Cochylini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Taiwan: One newly recorded genus and five newly recorded species

Ten species of the tribe Cochylini of Taiwan are reviewed. One genus Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916, and five species: Cochylidia contumescens (Meyrick, 1931), C. oblonga Liu & Ge, 2012, Eupoecilia ingens Sun & Li, 2013, Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and G. pista (Diakonoff, 1984) are newly recorded for Taiwan. Images of the all the adults and partial genitalia are provided, along with a table showing the distribution of the tribe Cochylini in Taiwan, China.     

西藏维管植物新记录

本研究首次发现西藏新记录属云实属(Caesalpinia Linn.)植物——见血飞(Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.),另外报道了11个新记录种和2个变种:瓶尔小草科(Ophioglossaceae)薄叶阴地蕨(Botrychium daucifolium Wall.),凤尾蕨科(Pteridaceae)华中凤尾蕨(Pteris kiuschiuensis var.centrochinensis ChingS.H.Wu),毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)尾叶铁线莲(Clematis urophylla Franch.),椴树科(Tiliaceae)刺蒴麻(Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.),锦葵科(Malvaceae)拔毒散(Sida szechuensis Matsuda),中华地桃花[Urena lobata var.chinensis(Osbeck)S.Y.Hu],柳叶菜科(Onagraceae)草龙[Ludwigia hyssopifolia(G.Don)Exell]、卵叶丁香蓼(Ludwigia ovalis Miq.),唇形科(Lamiaceae)小鱼仙草[Mosla dianthera(Buch.-Ham.)Maxim.],玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)石龙尾[Limnophila sessiliflora(Vahl)Bl.],爵床科(Acanthaceae)白接骨[Asystasia neesiana(Wall.)Nees],桔梗科(Campanulaceae)卵叶半边莲(Lobelia zeylanica Linn.),天南星科(Araceae)百足藤[Pothos repens(Loureiro)Druce]。研究结果进一步丰富了西藏的植物区系,并为研究与相邻地区植物区系的联系增加了新内容。     

The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of the Middle East

A list of 285 species of Sarcophagidaе in the Middle East countries is presented with distributional data, including Bahrain (3 species), Cyprus (46), Egypt (both African and Asian parts) (114), Iran (83), Iraq (17), Israel (113), Jordan (14), Kuwait (3), Lebanon (13), Oman (2), Gaza Strip (5), Palestinian Authority (42), Quatar (1), Saudi Arabia (37), Syria (42), Turkey (both European and Asian parts) (157), United Arab Emirates (14) and Yemen (15). Three new synonyms are established: Blaesoxipha delilah Lehrer, 2006 = Agriella setosa Salem, 1938, syn. n.; Blaesoxipha nahaliana Lehrer, 2008 = Blaesoxipha popovi Rohdendorf, 1937, syn. n.; and Liosarcophaga daccanella Lehrer, 2008 = Liosarcophaga (s. str.) dux (Thomson, 1869), syn. n. Four new combinations for species names are proposed: Liopygia (Engelisca) adhamae (Lehrer & Abou-Ziad, 2008), comb. n.; Liosarcophaga (s. str.) pedestris (Villeneuve, 1910), comb. n.; Liosarcophaga (Pandelleisca) theodori (Lehrer, 1998), comb. n., and Liosarcophaga (Pharaonops) tewfiki (Salem, 1940), comb. n.     

Species diversity and abundance of small mammals in Nechisar National Park,Ethiopia

Species diversity and abundance of small mammals were studied in Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia, during August 2008 – March 2009. Twenty species of rodents and four species of insectivores were recorded from the study area. Mastomys natalensis (17.37%), Arvicanthis dembeensis (17.09%), Mastomys erythroleucus (8.90%), Stenocephalemys albipes (8.76%), Arvicanthis niloticus (8.19%), Acomys cahirinus (7.34%), Lemniscomys striatus (6.92%), Gerbilliscus nigricauda (6.21%), Grammomys dolichurus (3.67%), Gerbilliscus robusta (2.12%), Mus proconodon (1.98%), Mus mahomet (1.41), Dendromus melanotis (1.27%), Arvicanthis abyssinicus (1.13%), Mus musculus (0.99%), Praomys fumatus (0.85%), Xerus erythropus (0.85%), Lemniscomys barbarus (0.71%), Mus tenellus (0.71%) and Otomys typus (0.28%) were the rodents and their respective relative abundance in the study area. Crocidura olivieri (1.55%), Crocidura fumosa (0.85%), Crocidura bicolor (0.57%) and Elephantulus rufescens (0.28%) were the insectivores recorded with their respective relative abundance. Mastomys natalensis was the most abundant and O. typus and E. rufescens were the least (two each). Diversity of small mammals ranged from 2.299 to 2.625 with an average of 2.412. The highest small mammal diversity was in grasslands and the lowest was in Lake Chamo shore. Small mammal density varied from 5 to 43 ha^?1 and biomass varied from 244 to 2559 g ha^?1 with significant changes in relation to seasons and habitats.     

Distribution of the HLA-DRB1 Specificities in Populations of the Volga–Ural Region

Polymorphism at the HLA-DRB1 locus in six Turkic (Bashkirs, Tatars, and Chuvashes) and Finno-Ugric (Udmurts, Maris, and Komis) populations of the Volga–Ural region was studied by PCR. A total of 12 DRB1 specificities displaying population-specific frequency distribution patterns were described. The most frequently observed specificities in Bashkirs and Udmurts were DRB1*07 (25 and 34%, respectively) and *15 (by 15%). In Tatars the prevalence of *04 (18%), *01 (17%), *07 (16%), and *15 (13%) specificities was observed, while in Chuvashes these were *04 (28%), *11 (18%), *01 (16%), and *07 (16%). High frequencies of *11 (21%),*04 (17%), *01 (13%), and *07 (13%) specificities were characteristic of Komis, whereas Maris were distinguished by high frequencies of *01 (23%), *11 (14%), *07 (13%), and *04 (11%). In general, the pattern of DRB1 allelic polymorphism in populations of the Volga–Ural region, occupying the intermediate position between the Caucasoid- and Mongoloid-specific allelic frequency distribution patterns, was consistent with their anthropological type rather than with their linguistic affiliation.     

Reassessment of type specimens of Cordyceps and its allies described by Dr. Yosio Kobayasi preserved in the mycological herbarium of the National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS). Part 1: the genus Torrubiella

Nineteen holotype specimens of the genus Torrubiella described by Dr. Yosio Kobayasi and Mr. Daisuke Shimizu were relocated and accession numbers (TNS-F number) were given. A new scientific name, Torrubiella plana Hiroki Sato, Ban, Masuya & Hosoya nom. nov. (TNS-F-12061), was proposed for T. minutissima Kobaysi & Shimizu (homonym of T. minutissima Lagarde). The other 18 species follow: T. alboglobosa (TNS-F-12067), T. aurantia (TNS-F-12069), T. corniformis (TNS-F-12064), T. ellipsoidea (TNS-F-12055), T. formosana (TNS-F-12059), T. fusiformis (TNS-F-234548), T. globosostipitata (TNS-F-12057), T. longissima (TNS-F-12071), T. mammillata (TNS-F-12060), T. miyagiana (TNS-F-12062), T. neofusiformis (TNS-F-12058), T. oblonga (TNS-F-12070), T. ooaniensis (TNS-F-12063), T. pallida (TNS-F-12789), T. rosea (TNS-F-12065), T. ryogamimontana (TNS-F-12058), T. ryukyuensis (TNS-F-11932), and T. superficialis (TNS-F-12072).     

Mycological flora of cigarettes

Hundred strains of fungi were isolated from 48 packets of Greek cigarettes. They were:Aspergillus (28 strains),Penicillium (22),Mucor (18),Alternaria (14),Cladosporium (1),Streptomyces (4),Candida (11) andGeotrichum (2). From 55 packets of cigarettes manufactured outside of Greece other 100 strains of fungi were isolated and identified asAspergillus (35),Penicillium (23),Mucor (10),Alternaria (13),Cladosporium (5),Streptomyces (4),Candida (3),Geotrichum (1),Cephalosporium (2) andScopulariopsis (4).Results of the present study are discussed in relation to the mycological flora of the air in Athens and to the coli-aerogenes bacteria of cigarettes.

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Résumé Les auteurs ont isolé 100 souches de champignons à partir de 48 paquets de cigarettes préparées en Grèce. Ces souches étaient identifiées commeAspergillus (28 souches),Penicillium (22),Mucor (18),Alternaria (14),Cladosporium (1),Streptomyces (4),Candida (11) etGeotrichum (2). D'autre part on a isolé 100 souches de champignons à partir de 55 paquets de cigarettes préparées à l'étranger (surtout aux Etats-Unis et en Angleterre). Ces souches étaientAspergillus (35),Penicillium (23),Mucor (10),Alternaria (13),Cladosporium (5),Streptomyces (4),Candida (3),Geotrichum (1),Cephalosporium (2) etScopulariopsis (4).Les résultats sont discutés en relation avec la flore mycosique de l'air à Athènes et les bactéries coliformes rétrouvées dans les cigarettes préparées en Grèce.

     

Contribution to the knowledge of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) fauna of Turkey

This study is based upon material of the family Ichneumonidae collected from Erzurum and Tunceli provinces of Turkey between 2011 and 2012. 64 species in 49 genera of the family Ichneumonidae were recorded. Among them, Alloplasta tomentosa (Gravenhorst, 1829), Lissonota (Lissonota) accusator (Fabricius, 1793), Dusona nidulator (Fabricius, 1804), Olesicampe fulviventris (Gmelin, 1790), Olesicampe proterva (Brischke, 1880), Olesicampe radiella (Thomson, 1885), Aptesis nigrocincta (Gravenhorst, 1815), Cryptus moschator (Fabricius, 1787), Pleolophus brachypterus (Gravenhorst, 1815), Hadrodactylus flavofacialis Horstmann, 2000, Lagarotis semicaligata (Gravenhorst, 1820), Coelichneumon (Coelichneumon) consimilis (Wesmael, 1845), Hoplismenus axillatorius (Thunberg, 1822) and Eridolius pictus (Gravenhorst, 1829) are new to the Turkish fauna. A short zoogeographic characterisation is given for each species.     

Isolation of opportunistic fungi from bronchoalveolar lavage of compromised hosts in Isfahan,Iran

In this study, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from 247 immunocompromised patients were investigated for the incidence of opportunistic fungi. In the direct examination and culture of the specimens, 5 (2.02%) of filamentous fungi and 55 (22.26%) yeasts were isolated and identified as follows: Aspergillus fumigatus (2), A. terreus (1), A. nidulans (1), Mucorsp. (1), Candida albicans (29), C. glabrata (3), C. Parapsilosis (1), Trichosporon beigelii (1), Candida sp. (13) and unknown yeasts (8). In addition, one strain of Nocardia asteroides and two strains of Streptomyces sp. were isolated.     

Isolation and Characterization of Salt-Tolerant Bacterial Strains in Salt-Affected Soils of Erzurum,Turkey

In the current study, 18 salt-tolerant bacteria were isolated from salt-affected soil of Erzurum, Turkey. Forty-five bacterial isolates were identified and characterized by conventional and molecular techniques. These 45 sequenced isolates were identified as 16 different genus including Bacillus (19 isolates), Staphylococcus (3 isolates), Halobacillus (4 isolates), Zhihengliuella (2 isolates), Oceanobacillus (2 isolates), Halomonas (1 isolate), Nesterenkonia (2 isolates), Promicromonospora (2 isolates), Jeotgalibacillus (2 isolates), Planococcus (2 isolates), Virgibacillus (1 isolate), Terribacillus (1 isolate), Thalassobacillus (1 isolate), Marinibacillus (1 isolate), Gracilibacillus (1 isolate) and Microbacterium (1 isolate). According to the results obtained, investigated bacterial strains have high salt tolerance and significant enzyme activities that can improve soil nutrient cycling and soil fertility. The current article provides the evaluation and diversity of the potential halotolerant and halophilic bacterial strains in salt-affected soils of Erzurum, Turkey.     

Salt Stress Mitigating Potential of Halotolerant/Halophilic Plant Growth Promoting

Abstract

In the current study, the PGP (production of siderophore and IAA, fixation of nitrogen and solubilization of phosphate) potential of forty-five bacterial isolates comprising sixteen genera (Marinibacillus, Zhihengliuella, Bacillus, Nesterenkonia, Halobacillus, Promicromonospora, Terribacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Staphylococcus, Oceanobacillus, Virgibacillus, Halomonas, Gracilibacillus, Planococcus, Thalassobacillus and Microbacterium) was investigated. Among these forty-five bacterial isolates, most of the isolates (40 isolates) possess plant growth promoting potential. Four bacterial isolates [Marinibacillus sp. (EM1), Zhihengliuella salsuginis (EM30), Planococcus sp. (EK9), and Promicromonospora sp. (EK12)] possessing PGP traits were applied on the barley grown under salt (NaCl) stress in a hydroponic system. Comparing to the un-inoculated group, all the four bacterial isolates significantly improved plant growth that inhibited with NaCl (200?mM) stress. The growth rate of the plants inoculated with Zhihengliuella salsuginis (EM30), Promicromonospora sp. (EK12), Planococcus sp. (EK9), and Marinibacillus sp. (EM1) was 81.86, 80.51, 70.62 and 69.22, respectively. As far as we know, this is the first report showing the PGP potential of Marinibacillus sp. (EM1), Bacillus horikoshii (EM9), Bacillus patagoniensis (EM12), Bacillus agaradhaerens (EK13), Oceanobacillus profundus (EM26) Thalassobacillus devorans (EM34) and Promicromonospora sp. (EK12).     

A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with a generic key and descriptions of new taxa

The genera of Aphelininae (Aphelinidae) are reviewed on a worldwide basis. Identification keys and a phylogenetic hypothesis are presented for 16 genera, of which four are new (Mashimaro n.g. , Neophytis n.g. , Punkaphytis n.g. , Saengella n.g. ) and Paraphytis is resurrected. Newly described species are Mashimaro hawksi n.sp. , Mashimaro lasallei n.sp. , Neophytis myartsevae n.sp. , Neophytis munroi n.sp. , Punkaphytis erwini n.sp. and Punkaphytis hayati n.sp. New combinations from Aphytis include Neophytis melanosticus (Compere) and N. dealbatus (Compere), and Paraphytis acutaspidis (Rosen & DeBach), P. angusta (Compere), P. anomala (Compere), P. argenticorpa (Rosen & DeBach), P. australiensis (DeBach & Rosen), P. benassyi (Fabres), P. breviclavata (Huang), P. capillata (Howard), P. ciliata (Dodd), P. cochereaui (DeBach & Rosen), P. costalimai (Gomes), P. densiciliata (Huang), P. fabresi (DeBach & Rosen), P. haywardi (De Santis), P. hyalinipennis (Rosen & DeBach), P. maculatipennis (Dozier), P. maculata (Shafee), P. mandalayensis Rosen & DeBach, P. nigripes (Compere), P. noumeaensis (Howard), P. obscura (DeBach & Rosen), P. peculiaris (Girault), P. perplexa (Rosen & DeBach), P. transversa (Huang), P. vittata (Compere) (revived status) and P. wallumbillae (Girault). A parsimony analysis of 50 morphological characters for 54 species in 21 genera, including four outgroups (Coccophagus, Eunotiscus, Euryishomyia and Eriaphytis), resulted in three equally parsimonious trees supporting monophyly of all genera except Neophytis. Neophytis was paraphyletic to a monophyletic Aphytini but is monophyletic in unpublished molecular analyses. Three tribes are recognised (Aphelinini, Aphytini and Eutrichosomellini). The questionable inclusion of Eretmocerus (Eretmocerini) within Aphelininae is discussed.     

The Influences of Jasmonic Acid Methyl Ester on Microtubules in Potato Cells and Formation of Potato Tubers

Amides in a CH₂Cl₂ extract from the fruits of Piper retrofractum were detected by HPLC/APCI-MS. Seven new unsaturated amides, together with six known ones, were isolated, and their structures were determined to be N-isobutyl-2E,4E,12Z-octadecatrienamide (1), N-isobutyl-2E,4E,14Z-eicosatrienamide (2), 1-(octadeca-2E,4E,12Z-trienoyl)piperidine (3), 1-(eicosa-2E,4E,14Z-trienoyl)piperidine (4), 1-(octadeca-2E,4E-dienoyl)piperidine (5), 1-(eicosa-2E,4E-dienoyl)piperidine (6), and 1-(eicosa-2E,14Z-dienoyl)piperidine (7) on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) diversity in cucurbit fields and surrounding forest areas of Himachal Pradesh,a north-western Himalayan state of India

During the course of studies, Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latifrons (Hendel), B. (B.) nigrofemoralis White and Tsuruta, Dacus (Callantra) longicornis Wiedemann, Dacus (Callantra) sphaeroidalis (Bezzi), Cyrtostola limbata (Hendel) and Pliomelaena udhampurensis Agarwal and Kapoor were recorded for the first time in Himachal Pradesh in a cucurbit ecosystem. Apart from these, other species viz. Bactrocera tau, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera scutellaris, Bactrocera diversa and Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann) were also identified. Distribution records of B. (B.) dorsalis (Hendel), B. (B.) zonata (Saunders), Bactrocera (Hemigymnodacus) diversa (Coquillett), B. (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett), B. (Z.) scutellaris (Bezzi) and B. (Z.) tau (Walker) has been described.     

Studies on the Essential Oils of the Genus Mentha

The essential oil of Mentha japonica Makino (Japanese name, Himehakka) was found to consist mainly from l-menthone (50.8%), d-isomenthone (18.6%) and d-pulegone (12.6%) besides smaller amounts of α-pinene (0.4%), β-pinene (0.3%), limonene (0.3%), 3-octanone (3.6%), 1,8-cineole (0.8%), p-cymene (0.1%) 3-octyl acetate (0.8%), 3-octanol and a ketone (1.9%), 3-methylcyclohexanone (0.1%), 1-octen-3-ol (0.9%), menthyl acetate (1.8%), l-isopulegone (0.6%), menthol (0.4%), piperitone (2.6%), trans-pulegone oxide (0.4%), isopiperitenone (0.4%), cis-pulegone oxide (0.4%), piperitenone (0.2%) and other compounds.

Some considerations to the relationships among M. Pulegium, M. Gattefossei and M. japonica have been done from viewpoint of the chemical systematics.     

Effect of frozen storage on fatty acid composition of the different tissues of four scombrid and one dussumeriid species

In the current study, the effect of frozen storage at ?18°C was evaluated on fatty acid composition of different body parts (liver, muscle tissue, and viscera) of narrow‐barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson, Lacépède, 1800), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol, Bleeker, 1851), kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis, Cantor, 1849), king mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus, Bloch & Schneider, 1801), and rainbow sardine (Dussumieria acuta, Valenciennes, 1847) caught in the Persian Gulf. Changes in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/palmitic acid (EPA+DHA/C16), ω3 PUFA/ω6 PUFA (ω3/ω6), and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) were investigated during a 6‐month period. A decrease in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly PUFAs (60–100%) as well as ω3/ω6, EPA+DHA/C16 (polyene index) and PUFA/SFA ratios, indicated a decrease in the nutritional values of the samples.     

Aerobiology of Vigo, North-Western Spain: atmospheric pollen spectrum and annual dynamics of the most important taxa, and their clinical importance for allergy

Vigo is a city located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Influenced by the Atlantic climate, it is surrounded by a Eurosiberian-type vegetation, modified by the introduction of forestry and ornamental species. Different ruderal vegetation types, resulting from human influence, grow in the area. The study of the pollen content of the air of Vigo started in 1989, with a Cour trap. Average results for the period 1989–1995 are presented in this paper, together with the lowest and highest values found. The representativeness of the mean values is analysed by calculating the coefficient of variation of the data series. Most pollen types in the atmosphere of Vigo are from tree species (54.2%); an important proportion comes from herb species (43.9%) and very few (1.8%) correspond to shrub species. A total of 73 different pollen types have been identified. The most abundant, listed in decreasing order of mean annual values for the period, are:Pinus (25.1%), Poaceae (21.1%), Urticaceae (14.6%),Quercus (8.5%),Castanea (3.7%),Betula (3.6%),Eucalyptus (3.4%),Plantago (3.2%),Alnus (2.1%), Cupressaceae (2.1%), Oleaceae (1.6%;Olea 1.3%),Platanus (1.3%),Rumex (1.3%), Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae (1.0%), Ericaceae (0.8%), Asteraceae (0.6%;Artemisia 0.1% andTaraxacum type 0.2%) andMercurialis (0.5%). A pollen calendar showing the annual dynamics of all these pollen types is presented in this paper. A parallel study of the clinical importance of respiratory allergies in Vigo was also conducted. From a sample of 2750 patients, 87.2% suffered from rhinoconjunctivitis, 26.0% of these due to pollen, and 78.3% from asthma, 17.2% due to pollen. The pollen types responsible for these allergies, listed in decreasing order, are: Poaceae (78%),Parietaria (12%),Chenopodium (11%),Plantago (9%), Oak (4%),Artemisia (3%),Pinus (3%),Eucalyptus (3%),Olea (2%),Platanus (2%),Castanea (2%),Taraxacum (2%),Rumex (2%),Betula (1%),Cupressus (1%) andMercurialis (1%).     

中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

Seasonal study of the fungal biota of the fur of dogs

During a one year period, 944 dogs from the Municipal kennel of Barcelona were examined to detect animals with suspected dermatophytosis. Only a few animals (1.8%) presented skin lesions but none of them had dermatophytosis. A representative number of dogs without visible skin lesions (n=172), selected at random, were used to carry out a seasonal study of the mycobiota of their fur. Fifteen isolates belonging to the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton were isolated from 14 of the 172 (8.1%) dogs without lesions. The identity of these fungi was Microsporum gypseum (6/15), Trichophyton terrestre (4/15), M. canis (2/15), M. cookei (2/15) and Trichophyton ajelloi (1/15) (one strain each of M. gypseum and T. ajelloi were isolated from one dog). Species of Penicillium (% prevalence=89.5%), Alternaria (86.6%), Cladosporium (84.9%), Aspergillus (77.3%), Scopulariopsis (65.7%) and Chrysosporium (64.5%) were the most prevalent. No significant differences in the fungal biota were observed with respect to age, gender, hair length or between mixed and pure breed dogs. A large number of isolates, including species belonging to the genera Beauveria, Chrysosporium, Malbranchea and Scopulariopsis, that macroscopically and/or microscopically resemble dermatophytes and may be mistaken for them, produced a red color change in Dermatophyte Test Medium. No significant seasonal difference was detected among the isolates belonging to the the most frequently encountered genera, with the exception of Scopulariopsis (higher in summer and autumn) and Chrysosporium (higher in summer). Species from other genera, with lower occurrence also presented significant differences in their seasonal distribution. Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium and Phoma spp. presented maximum prevalence peaks in spring, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Phoma and Rhizopus spp. in summer and Geotrichum and Mucor spp. in autumn. The Microsporum and Trichophyton species were more frequently isolated in summer.     

Undescribed Phenolic Glycosides from Syzygium attopeuense and Their Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production

Four undescribed phenolic glycosides including three stilbene derivatives ( 1 and 3 ) and sodium salt of 3 ( 2 ), and a chalcone glycoside ( 4 ), together with thirteen known compounds ( 5 – 17 ) were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium attopeuense (Gagnep.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. Their chemical structures were elucidated to be (Z)-gaylussacin ( 1 ), 6′′-O-galloylgaylussacin sodium salt ( 2 ), 6′′-O-galloylgaylussacin ( 3 ), 4′-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranosyl]oxy-2′-hydroxy-6′-methoxydihydrochalcone ( 4 ), gaylussacin ( 5 ), pinosilvin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 6 ), myricetin-3-O-(2′′-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside ( 7 ), myricetin-3-O-(3′′-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside ( 8 ), myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside ( 9 ), quercitrin ( 10 ), myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 11 ), myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside ( 12 ), quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 13 ), myricetin-3-O-2′′-O-galloyl)-α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 14 ), (+)-gallocatechin ( 15 ), (−)-epigallocatechin ( 16 ), and 3,3’,4’-trimethoxyellagic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 17 ) by the analysis of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra in comparison with the previously reported data. Compounds 1–3 , 5 , and 6 significant inhibition of NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 18.37±1.38 to 35.12±2.53 μM, compared to a positive control (dexamethasone) with an IC₅₀ value of 15.37±1.42 μM.