黄桐树皮的化学成分研究

从黄桐(Endospermum chinense Benth.)树皮中分离获得了10个化合物。通过光谱分析,分别鉴定为3-羰基齐墩果酸(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、7-羰基谷甾醇(3)、β-谷甾醇(4)、β-胡萝卜甙(5)、7-羰基-β-胡萝卜甙(6)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(7)、7-羟基-6-甲氧基香豆素(8)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(9)和壬二酸(10)。10个化合物均为首次从黄桐树皮中分离得到。     

萹蓄抑菌活性及化学成分研究

本文研究萹蓄Polygonum aviculare L.乙酸乙酯萃取部位的抑菌活性和化学成分。采用打孔法进行抑菌活性实验,采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等方法进行分离和纯化,并根据理化性质、光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果萹蓄乙酸乙酯部位对五种试验菌均显示一定的抑菌活性,并从中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为没食子酸甲酯(1)、β-胡萝卜甙(2)、山柰酚(3)、槲皮素(4)、没食子酸(5)、萹蓄苷(6)、槲皮苷(7)、myricetin 3-O-(3'-O-galloyl)-rhamnopyranoside(8)、杨梅树皮苷(9)、胡桃宁(10)。其中化合物1和8为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物8为首次从蓼科蓼属植物中分离得到。     

牛心朴子须根的化学成分研究

从采自宁夏的萝摩科鹅绒藤属植物牛心朴子 (CynanchumkomaroviiAl.Iljinski.)须根的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了十个非C2 1 甾体类化合物 :β D 呋喃果糖基 (2→ 1) α D [6 O 芥子酰基 ] 吡喃葡萄糖甙 (1) ,β D (3 O 芥子酰基 ) 呋喃果糖基 (2→ 1) α D [6 O 芥子酰基 ] 吡喃葡萄糖甙 (2 ) ,[6 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖基 (1→ 6 ) β D 吡喃葡萄糖基 1,2 双氧 (4 羟基 3,5 二甲氧基肉桂酰 ) (3) ,7 脱甲氧基娃儿藤碱 (4) ,9 羟基 芳樟醇 3 O β D 吡喃木糖基 (1→ 6 ) β D 吡喃葡萄糖甙 (5 ) ,(2E ,6R) 2 ,6 二甲基 2 ,7 辛二烯 1,6 二醇 (6 ) ,[(+) 丁香素 ](7) ,4′ O demethylepiyangambin(8) ,4′ 羟基 2′ 甲氧基苯乙酮 (9) ,(2S ,3S ,4R ,12E) N [2′ (R) 羟基二十二碳烷基 ] 1,3,4 三羟基 2 酰胺 二十碳烷基 12 烯 (10 )。除化合物 4和 9外 ,其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

中药茅莓化学成分研究

用溶剂提取和硅胶柱层析分离的方法 ,根据光谱分析鉴定中药茅莓的结构 ,分离并鉴定了 5个化合物 ,分别为β 谷甾醇 (Ⅰ )、蔷薇酸 (Ⅱ )、2α,3α,1 9α,2 3 tetrahydroxyurs 1 2 en 2 8 oicacid(Ⅲ )、β 葫萝卜甙 (Ⅳ )和悬钩子皂甙 (Ⅴ ) ,以上前四个化合物均为首次从该植物中分得     

大叶紫珠苯丙素类衍生物研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、ODS柱层析等色谱技术,从大叶紫珠70%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部位分离得到10个苯丙素类衍生物。通过波谱分析并与文献数据对照方法,将其分别鉴定为蛇菰宁(1)、(7R,8S)-脱氢松柏醇-8,5'-脱氢松柏醛-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、连翘苷B(3)、alyssonoside(4)、天人草甙B(5)、阿克苷(6)、马蒂罗苷(7)、异阿克苷(8)、车前草甙C(9)和异马蒂罗苷(10)。其中,化合物3~10均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

鞭打绣球中的一个新单萜苷

从鞭打绣球(Hemiphragma　heterophyllum　Wall.)全草中分离到1个新单萜苷和7个已知化合物。通过波谱数据分析,新单萜苷的结构鉴定为(4S)-α-萜烯醇-8-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,已知化合物分别鉴定为globularin　(2)、(2S,　3S,　4R,　9E)-1,　3,　4-trihydroxy-2-[(2'R)-hydroxy-tetracosanoylamino]-9-octadecene　(3)、　β-香树素(4)、齐墩果酸　(5)、肉桂酸　(6)、β-谷甾醇　(7)和胡萝卜甙　(8)。除化合物2外,其余化合物均为首次从鞭打绣球中分离得到。     

三七叶化学成分的进一步研究

从三七叶乙醇提物中分离到16个化合物,分别鉴定为人参皂甙(ginsenoside)Rh2(1),F2(4),Rg3(5),Rg1(7),Rd(8),Re(11),Rb3(13),Rb1(14),Rc(15),七叶胆皂甙(gypenoside)XIII(2),IX(9),XVII(10),三七皂甙(noto-ginsenoside)R1(12),Fa(16),甘草素(liquiritigenin)(3),以及芹糖甘草甙(liquiritin apioside)(6)。其中化合物1,2,3和6首次分离自该植物中,化合物1~8及10~12首次从三七叶中分离到。研究结果进一步证实,三七叶以含原人参二醇型皂甙为主,同时含有微量的原人参三醇型皂甙和黄酮类化合物。     

冻地银莲花的化学成分

从冻地银莲花(Anemone Tupestris ssp.Gelida (Max.)Lauener)中分离鉴定了12个化合物.分别为常春藤配基(1).刺楸皂甙A(2),牡丹草皂甙B(3),白头翁皂甙D(4),常春藤皂甙B(5),刺楸皂甙B(6),hederacholichiside E(7),hederacholichiside F(8),槲皮素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙(9)槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙(10).胡萝卜甙(11)和β-谷甾醇(12).以上化合物在本植物中均为首次报道.     

鞭打绣球中的一个新单萜苷

从鞭打绣球(Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall.)全草中分离到1个新单萜苷和7个已知化合物.通过波谱数据分析,新单萜苷的结构鉴定为(4S)-α-萜烯醇-8-O-β-D-比喃木糖-(1→6)-β-D-比喃葡萄糖苷,已知化合物分别鉴定为globularin(2)、(2S 3S,4R,9E)-1,3,4-trihydroxy-2-[(2'R)-hydroxy-tetracosanoylamino]-9-octadecene(3)、β-香树素(4)、齐墩果酸(5)、肉桂酸(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)和胡萝卜甙(8).除化合物2外,其余化合物均为首次从鞭打绣球中分离得到.     

紫红獐牙菜口山酮及环烯醚萜类化合物的研究

采用各种柱色谱法对紫红獐牙菜的石油醚和正丁醇部位进行分离纯化,从石油醚部位分离鉴定得到6个化合物,利用理化性质和波谱学方法分别鉴定为oleanolic acid(1),swerchirin(2),sweriaperenine(3),bellidifo-lin(4),gentiacaulein(5)和1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(6);从正丁醇部位分离鉴定得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为8-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(7),5-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-1,8-di-hydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(8),7-[(β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(9),8-[(β-D-gluco-pyranosyl)oxy]-1,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone(10),swertiamarin(11),tetrahydrosertianolin(12),8-hydroxy-10-hydro-sweroside(13),campestroside(14)以及uridine(15)。其中,化合物15首次从该属植物中得到,化合物9、10、12和13首次从该植物中分离得到。     

红螯螯虾体表附生切头涡虫类研究概述

随着红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)养殖业的发展,附着于红螯螯虾体表的切头涡虫及其危害已引起养殖业者的广泛关注.本文介绍了切头涡虫的分类地位和分布,详细描述了切头涡虫外部形态和内部构造,并对切头涡虫的共生特性、食性、生活史、运动方式等生物学特点进行了概述,对切头涡虫的危害和防治进行了总结和讨论....     

丹参雄性不育系Sh-B的鉴定与花粉发育过程的解剖学研究

在显微水平上对新发现的丹参雄性不育系Sh-B花药发育过程进行了解剖学观察,并对其花粉活力和结实率进行了鉴定。结果显示:根据花器官及花药的形态、大小以及花丝的长度,可以将Sh-B不育株分为3个不育类型,即Sh-B1、Sh-B2和Sh-B3。这3种不育类型均属于雄性不育,其花丝不到正常可育株的1/2,花药干瘪而瘦小,内无花粉粒或花粉无活力;其根、茎、叶以及种子形态结构与正常可育植株基本相似。产生雄性不育的主要原因有:花粉囊药室内壁纤维层加厚,影响花药壁开裂;小孢子母细胞周围不产生胼胝质或产生的胼胝质很少;绒毡层细胞延迟解体;花粉粒畸形。在其花药发育的小孢子母细胞时期、四分体形成前期、单核期、双核期均可能产生雄性不育的小孢子或花粉粒。     

AIDS and the general practitioner: views of patients with HIV infection and AIDS.

An unselected series of outpatients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who attended two London hospitals were interviewed to assess their relationship with their general practitioner. Although most of the 192 patients were registered with a general practitioner, the doctors of only one half knew of the diagnosis. Patients feared a negative reaction from their general practitioner or were concerned about confidentiality. Although those who had told their doctor had received favourable reactions, few general practitioners attempted to counsel or educate their patients. The patients who previously had been open about their homosexuality were not more likely to have told their general practitioner of their HIV infection. Although most did not think that general practitioners were well informed about AIDS, half of the patients wished that general practitioners could take a bigger part in their care.     

生物表面活性剂的分离提纯及其发展前景

生物表面活性剂主要是微生物在一定条件下培养时产生的具有高表面活性的生物分子。由于其对环境无毒害作用,因此,受到了广泛的青睐,然而从发酵液中分离和纯化生物表面活性剂是生物表面活性剂商业化的一个主要问题。为此提出多种分离纯化生物表面活性剂的方法,并对其发展前景作了展望。     

9个辣椒雄性不育材料花蕾生理生化特性研究

以9个辣椒雄性不育材料及其相应的保持系为试材,对有关花器的植物学性状进行了系统观察和研究,测定了花蕾中过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶的活性和游离脯氨酸的含量。结果表明:供试9个雄性不育材料和保持系的主要花器性状有一定差异;雄性不育材料的过氧化物酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性均高于相应的保持系, 而过氧化氢酶活性低于保持系;保持系游离脯氨酸含量离于不育材料;所测的3种酶活性和脯氨酸含量在雄性不育材料与保持系间差异显著。     

The effects of partner togetherness on salivary testosterone in women in long distance relationships

The present study examined whether women's testosterone levels are influenced by being with a sexual and romantic partner after a period of sexual abstinence. Women in long distance relationships (n = 15) provided five saliva samples: at least 1 week before seeing their partner (and at least 2 weeks since their last visit), the day before seeing their partner, when they were with their partner but prior to engaging in sexual activity, the day after their first sexual activity, and 3 days after they were separated from their partners. Salivary testosterone was lowest when participants had been away from their partners for at least 2 weeks and highest the day before they were to see their partners and the day after sexual activity. Results from this study indicated that women's testosterone increased both the day before they were with their partners and they day after they first engaged in sexual activity. However, something about initially reuniting with their partners returned their testosterone to baseline levels, which may be an effect of being in the same location as a partner, or just a state fluctuation due to nervousness or other psychological state.     

Can the antCataglyphis cursor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) encode global landmark-landmark relationships in addition to isolated landmark-goal relationships?

The antCataglyphis cursor was tested for its landmark-based homing in a laboratory setting. Workers were induced to go down a tube at the center of an arena to forage. On the periphery of the arena were four different black shapes serving as the only distinguishing visual landmarks, i.e., a cross, a circle, a triangle, and a square. The purpose was to show that the spatial memory of ants represents something of the overall arrangement of landmarks. When first released into the arena, the ants were not oriented toward home in their navigation. After 2 days of free access in the usual landmark setup, the ants learned to orient rapidly significantly goalward. When landmarks were all removed, they did not orient in any direction significantly. When the landmarks were rotated by 90°, their compass positions were changed but their relative positions maintained, and the ants rotated their heading by a similar amount. This rotated homing direction implies that the array of landmarks was used as the only source of directional determination. When the landmark nearest their home was absent, but the other three were in their usual places, the ants were slightly homeward oriented at one-quarter of the way, but not at one-half of the way when the other landmarks were behind them. When the landmarks were randomly permuted, both their compass positions and their overall spatial relationships were altered, and the ants were not significantly oriented in any direction. These results indicate that spatial memory in the antC. cursor encodes global landmark-landmark relations. Thus, ants can abstract certain topological properties of their environment.     

一品红试管苗移栽驯化期叶片的解剖结构变化

对一品红试管苗移栽驯化,同时研究了驯化过程中叶片结构的变化,结果表明,一品红在珍珠岩基质中成活率达98%,随着移栽时间的延长,表皮细胞增大,排列紧密;叶肉细胞间隙减小,栅栏组织细胞长度增加,主脉增厚,导管数目增加,保水,输水和抗逆能力增强。     

中国、日本和菲律宾水稻白叶枯病菌的母株与单细胞系的遗传与致病性差异的分析

以J3、IS1112、IS1113和ERIC为引物对17组(56株)来自中国、日本和菲律宾的水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)代表菌株和它们的单细胞系进行IS-PCR和Rep-PCR扩增以及田间致病性鉴定,研究母株和单细胞系之间的遗传和致病性变异.结果表明:1)母株与单细胞系属于同一分子谱型的比率依次为:52.9%(J3)、23.5%(IS1112)、29.4%(IS1113)和35.3%(ERIC); 2)综合4个引物的PCR扩增结果,采用UPGMA聚类,母株与其全部单细胞系相似率在90%以上的组群占29.4%,差异率达到30%～41%的组群占参试组群的52.9%;以带位相似率80%为簇界,参试菌可以划分为15簇,来自中国、日本和菲律宾的9个组的母株和单细胞系聚合在同一簇中,占参试菌的52.9%,说明三国病菌在遗传上存在高度相关性;三国病菌都存在簇群差异,以菲律宾茵系变异最大,如Pxo79和Pxo112母株和单细胞系各分在不同的3簇中,Pxo79、Pxo86、Pxo99和Pxo112等菌系的母株和单细胞系之间的差异率达到了41%;结果证明:母株是"由遗传上有不同程度差异的细胞"组成的混合体.3)田问致病性测定表明,母株与其单细胞系毒力不同的有15组,占88.2%,说明母株是由毒力不同的单细胞系组成的混合体,但病原菌的分子谱型以及遗传分簇与致病型之间没有相关性.     

Morphological traits determine the winner of “symmetric” fights in hermit crabs

This study aimed at investigating in the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus whether some morphological traits and their slight variations might determine the winner of a contest in symmetric pairs, i.e. pairs composed of individuals matched by their overall size. In the pre-experimental phase, 400 crabs were individually kept in isolation for a week to eliminate the effects of their previous social experiences and were allowed to enter adequate shells to equalize their motivation to fight. Then, we formed 200 pairs matched for shell and body size and observed their agonistic behaviour for 15 min. Alphas (and betas) were deemed as those individuals that won more than half of the recorded fights. Finally, crabs were sacrificed and sexed, and 6 and 8 measures were taken of their shells and bodies, respectively. Raw data were converted to compositional data and subjected to an isometric log-ratio transformation prior to statistical analysis. Alphas were found to occupy heavier and wider shells than betas, both characteristics that, together with the correlated high level of encrustation, make the apparent dimension of the crab larger and thus favour that individual during agonistic encounters. As expected, hermit crabs were sexually dimorphic in their chelae, but sexes differed also in the length of the dactylus of their third walking leg and in their body weight. Alphas were heavier than betas and had longer propodi and wider dactyli on the third walking legs than betas. The latter character might be advantageous during shell fights when the walking legs of the attacker are used to hold the defender's shell in the spasmodic shaking and their wider dactyli might assure a firmer seizing of it. Indeed, a correct execution of this pattern allows for the eviction of the defender. Our results suggest that more attention towards variations in morphological traits other than body size might improve our understanding of the factors that affect individual Resource Holding Power and fight dynamics.