Comparative study of the aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial flora of Chesapeake Bay and Tokyo Bay.

A comparative study of the bacterial flora of the water of Chesapeake Bay and Tokyo Bay was undertaken to assess similarities and differences between the autochthonous flora of the two geographical sites and to test the hypothesis that, given similarities in environmental parameters, similar bacterial populations will be found, despite extreme geographic distance between locations. A total of 195 aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial strains isolated from Chesapeake Bay and Tokyo Bay water were examined for 115 biochemical, cultural, morphological, nutritional, and physiological characters. The data were analyzed by the methods of numerical taxonomy. From sorted similarity matrices, 77% of the isolates could be grouped into 30 phena and presumptively identified as Acinetobacter-Moraxella, Caulobacter, coryneforms, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio spp. Vibrio and Acinetobacter species were found to be common in the estuarine waters of Chesapeake Bay, whereas Acinetobacter-Moraxella and Caulobacter predominated in Tokyo Bay waters, at the sites sampled in the study.     

Comparative study of the aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial flora of Chesapeake Bay and Tokyo Bay.

A comparative study of the bacterial flora of the water of Chesapeake Bay and Tokyo Bay was undertaken to assess similarities and differences between the autochthonous flora of the two geographical sites and to test the hypothesis that, given similarities in environmental parameters, similar bacterial populations will be found, despite extreme geographic distance between locations. A total of 195 aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial strains isolated from Chesapeake Bay and Tokyo Bay water were examined for 115 biochemical, cultural, morphological, nutritional, and physiological characters. The data were analyzed by the methods of numerical taxonomy. From sorted similarity matrices, 77% of the isolates could be grouped into 30 phena and presumptively identified as Acinetobacter-Moraxella, Caulobacter, coryneforms, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio spp. Vibrio and Acinetobacter species were found to be common in the estuarine waters of Chesapeake Bay, whereas Acinetobacter-Moraxella and Caulobacter predominated in Tokyo Bay waters, at the sites sampled in the study.     

Microbiological studies of Tokyo Bay

The generic composition of the heterotrophic bacterial population of Tokyo Bay, which is now highly polluted and eutrophic, was compared with that of the adjacent, less polluted regions of Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay. Members of Vibrionaceae predominated in the bacterial flora of seawater and zooplankton samples from Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and the mouth of Tokyo Bay. However,Vibrio spp. formed only a small proportion of the bacterial population of the water and sediment samples from the inner Tokyo Bay; there the Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonpigmented bacteria, which were tentatively identified asAcinetobacter, were predominant. The result of experiments, in which seawater samples from Tokyo Bay were incubated under various experimental conditions, indicated that two significant factors apparently control the growth ofVibrio spp. in seawater; (1) a direct antagonism betweenVibrios and phytoplankton undergoing rapid growth, and (2) a limiting organic nutrient forvibrios.     

深圳湾湿地的黑脸琵鹭及其保护

深圳湾湿地是世界濒危鸟类-黑脸琵鹭最重要的越冬栖息地之一。1999-2000年在此越冬的黑脸琵鹭数量178只,约占世界总数量的25%。近十年来深圳湾湿地黑脸琵鹭的数量逐年增加,主要原因可能是由于其它湿地环境恶化而使黑脸琵鹭集中到深圳湾,这种情况对黑脸琵鹭的生存和发展是不利的。深圳湾湿地生态环境存在诸多问题,使该湿地生态系统环境质量不断下降,因此,提出了保护深圳湾湿地生态环境的若干建议。     

Microbial Community of a Marine Meromictic Trough (Biofilter Bay) in the Kandalaksha Bay,White Sea

Microbiology - The composition of microbial communities and the rates of microbial processes in the water column of a meromictic trough in the Biofilter Bay, Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea were...     

On the physical limnology of Georgian Bay

Georgian Bay comprises the easternmost part of the Michigan-Huron water system and extensive data were collected here in 1974 by the Canada Centre For Inland Waters. Fifty-one stations were monitored between April and December of 1974; the time series recordings of currents and temperature at 10 locations, meteorological recordings at two buoys, and water level recordings from temporary gauges were carried out. Minimum surface temperature of 0 °C persists for one month commencing in late February and maximum surface temperatures occurred in early August (19 °C). The annual heat income for Georgian Bay was estimated to be 43 700 cal · cm^–2. The exchange at Main Channel has a significant influence on water residence and flushing times in Georgian Bay which determines its trophic status.     

Estuarine fish communities of the eastern James-Hudson Bay coast

Synopsis Sampling in six estuaries of the east coast of James and Hudson Bays between 1973 and 1977 has revealed latitudinal differences in the composition of fish communities. Arctic and subarctic marine species are more prominent in estuaries of Hudson Bay. Fewer species are found northwards with 35 species in lower rivers and estuaries of James Bay and only 24 in those of Hudson Bay, for a total of 38 species. Climate, postglacial dispersion and restricted space are proposed as causes of the observed distribution of fishes. Send reprint request to this address     

Arenicolous mycelial fungi from the littoral of the Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay,the Sea of Japan)

The taxonomic composition of marine mycelial fungi was determined in the interstitial habitats of the Vostok Bay littoral (Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan). A total of 39 species of ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi were detected and identified. The predominant species of the intertidal zone were Corollospora maritima, C. lacera, Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides, Arenariomyces trifurcatus (Ascomycota), Alternaria alternata, Scolecobasidium arenarium, and Zalerion maritimum (anamorphic fungi). The complete list of species of obligately marine ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi from the interstitial habitats of the Vostok Bay littoral is presented for the first time     

胶州湾滨海湿地生态系统服务价值变化

为科学的评估青岛胶州湾滨海湿地生态系统服务功能的变化特点并明确其驱动因素,通过构建生态系统服务评价体系,综合运用生态学和经济学方法,对2005年、2010年和2015年胶州湾滨海湿地生态系统的供给、调节和文化3大类共12项生态服务的价值进行了评估。结果表明,气候调节和水产品生产是胶州湾滨海湿地生态系统的两大核心功能,二者占到服务总价值的90%以上;调节服务是其主要的服务类型,占到总服务价值的60%以上;2005年、2010年和2015年胶州湾滨海湿地生态系统服务总价值呈递减趋势,分别为1419.73×10~7元、1343.91×10~7元和1239.23×10~7元。湿地面积减少、湿地功能退化是造成胶州湾滨海湿地生态系统服务价值总体呈下降趋势的直接原因,不合理围垦、过度开发生物资源、水污染严重是造成湿地面积减少、功能退化的人为因素,气候条件的不利变化是造成湿地环境进一步恶化的自然因素。建议以生态系统服务价值为指导,将评估结果纳入到决策体系中,加强对青岛胶州湾滨海湿地现有资源的保护和生态恢复。     

湄洲湾潮间带底栖生物多样性

为了了解福建省湄洲湾潮间带底栖生物的物种多样性、数量时空分布及群落结构现状,2005年11月和2006年4月在湄洲湾潮间带选择了灵川(Mch1)、苏厝(Mch2)、郭厝(Mch3)、东吴(Mch4)和东桥(Mch5)5条断面进行了调查。共鉴定潮间带底栖生物225种,其中多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物占总种数的88.00%,三者构成潮间带底栖生物的主要类群。断面间比较,东桥断面种数较多,苏厝断面较少。季节比较,春季各断面种类较秋季多。平均生物量22.91g/m2,以软体动物居第一位,甲壳动物居第二位;平均栖息密度为388个/m2,以多毛类居第一位,软体动物居第二位。生物量以中潮区>低潮区>高潮区;栖息密度以低潮区>中潮区>高潮区。调查结果显示湄洲湾潮间带底栖生物物种多样性较高,群落结构相对稳定。     

The Meroplankton of Amurskii Bay (Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan)

Russian Journal of Marine Biology - The composition and seasonal dynamics of meroplankton in Amurskii Bay (Sea of Japan) were studied for the first time. The total survey period exceeded two years....     

三峡水库及香溪河库湾理化特征的比较研究

根据2003年6月三峡水库初期蓄水后对香溪河库湾的常规监测,对该水域的理化特征及其动态进行了分析,并与三峡水库库首的数据进行了比较研究。结果显示库湾TN、NO3-N浓度要显著低于库首,前者两周年平均值为1.29mg/L,0.88mg/L,后者两周年平均值为1.62mg/L,1.22mg/L。而PO4-P则是库湾显著高于库首,并且在7—9月库首的TP/PO4-P有显著提高。结果同时表明库首的水土流失较严重,而库湾则有较好的水土保持。最后对TSIM的计算结果表明,由于TP、TN都处于高水平,库首呈现中营养化(TSIM>37),而库湾则呈现严重富营养化(TSIM>53)。     

Retrospective analysis of the marine flora of Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan

A general list of the flora of Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) compiled on the basis of original and literature data includes 161 species, among them 25 green algae, 42 brown algae, 90 red algae, and 4 species of seagrass. In the period from 2000 to 2004, 114 species of macrophytes (19 green algae, 29 brown algae, 63 red algae, and 3 species of seagrass) were found in Vostok Bay; 19 species of algae were first records for this bay. On the whole, the flora of Vostok Bay is dominated by warm-water species, among which Asian low-boreal species occupy the leading position. The flora of Vostok Bay is changing under the influence of global climatic and local anthropogenic factors. In recent years, there is a tendency for the proportion of warm-water species to increase. The local anthropogenic influence on the flora of Vostok Bay has caused changes in the species composition of plant communities.     

Study of environmental biomonitoring of the Jiaozhou Bay

The content of 34 elements was determined in tissue samples of several marine bivalve species collected from various sites in the Jiaozhou Bay. The scope of the study was to determine the most suitable bivalve species to be used for environmental biomonitoring and to evaluate the environmental status of the bay. Clams exhibited higher elemental contents than oysters and they are the major marine bivalve species in the Jiaozhou Bay; therefore, we consider clams to be more suitable than oysters as bioindicators for evaluating the environmental status of the area. Increased elemental levels in clam tissues indicate polluted sites. Also, increased elemental levels in mussels point to possible pollution from tourism development at one selected site.     

Macrobenthic Communities of the Lower Chesapeake Bay. II. Lynn-haven Roads,Lynnhaven Bay,Broad Bay,and Linkhorn Bay

Based on 96 grab samples at 16 sites the composition and distribution of macrobenthic fauna were examined in a small coastal basin of lower Chesapeake Bay. Normal classification analysis of dominant species produced five site groups. Site groups were divided into clean sand sites, fine sand sites with varying amounts of silt-clay, and mud sites. Dominant species of the clean group were primarily restricted to this sediment type, while the dominant species of the other groups were widespread in the study area.     

Possible Origin of the High Incidence of Clostridium botulinum Type E in an Inland Bay (Green Bay of Lake Michigan)

Bottom and shoreline sediments of Green Bay, northern Lake Michigan, and rivers of the Green Bay drainage basin, as well as soils of the surrounding land mass, were examined for Clostridium botulinum type E. Detection was based on identification of type E toxin in enrichment cultures and was influenced by many factors. Testing smaller amounts of sample in multiple cultures was more productive than examining large inocula in fewer cultures. Incubation at 30 C was unsatisfactory, but 14 days at 20 C or 7 days at 25 C gave good results. Mild heating (60 C for 30 min) of specimens reduced the incidence of positive findings. Freezing enrichment cultures prior to testing for toxicity eliminated many nonbotulinal toxic substances that killed mice. A control culture inoculated with type E spores was employed to show whether a specimen contained factors which could mask the presence of type E. Samples from 708 stations were tested in 2,446 cultures. Type E was found in nearly all underwater specimens of Green Bay and northern Lake Michigan but was present less frequently in samples taken along their shores. The incidence was still lower in the rivers emptying into Green Bay with the organism being rare on the shores of these rivers and in the soils of the land mass proper. Samples from the upper reaches of the rivers practically never contained type E. Runoff could deposit type E spores in Green Bay, but this is not considered to be the major factor in the high incidence of the organism. Multiplication in the bay itself is indicated.     

Species composition of ichthyofauna of Baidaratskaya Bay of the Kara Sea

An inventory of the fish species composition of the community from Baidaratskaya Bay in the Kara Sea was performed. On the basis of published data and the results of our own studies, the dynamics of changes in the species composition of marine ichthyocenosis of Baidaratskaya Bay from 1932 to 2007 was analyzed. Differences in qualitative (occurrence) and quantitative (proportion in catches) characteristics are shown.     

Metagenomic Characterization of Chesapeake Bay Virioplankton

Viruses are ubiquitous and abundant throughout the biosphere. In marine systems, virus-mediated processes can have significant impacts on microbial diversity and on global biogeocehmical cycling. However, viral genetic diversity remains poorly characterized. To address this shortcoming, a metagenomic library was constructed from Chesapeake Bay virioplankton. The resulting sequences constitute the largest collection of long-read double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viral metagenome data reported to date. BLAST homology comparisons showed that Chesapeake Bay virioplankton contained a high proportion of unknown (homologous only to environmental sequences) and novel (no significant homolog) sequences. This analysis suggests that dsDNA viruses are likely one of the largest reservoirs of unknown genetic diversity in the biosphere. The taxonomic origin of BLAST homologs to viral library sequences agreed well with reported abundances of cooccurring bacterial subphyla within the estuary and indicated that cyanophages were abundant. However, the low proportion of Siphophage homologs contradicts a previous assertion that this family comprises most bacteriophage diversity. Identification and analyses of cyanobacterial homologs of the psbA gene illustrated the value of metagenomic studies of virioplankton. The phylogeny of inferred PsbA protein sequences suggested that Chesapeake Bay cyanophage strains are endemic in that environment. The ratio of psbA homologous sequences to total cyanophage sequences in the metagenome indicated that the psbA gene may be nearly universal in Chesapeake Bay cyanophage genomes. Furthermore, the low frequency of psbD homologs in the library supports the prediction that Chesapeake Bay cyanophage populations are dominated by Podoviridae.     

Bilateral asymmetry of otoliths from Collichthys lucidus of different sizes in Haizhou Bay and Xiangshan Bay

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of most human activities has seriously affected the structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems. The asymmetric relationship between the left and right otoliths of fish is often used to test the difference in fluctuating asymmetry (FA) reflected by the square of the coefficient of asymmetric variation (CV²_a), which can be regarded as an important step in the study of marine environmental pressure and implementation of offshore ecological restoration. In this study, the authors tested the bilateral FA of Collichthys lucidus in the coastal waters of Haizhou Bay, Jiangsu, and Xiangshan Bay, Zhejiang, China, using four sagittal otolith characters (length, width, perimeter and area) as biological characters. The results showed that the value of CV²_a in otolith width (more sensitive to environmental pressure) of C. lucidus in Xiangshan Bay was higher than that in Haizhou Bay, indicating that the environmental pressure on Xiangshan Bay was relatively high. The authors did not find any significant differences in the FA of otoliths between different body sizes of C. lucidus, which may be related to the short-distance migration in different regions and the dietary shifts in the life history of this species. The results have conservation and management implications for this population.