用于环境监测的生物传感器

生物传感器是一项综合了多门学科的高新技术,具有特异性好、灵敏度高、分析速度快、能在复杂体系中在线连续监测等特点,被广泛用于生命科学、医学检验、食品安全及环境监测等多个领域。其中,在环境检测中的应用尤为令人瞩目。该文概括了生物传感器的原理、发展以及分类。并以各类生物学识别元件为依据将生物传感器分为酶传感器、微生物传感器、组织器官传感器、细胞器传感器、免疫传感器、DNA传感器等几种基本类型,分别回顾了各类生物传感器在环境监测中的应用情况,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

压电石英晶体免疫传感器

近年来压电石英晶体免疫传感器作为一种新型生物传感器发展迅速,该文对其检测原理、材料选择、振荡模式选择及再生使用进行了详细介绍,并介绍了其在微生物检测、病毒和蛋白质检测,环境监测方面的具体应用。     

用于肿瘤标志物检测的电化学免疫传感器

联合检测几种肿瘤标志物,在肿瘤早期诊断中具有重要的临床应用价值。随着纳米技术、流动注射分析技术、微流控技术以及丝网印刷术的迅猛发展,电化学免疫传感器可以在肿瘤标志物的检测中扮演越来越重要的角色。本文主要介绍了电化学免疫传感器的原理及其在肿瘤蛋白标志物检测中的应用情况,并介绍了纳米材料、流动注射分析、微流控等技术在肿瘤标志物免疫传感器中的运用,展望了电化学免疫传感器的前景。     

变性梯度凝胶电泳在堆肥微生物研究中的应用*

对当前堆肥中微生物种群分布及其对有机物分解作用的研究进行分析 ,论述了分子生物技术中的变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)的特点。将DGGE与PCR扩增技术相结合 ,可用于研究自然菌种堆肥和人工培养驯化菌种堆肥过程中微生物的演替规律 ,为研究和筛选堆肥中的微生物提供更加有效、快速的信息 ,促进堆肥技术的发展。     

变性梯度凝胶电泳在堆肥微生物研究中的应用

对当前堆肥中微生物种群分布及其对有机物分解作用的研究进行分析,论述了分子生物技术中的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)的特点。将DGCE与PCR扩增技术相结合,可用于研究自然菌种堆肥和人工培养驯化菌种堆肥过程中微生物的演替规律,为研究和筛选堆肥中的微生物提供更加有效、快速的信息,促进堆肥技术的发展。     

生物传感器在微生物检测中的应用

生物传感器的产生在医药卫生,食品检验和环境监测等领域引起了一场革命,其简单,快速和准确的特点超越了以往诸多分析手段。本文介绍了生物传感器概念,介绍了生物传感器在微生物检测中的应用。     

环境监测信息系统和数据处理的计算机应用

环境监测是环境保护工作中最为重要的基础性和前沿性工作,任何环境决策都离不开环境监测基础数据的支持,而计算机技术的快速发展则为环境监测工作注入了新的活力,以其独特的优势在环境监测工作中发挥其良好的技术平台作用,具有很好的发展前景。本文通过介绍计算机技术在环境监测信息管理中的应用现状,分析计算机信息技术在环境监测工作应用,有效的发挥其技术平台作用,使环境监测工作能够满足环境管理工作对环境监测日益提高的要求。     

生物传感器的研究进展综述

生物传感器是一种对生物物质的敏感,并且将其浓度转换成电信号进行检测的仪器。生物传感器是一种由固定化的生物敏感材料作为识别酶、抗原和微生物等生物活性物质,并且能够和适当的理化换能器和信号放大设备构成的分析的系统或者是工具,具有接收器和转换器的功能。目前生物传感器在食品工业、环境监测和发酵工业以及医学等领域都有所应用,并且随着生物科学等成果的发展,已经有了飞速的发展。本文将对生物传感器的发展现状进行分析,并且简述其在各个领域的应用情况。     

电化学免疫传感器在传染病快速检测中的应用

传染病的快速检测是传染病预防控制的重要环节,其中现场快速检测对于及时有效控制传染病疫情尤为关键。相比于传统检测方法,电化学免疫传感器具有操作简单、快速、灵敏、准确、设备可小型化等优势,可用于传染病快速检测。简要综述了近年来电化学免疫传感器在传染病快速检测中的应用研究进展,重点阐述了该类传感器在现场检测中的主要贡献和不足之处,以及免疫磁分离技术与电化学传感检测相结合在传染病快速检测方面的优势。     

非培养生物方法在堆肥微生物生态中的应用展望

微生物是堆肥化处理研究中被重点关注的因素,但大部分堆肥微生物都处于存活不可培养状态,使得了解堆肥过程中微生物实际群落结构比较困难。非培养生物方法的快速发展,为解决这一难题提供了技术依据。分别就生物化学,分子生物学,生理学中不依赖于传统培养技术的代表方法PLFA谱图分析法、FISH技术、Biolog微量板分析法进行了介绍,综述了3类方法的组合应用以及在堆肥微生物生态中的应用展望。     

Humic substances change during the co-composting process of municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge

The change of the degree of stability of compost during the composting process was a kind of guideline for our study. This stability was estimated by monitoring the chemical fractionation (extraction of humic and fulvic acids, and humin) during two cycles of composting. Change of humin (H), humic-like acid carbon (CHA) and fulvic-like acid carbon (CFA) fractions during the composting process of municipal solid wastes were investigated using two windrows W1 (100% of municipal solid wastes) and W2 (60% of municipal solid wastes and 40% of dried sewage sludge). Humin and fulvic acid fractions in the two windrows decreased since the start of composting process and tend to stabilize. At the end of composting process, humic acid fraction is more important in the windrow without sludge (W1) than the one with sludge (W2). The humification indexes used in this study showed that the humic-like acid carbon fraction production takes place largely during the phase of temperature increase (thermophilic phase), and it appeared very active in the windrow W2. At the end of composting process, the E₄/E₆ ratio value indicated that the compost of W1 is more mature than the compost of W2. The humification ratio (HR) allowed a correct estimation of compost organic matter stabilization level.     

基因传感器在环境微生物功能基因检测中的应用

分子生物学的快速发展和人们对核酸的深入研究, 给基因传感器的研制和发展奠定了坚实的基础。基因传感器是分子生物学与微电子学、电化学、光学等相结合的产物, 将在生命科学与信息科学之间架起一座桥梁, 成为DNA信息分析检测最有效的手段之一。在近年研究文献的基础上, 评述了基因传感器的工作原理、分类及近年来国内外利用其进行环境微生物功能基因检测等方面的研究现状, 并提出堆肥微生物功能基因检测将是基因传感器的一个重要发展方向。     

基因传感器在环境微生物功能基因检测中的应用

分子生物学的快速发展和人们对核酸的深入研究,给基因传感器的研制和发展奠定了坚实的基础.基因传感器是分子生物学与微电子学、电化学、光学等相结合的产物,将在生命科学与信息科学之间架起一座桥梁,成为DNA信息分析检测最有效的手段之一.在近年研究文献的基础上,评述了基因传感器的工作原理、分类及近年来国内外利用其进行环境微生物功能基因检测等方面的研究现状,并提出堆肥微生物功能基因检测将是基因传感器的一个重要发展方向.     

食源性致病菌检测免疫传感器研究进展

食源性致病菌是造成食品安全事件的主要原因之一,因此其检测方法已成为人们研究的热点.食源性致病菌的检测方法主要有病原体培养法、免疫学方法、核酸检测和生物传感器等.其中,免疫传感器基于抗原抗体特异性结合,整合光学、电化学等多学科交叉技术,具有特异性强、检测速度快等特点.本文对比食源性致病菌传统检测方法,综述了近年来免疫传感...     

A multi-criteria ranking of different technologies for the anaerobic digestion for energy recovery of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

This paper describes a conceptual framework and methodological tool developed for the evaluation of different anaerobic digestion technologies suitable for treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, by introducing the multi-criteria decision support method Electre III and demonstrating its related applicability via a test application. Several anaerobic digestion technologies have been proposed over the last years; when compared to biogas recovery from landfills, their advantage is the stability in biogas production and the stabilization of waste prior to final disposal. Anaerobic digestion technologies also show great adaptability to a broad spectrum of different input material beside the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (e.g. agricultural and animal wastes, sewage sludge) and can also be used in remote and isolated communities, either stand-alone or in conjunction to other renewable energy sources. Main driver for this work was the preliminary screening of such methods for potential application in Hellenic islands in the municipal solid waste management sector. Anaerobic digestion technologies follow different approaches to the anaerobic digestion process and also can include production of compost. In the presented multi-criteria analysis exercise, Electre III is implemented for comparing and ranking 5 selected alternative anaerobic digestion technologies. The results of a performed sensitivity analysis are then discussed. In conclusion, the performed multi-criteria approach was found to be a practical and feasible method for the integrated assessment and ranking of anaerobic digestion technologies by also considering different viewpoints and other uncertainties of the decision-making process.     

Magnetic beads-based electrochemical immunosensor for monitoring allergenic food proteins

Screen-printed platinum electrodes as transducer and magnetic beads as solid phase were combined to develop a particle-based electrochemical immunosensor for monitoring the serious food allergen ovalbumin. The standard arrangement of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay became the basis for designing the immunosensor. A sandwich-type immunocomplex was formed between magnetic particles functionalized with specific anti-ovalbumin immunoglobulin G and captured ovalbumin molecules, and secondary anti-ovalbumin antibodies conjugated with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase were subsequently added as label tag. The electrochemical signal proportional to the enzymatic reaction of horseradish peroxidase during the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with thionine as electron mediator was measured by linear sweep voltammetry. The newly established method of ovalbumin detection exhibits high sensitivity suitable for quantification in the range of 11 to 222 nM and a detection limit of 5 nM. Magnetic beads-based assay format using external magnets for rapid and simple separation has been proven to be an excellent basis for electrochemical detection and quantification of food allergens in highly complex sample matrices.     

Quartz crystal microbalance immunosensors for environmental monitoring

This paper presents discussion of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensors for environmental monitoring. Factors limiting the practical application of antibodies to analytical problems are also presented. Among several candidates for the QCM immunosensor device, selected QCM devices and oscillating circuits were tested thoroughly and developed to obtain highly stable and sensitive frequency signals. The biointerface of QCM immunosensor was designed and controlled to immobilize antibody on the QCM surface, to reduce non-specific binding and to suppress denaturation of immobilizing antibody by self-assembled monolayer technique and artificial phospholipid (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)) polymer. MPC polymer as a antibody-stabilizing reagent was added to reduce non-specific binding of the antigen solution and stabilize the immunologic activity of the antibody-immobilized QCM. In addition, it provides examples for detection and quantitation of environmental samples using QCM immunosensors. The analytical results for fly ash extracted samples of dioxins using the QCM immunosensor indicated a good relationship with GC/MS methods. The integrating protocols of the competitive immunoassay and signal-enhancing step are for detecting low molecular analytes with extremely low detection limits using an QCM immunosensor. Furthermore, its detect limitation was extended from 0.1 to 0.01 ng/ml by the signal-enhancing step when the anti-bisphenol-A antibody conjugated MPC polymeric nanoparticles was used. The QCM immunosensor method has demonstrated its effectiveness as an alternative screening method for environmental monitoring because these results were compared with results obtained through environmental monitoring methods such as ELISA and GC/MS.     

Microbiological aspects of a municipal waste composting system

Summary The municipal solid waste of Rome, processed by the Dano plant, has been studied in the stabilization phase. During the different composting stages the following were determined: pile temperature, pH, moisture content, microbiological counts on compost extract and on other media, and mycological investigations. Twenty four days in January were necessary for the compost stabilization.     

Trace metal bioavailability in municipal solid waste and sewage sludge composts

A sequential extraction procedure was employed to determine the soil fractions, and assess plant availability of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in a Glynwood silt loam amended with five rates (0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 metric tons/ha) of composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) or composted sewage sludge (CSS) cropped to oats (Avena sativa). The application of the composts tended to shift the solid phase forms of the metals away from those extractable with HNO₃ to those extractable with NaOH and EDTA. The more labile fractions (KNO₃ and H₂O extracts) of the metals typically decreased with application of CMSW and CSS. Crop dry matter increased at the 30 and 60 MT/ha CMSW rates by 142 and 152%, respectively, after which yields declined to below control values. Yields at all rates of CSS declined. The CMSW and CSS had an insignificant effect on concentrations of Cr and Pb in oat tissue, but tissue levels of Cu, Ni and Zn increased with increased rate of compost application.     

Characterization of different compost extracts using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis

Compost extract or “compost tea” is a liquid extract of compost obtained by mixing compost and water for a defined period of time. Compost tea contains nutrients and a range of different organisms and is applied to the soil or directly to plants with the principal aim of suppressing certain plant diseases. In addition, the application of compost tea supplies nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are two widely applied analytical techniques for establishing the stability of compost, and although numerous studies have evaluated the capacity of compost tea to suppress plant diseases, there are no studies employing these techniques to characterize compost-tea. For the present study, 12 compost extracts were produced under varying conditions in a purpose-built reactor. Two different composts, an stable compost produced from manure and an unstable compost produced from municipal solid waste, respectively, two aeration systems (aerated and non-aerated extracts) and three temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C) were used in these experiments. The extracts were freeze-dried and subsequently analysed, together with the two composts, by means of FTIR and thermal analysis. Extracts produced from high stability compost, independently of the conditions of aeration and temperature, showed very similar results. In contrast, differences among extracts produced from the unstable compost were more noticeable. However, the different conditions of aeration and temperature during the production of the extracts only explained partially these differences, since the transformations undergone by compost over the 3 months that the experiments lasted were also reflected in the composition of the extracts. In spite of everything, extraction process favoured the degradation of easily oxidizable organic matter, which was more abundant in unstable compost. This degradation was more intense for non-aerated processes, probably due to the longer duration of these (10 days) with respect to aerated extractions (2 days). The effect of temperature was not clear in these experiments, although high temperatures could increase micro organism activity and consequently favour the degradation of easily oxidizable organic matter.