下降,并且具有浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。免疫印迹结果,与0 μmol/L组相比,100 μmol/L、200 μmol/L各浓度组的SiHa细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路蛋白β-catenin、Vimentin和MMP9表达显著下调,E-cadherin表达显著上调,并且具有浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。结论：miR-613能通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制人宫颈癌细胞系SiHa细胞的增殖,迁移和侵袭。     

酶标仪法测定氨茶碱血药浓度的研究

摘要 目的：通过酶标仪法,建立一种研究氨茶碱在新西兰兔体内的药代动力学参数及房室模型的分析方法。方法：新西兰兔以剂量15 mg/kg静脉注射氨茶碱后,应用酶标仪法,测定在274 nm 波长处吸光度值,采用直线相关与回归分析进行数据统计分析氨茶碱在体内的药代动力学参数、回收率实验及房室模型分析。结果：血清茶碱在浓度5～30 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为：A= 0.0013C+0.0074,r²=0.991。各浓度氨茶碱回收率均大于90%,平均回收率为95.83±3.83,RSD均小于15%,回收效果良好。通过氨茶碱体内房室模型拟合得：二室模型拟合显示：由消除相,得外推线浓度线性回归方程：lgC=-0.1271t+1.0562;由分布相,得残数浓度线性回归方程为：lgCr =-0.5829t+1.030,综合得其二室模型的药动学方程为：C=22.000e^-1.342t +11.381e^-0.292t 、T_1/2（α）= 0.516 h、T_1/2（β）= 2.369 h。一室模型拟合显示：一室模型药动学方程为：lgC= -0.2131t + 1.315,其药时方程为：C= 20.649e^-0.491t 、T_1/2= 1.412 h;结论：可以用酶标仪法测定氨茶碱体内药代动力学相关参数,其回收率良好,体内代谢符合二室模型,消除半衰期较长。     

氧化苦参碱的提取分离及对小鼠的毒性研究

采用酸性乙醇提取、硅胶柱层析分离、乙醚分级沉淀、丙酮重结晶的方法从苦参中分离到氧化苦参碱单体。对小鼠的毒性测定表明,试鼠的死亡主要集中在48 h内,48 h后无试鼠的死亡现象。小鼠对氧化苦参碱的耐受量大于50 mg/kg,小于20 mg/kg,致死中量LD50为85.95 mg/kg,回归方程Y=-3.2664 4.2737X,LD50标准误差s=8.77。氧化苦参碱毒性较低,致死中量适宜,对试鼠有较好的适口性,可以作为杀鼠剂使用。     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Annular and non-annular binding sites on the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase

Quenching of the fluorescence of the $\text{(}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ purified from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum can be used to measure relative binding constants of hydrophobic compounds to the phospholipid-protein interface. We show that the binding constant for cholesterol is considerably less than that for phosphatidylcholine, so that cholesterol is effectively excluded from the phospholipid annulus around the ATPase. However, dibromocholestan-3β-ol causes quenching of the fluorescence of the ATPase, and so has access to other, non-annular sites. We suggest that these non-annular sites could be at protein/protein interfaces in ATPase oligomers. Oleic acid can bind at the phospholipid/protein interface, although its binding constant is less than that for a phosphatidylcholine, and it can also bind at the postulated non-annular sites. The effects of these compounds on the activity of the ATPase depend on the structure of the phospholipid present in the systems.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).