长时程增强效应与逆信使一氧化氮

长时程增强效应(LTP)是神经元可塑性的反映和记忆过程中神经元生理活动的指标,一氧化氮(NO)在 LTP 产生过程中,可能作为逆信使作用于突触前区,增加递质释放,维持 LTP.     

一氧化氮在糖尿病足创面修复中的研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)是一种内源性气体递质,它可在人体各种细胞、组织和器官中产生.一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)是催化NO产生的关键酶,它分为3个亚型.NO与NOS被应用于治疗糖尿病足溃疡等慢性创面,因其具有调控炎症及清除细菌感染的能力.临床可通过创面组织内源性释放或外源性补给来改变创面微环境中NO含量,从而发挥其最佳疗并效促进创...     

简单而又神秘的生物信使——NO

新近发现一氧化氮(NO)广泛分布于生物体各处,包括中枢及周边神经系统.NO 可作为突触前递质从神经末梢释放,也可作为逆信使从突触后膜释放.另外,NO还参与心血管调节、免疫调节、性行为调节等过程.NO 分子的发现为神经系统突触可塑性、神经发育及某些疾病的药物治疗等问题提供了一种可能的解释和线索.NO可能代表了一类新型的生物信使分子.     

气体递质：古老气体在植物响应温度胁迫中的新角色

9种气体分子硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide)、一氧化碳(carbon monoxide)、乙烯(ethylene)、氢气(hydrogen gas)、氨(ammonia)、甲烷(methane)、氰化氢(hydrogen cyanide)和二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide),是40亿年前地球原始大气的主要成分。如今，这些气体被认为是有机体内的气体递质(gasotransmitter),即内源气体分子。气体递质不仅参与动物呼吸、血压、学习、记忆、炎症反应等许多生理和病理过程的调控，而且在气孔运动、种子的萌发、植物生长发育及响应逆境胁迫中也起着举足轻重的作用。本文基于这9种气体递质在植物中的代谢及响应温度胁迫中的最新研究进展，归纳了它们的一般特性、合成和分解代谢及其相互联系。讨论了抗氧化系统、渗透调节系统、离子平衡系统、水平衡系统、热激蛋白(heat shock protein)、翻译后修饰(post-translational modification)和生物膜的修复与重建，在缓解温度胁迫引发的氧化胁迫、渗透胁迫、离子胁迫、水分胁迫、...     

经典递质与肽递质在电场诱发蟾蜍胃窦部收缩中的相互关系

实验采用中华大蟾蜍(Bulo gargarizans)离体胃窦部胃段,观察了经典递质之间以及经典递质与肽递质之间在电场诱发胃窦部收缩中的相互关系。结果如下:1)去甲肾上腺紊经α受体起抑制效应。乙酰胆碱的作用复杂,效应多样。2)乙酰胆碱能加强去甲肾上腺素的抑制效应。3)乙酰胆碱对肽类递质的作用具有调节怍用。4)肽类递质和乙酰胆碱均可通过去甲肾上腺素经α受体产生抑制效应。     

新生、成年和老年小鼠尾壳核、皮层运动区与脊髓中某些递质氨基酸含量的研究

用本实验室改进的超微量 DANS 反应-聚酰胺薄膜层析-荧光方法测定了新生、成年和老年小鼠尾壳核、皮层运动区和脊髓的递质氨基酸:GABA、牛磺酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和丙氨酸。实验结果表明,不同年龄小鼠中枢神经系统不同部位的“抑制性”和“兴奋性”递质氨基酸的含量不同:(1)尾壳核的“抑制性”递质 GABA 含量随年龄的增长而增加。在发育过程中“兴奋性”递质天冬氨酸、谷氨酸也显著升高,而“抑制性”递质牛磺酸含量却显著降低。老化时除 GABA 继续升高外,所测定的其他递质氨基酸皆无显著变化。(2)皮层运动区的“抑制性”递质牛磺酸和甘氨酸含量在发育过程中是降低的,而“兴奋性”递质谷氨酸显著升高。在老化时只有“抑制性”递质 GABA 继续升高。(3)脊髓的“抑制性”递质 GABA 和牛磺酸含量在发育过程中显著降低,而“兴奋性”递质天冬氨酸含量却显著升高。(4)由新生到成年,尾壳核、皮层运动区和脊髓的“抑制性”与“兴奋性”递质氨基酸总量的比值是降低的。成年小鼠的此比值近似于1,新生小鼠此比值(?)1。而老年小鼠的脊髓此比值<1。新生小鼠尾壳核的高比值可能在生物化学上反映了其在发育期的功能特点。     

中枢递质与心血管活动

本文综述了几种中枢递质对心血管活动的影响。不同的中枢递质或同一中枢递质作用于不同的部位及不同类型的受体,可产生不同的心血管效应。有些引起心血管系统兴奋,有些导致心血管活动抑制。     

大鼠不同状态脑内神经递质功率的变化

目的:分析大鼠不同状态脑内递质功率的变化。方法:本研究采用脑涨落图仪。结果:与清醒状态相比,麻醉状态脑内递质的功率显著下降(P<0.05);大鼠死亡后脑内(死亡当时-死亡后48小时)6种递质的功率都降低到10-5级别(P值均大于0.05),说明死亡后不同时间脑内6种递质的功率无显著性差异。结论:从清醒状态到麻醉状态再到死亡状态,大脑的抑制程度逐渐加深。     

植物性神经系统与内分泌对免疫应答的调节

免疫器官具有植物性神经支配,植物性神经末梢释放的递质和内分泌系统释放的激素,通过免疫活性细胞的受体影响免疫功能。递质与激素作用于细胞受体后,通过细胞内的各种转换机制:cAMP、cGMP、核内受体、ATP 酶及钙调节剂,激活免疫生物学效应。激活的免疫系统亦可产生递质或激素,影响神经系统的活动。     

硫化氢对血管平滑肌细胞的影响

在过去的二、三十年,硫化氢(H2S)被认为是继一氧化氮、一氧化碳后又一种重要的气体递质。在中枢神经系统,H2S主要作为一种神经递质,并且有着抗氧化作用,从而保护神经系统。在心血管系统,H2S通过舒张血管平滑肌、促进平滑肌细胞凋亡、抑制平滑肌细胞增殖等途径来参与高血压、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、低氧性肺动脉高压等心血管疾病的调节,从而对机体起到一种保护作用。我们主要就H2S对血管平滑肌的调节机制进行概述,阐述其在心血管疾病调节中的重要作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

青蒿素生物合成机理研究现状

本文总结了目前有关青蒿素生物合成机理方面的研究,主要包括青蒿素生物合成中生理因子的影响,青蒿素生物合成中间体及前体,青蒿素生物合成细胞定位等。指出了存在的一些问题及今后的研究发展前景。     

Discounting of sequences of delayed rewards of different amounts

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnitude effect is present in cases where delayed sequences of rewards are discounted. The magnitude effect refers to the inverse relationship between the amount of a reward and the steepness of temporal discounting. This study was conducted with a computer program to estimate the indifference points, which served as indicators of the present subjective value of delayed sequences of small and large rewards. In the indifference point the subjective value of a single, immediate reward was equal to the subjective value of the delayed sequence (or to the value of a single delayed reward). As a control condition, we added an experimental task involving choices between single immediate and single delayed rewards. The experiment showed that the sequences of large rewards are discounted less steeply than are the sequences of small rewards. This finding suggests that the magnitude effect is present within the delayed sequences of rewards. In addition, when outcomes are relatively large, the results suggest that a single reward is discounted less steeply than the sequence of a total nominal value equal to this single reward. However, for relatively small rewards, the difference is not statistically significant. The less steep discounting of sequences of large rewards may explain the reward-bundling effect, which refers to less steep discounting of longer sequences than of shorter ones: longer sequences usually have greater overall nominal value. The present study was conducted on hypothetical rewards, and the results should be validated using real rewards.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

Estimation of the Timing of Perinatal Transmission of HIV

Knowledge of the timing of perinatal transmission of HIV would be valuable for the determination and evaluation of preventive treatments and would shed light on the mechanism of transmission. Estimation of the distribution of the time of perinatal transmission is difficult, however, because tests of infection status can only be undertaken after birth. DNA and RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and HIV culture have been the most commonly used diagnostic tests for perinatal HIV infection. Such tests have high sensitivity and specificity, except when they are given shortly after infection. In this paper we use the time-dependent sensitivity of these diagnostic tests to make nonparametric and semiparametric inferences about the distribution of the time of perinatal HIV transmission as well as the cumulative probability of perinatal transmission. The methods are illustrated with data from a clinical trial conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials group.