Resistance of Some Vitis Rootstocks to Xiphinema index

Thirty-eight grapevine (Vitis spp.) rootstocks were screened in pots for resistance to the dagger nematode, Xiphinema index, from 1979 to 1981. Resistance ratings were based on visible root symptoms and on changes in the nematode populations over 16 months. Nineteen of the 23 Californian hybrid rootstocks tested were resistant, as were ''Harmony'','' ''Freedom,'' ''Schwarzmann,'' and ''3309.'' Two hybrids of V. rufotomentosa, ''171-52'' and ''176-9,'' were possibly immune to X. index. The rootstocks ''ARG 1,'' '' 110 R,'' ''1202,'' and ''1616,'' which are used commercially for phylloxera resistance were susceptible.     

Pathogenicity of Four Species of Meloidogyne on Three Varieties of Olive Trees

''Ascolano'' and ''Sevillano'' olive trees, Olea europaea L., were highly susceptible to Meloidogyne javanica (Trueb) Chitwood, and growth of their tops was decreased greatly in tests in a glasshouse. Roots of ''Manzanillo'' olive trees were galled moderately by M. javanica, and their tops weighed 6% less than those of noninoculated trees. ''Manzanillo'' olive is considered highly tolerant to M. javanica. ''Ascolano'' and ''Manzanillo'' olive trees were highly susceptible to M. incognita (Kofoid &White) Chitwood. Their roots were galled moderately to severely, and growth of their tops were decreased between 13% and 44%. ''Ascolano'' and ''Manzanillo'' olive trees were considered to be highly resistant to M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood and M. hapla Chitwood since no galls or mature females were found on their roots three and one-half months after inoculation.     

Host Suitability of Selected Hybrids,Varieties and Inbreds of Corn to Populations of Meloidogyne spp.

Rates of reproduction of root-knot nematodes on corn varied with Meloidogyne species, with different populations of certain species, and with corn cultivars. M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica reproduced at varying rates on all corn cultivars tested. None of the three selections of M. hapla reproduced on corn. Most of the Meloidogyne populations increased more rapidly on ''Coker'' and ''Pioneer'' hybrids than on ''McNair'' hybrids or on open-pollinated varieties or inbreds. Nematodes often reduced root growth, but the differences within given nematode-cultivar treatments were not usually significant. Root growth of ''Coker 911,'' which supported a high rate of reproduction, was affected less than ''Pioneer 309B'' which supported a low rate of nematode reproduction.     

Infectivity of Two Biotypes of the Citrus Nematode on Citrus and on Some Other Hosts

The infectivity and development of two biotypes of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) were compared on highly resistant Poncirus trifoliata selection ''Pomeroy,'' moderately susceptible ''Troyer'' citrange, and highly susceptible sweet orange selection ''Homosassa'' small seedlings in a glasshouse. Biotype-1 was more infective on the above hosts and developed faster on sweet orange and on ''Troyer'' citrange than Biotype-2. The differences in infectivity were interpreted to reflect differences in the ability of the nematodes to penetrate the epidermis and hypodermis and become established in host roots. Poncirus selections ''Pomeroy,'' ''Webber-Fawcett,'' and ''Rubidoux'' seedlings were highly resistant to the citrus nematode in California, but seedlings of ''Pomeroy'' and ''Rubidoux'' were only moderately resistant in Japan. These differences in degree of infection may indicate different biotypes of the nematode. Host range tests with California Biotype-1 indicate that it differs from those occurring in Israel.     

5个番石榴品种果实食用品质和香气特征分析

为比较番石榴(Psidium guajava)不同品种果实的外观、营养价值和香气特征,采用国家标准方法,对5个番石榴品种(‘红宝石’、‘粉红蜜’、‘西瓜’、‘水蜜’、本地种)果实的外观和营养成分进行测定,采用顶空气质联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对5个品种果实的香气成分进行测定。结果表明,不同品种果实外观及营养成分差异明显。‘水蜜’的果形指数最低,果实扁圆形,种籽最少;大多数糖类物质(总糖、还原糖、蔗糖等)、糖酸比、总酚含量最高;果糖、VC和总黄酮含量位居第2;总酸、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分含量最低。主成分分析表明,‘水蜜’作为鲜食水果的食用品质最高。己醛和石竹烯是红肉型品种的特征风味物质,3-羟基-2-丁酮是白肉型品种的特征香气成分。     

Four Biotypes of Tylenchulus semipenetrans in California Identified,and Their Importance in the Development of Resistant Citrus Rootstocks

Four biotypes (pathotypes) of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, occurring in California, U.S.A. were differentiated on the basis of differences of infectivity on ''Homosassa'' sweet orange, ''Troyer'' citrange, ''Pomeroy'' and ''Rubidoux'' Poncirus trifoliata, ''Thompson Seedless'' grape, and ''Manzanillo'' olive. A method for differentiating biotypes of T. semipenetrans is described. Field observations indicate that biotypes of this nematode are very stable. The importance of using highly infective biotypes in the development and selection of satisfactory citrus-nematode-resistant rootstocks is emphasized.     

Nature of Sweet Potato Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and the Effects of Temperature on Parasitism

Penetration, rate of development, and total population of Meloidogyne incognita in roots of susceptible ''Allgold'' and resistant ''Nemagold'' sweet potatoes increased with temperature 24-32 C. Rate of larval penetration in ''Allgold'' was significantly higher than in ''Nemagold'' after 48 hr of root exposure at 24, 28, and 32 C. At 24, 28, and 32 C (16 hr) day and 20 C (8 hr) night temperature the life cycle of M. incognita required 42, 32, and 28 days in ''Allgold'', and 44, 33, and 31 days in ''Nemagold''; mature females in the first generation were 40, 40, 40, and 10, 22, 20 respectively. The correlation between the length of time roots were allowed to grow in the soil prior to inoculation and number of larvae recovered from the roots after inoculation was positive for ''Allgold'' and negative for ''Nemagold''. Therefore, a root exudate repellent to M. incognita larvae is proposed as a hypothetical basis for resistance to M. incognita in sweet potatoes.     

Relative Tolerance of Selected Soybean Cultivars to Hoplolaimus columbus and Possible Effects of Soil Temperature

Eleven soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars resistant to one or more plant-parasitic nematodes, and one resistant to the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Muls.), were tested for susceptibility to Hoplolaimus columbus. All cultivars were parasitized, but nematode reproduction varied. ''Pickett-71'' was the most susceptible host among the cultivars tested. ''Dyer'' and three ''P.I. cultivars'' were most tolerant when yield /plant and total yield were compared for fumigated and unfumigated plots, even though their yield potential was low. ''Hardee,'' ''Coker 4504,'' ''W-4,'' ''D71-9257,'' and ''ED-371'' appeared tolerant throughout the growing season and yielded well in unfumigated soil. Infection and reproduction of H. columbus in ''Forrest'' soybean roots were greater at 30 ± 1 C than at 20 or 25 ± 1 C. Plant height and root weight varied with the soil treatments.     

Interrelationship of Meloidogyne hapla and Ditylenchus dipsaci on Resistant and Susceptible Alfalfa

Simultaneous inoculations of alfalfa with Meloidogyne hapla larvae and Ditylenchus dipsaci at 16, 20, 24, and 28 C did not depress penetration of either nematode in ''Nev Syn XX'' -a selection resistant to M. hapla and D. dipsaci, ''Vernal 298'' -a selection resistant to M. hapla and susceptible to D. dipsaci, ''Lahontan'' -a cultivar resistant to D. dipsaci and susceptible to M. hapla, and ''Ranger'' -a cultivar susceptible to both M. hapla and D, dipsaci. Infection with D. dipsaci depressed growth of susceptible ''Vernal 298'' and ''Ranger'' at all soil temperatures, except for ''Vernal 298'' at 16 C. Infection with M. hapla alone did not depress growth of any of the alfalfas. A combination of M. hapla and D. dipsaci resulted in a synergistic weight depression on ''Ranger'' at all soil temperatures. Inoculation of the four alfalfas with D. dipsaci 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk before inoculation with M. hapla at 16, 20, 24, and 28 C did not influence the resistance or susceptibility of ''Nev Syn XX,'' ''Lahontan,'' or ''Ranger.'' However, galling of ''Vernal 298'' by M. hapla was affected by soil temperature, plant age, and inoculation with D. dipsaci.     

Pathogenicity of the Lesion Nematode,Pratylenchus brachyurus,on Six Soybean Cultivars

Pathogenicity tests of Pratylenchus brachyurus on selected greenhouse-grown soybean cultivars indicated the nematode reduced seed yield of ''Hood'' but not that of ''Custer'', ''Bragg'', ''Dyer'', or ''Pickett''. Root weights of all cultivars were reduced. Damage and numbers of nematodes within soybean roots growing at 13, 21, and 29 C were greater at higher temperatures. At 29 C, root pruning was prominent in ''Hood'' and ''Pickett'' but limited in ''Custer'' and ''Hill''. Root pruning was not observed at 13 C and only ''Pickett'' showed pruning at 21 C. Plant height and foliage weight were not affected. P. brachyurus had no effect on the emergence of ''Pickett'' or ''Bragg'' soybeans. Nematode counts from roots of ''Pickett'' at intervals after inoculation indicated that hatching of second generation second-stage larvae occurred about 15 days after egg laying. An average of 68% of the initial inoculum penetrated the roots within five days of inoculation, the highest observed was 81% in five days. Details of structural damage in penetrated tissues were studied in sectioned roots. In soybean roots infected by P. brachyurus and/or Rhizoctonia solani greater damage occurred with nematode and fungus combined than with either acting alone.     

Parasitism of Hoplolaimus galeatus on Diploid and Polyploid St. Augustine grasses

''Floratam'' and ''FX-313'' St. Augusfinegrasses (Stenotaphrum secundatum) were compared in a time-course experiment for host suitability and susceptibility to the lance nematode, Hoplolaimus galeatus. Nematode densities were determined in the soil and acid-fuchsin stained roots 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 days after pots containing 230 cm³ of autoclaved native Margate fine sand/pot were infested with 104 ± 9 nematodes and maintained at 25 ± 2 C in the laboratory. ''FX-313'' was a more suitable host for H. galeatus. Numbers of H. galeatus reached a maximum at 210 days after inoculation, with 5,550 and 4,120 nematodes (adults plus juveniles)/pot for ''FX-313'' and ''Floratam,'' respectively. Root and shoot dry weights of both grasses were not affected by H. galeatus throughout the experiment. Three polyploid, 2n = 30 to 32 (''Floratam,'' ''FX-10,'' and ''Bitterblue'') and three diploid, 2n = 18 (''FX-313,'' ''Florida Common,'' and ''Seville'') S. secundatum genotypes were inoculated with H. galeatus (99 ± 9/pot) and compared with uninoculated controls 210 days after inoculation. St. Augustinegrass genotypes differed as hosts of H. galeatus. ''FX-313'' and ''Florida Common'' represented the high and low extremes, respectively, for nematode reproduction (9,750 and 5,490 nematodes/pot or 4,239 and 2,387 nematodes/100 cm³ of soil). However, differences in root and shoot growth were not detected 210 days after inoculation with H. galeatus.     

Relative Susceptibility of Selected Cultivars,of Potato to Pratylenchus penetrans

Pratylenchus penetrans suppressed the tuber yields of potato cultivars ''Katahdin'', ''Kennebec'', and ''Superior'', but did not affect yields of ''Russet Burbank''. In comparison with noninfested controls, all initial nematode densities (P_i) of P. penetrans (P_i = 38, 81, 164, 211/ 100 cm³ of soil) suppressed yields of Superior; a moderate P_i (81/100 cm³ soil) suppressed yields of Kennebec; and on Katahdin, a moderate P_i enhanced yields, but higher P_i''s caused a marked loss. In general, yields were related to the tolerance of the cultivars to nematode colonization. Highest nematode densities were found in the roots of Russet Burbank; the next highest, in succeeding order, were found in roots of Kennebec, Katahdin, and Superior. Symptoms of nematode invasion were confined to losses of tuber yield and root weight.     

Data on healthcare perceptions about system risk factors associated with patient safety from the Ministry of Health hospitals in Hail Region of Saudi Arabia

Patient protection has become one of the key elements of the quality of health care systems in Saudi Arabia. Medical errors that threaten patient safety are mediated by several factors including system risk factors. Hence, we used a self-structured questionnaire to assess and rank the system factors according to the perceptions of nurses working in the hospitals of the ministry of health in Hail, KSA. Eight out of twelve factors tested were perceived as threatening factors of the patient safety that are; ''Shortage of medical staff'', ''Poor design of the hospital structure'', ''Long working hours'', ''Overcrowding of patients'',''Poor coordination between hospital departments, ''Punitive and blaming environment, ''Lack of clinical practice standards'' and, ''Poor financial incentives''. Thus, considering the negative impact of the identified threatening system factors in this study on patient safety, urgent planning and managing appropriate corrective actions should be designed to improve patient safety issues.     

Relative Virulence of Meloidogyne incognita Host Races on Soybean

Sensitivity and host efficiency of susceptible (''Lee 68'', ''Coker 156'') and resistant (''Bragg'', ''Centennial'', ''Forrest'', ''Lee 74'') soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars for races of Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) were determined in greenhouse experiments. Eight Mi populations collected from the southeastern United States were utilized. All Mi races reproduced readily on Lee 68 and Lee 74 and moderately on Forrest and Bragg. Coker 156 exhibited resistance to races 1 and 2, and some race 3 populations, but was very susceptible to certain race 3 and 4 populations. Reproduction of all races was lowest on Centennial. Forrest and Centennial shoot growth was not significantly suppressed by any race. There were no distinct differences in virulence between races except for a race 3 population which reproduced readily on all cultivars, stunting their growth. Considerable variation in reproduction existed within races 1 and 3.     

Preparation of cinnamoyl-CoA and analysis of the enzyme activity of recombinant CCR protein from Populus tomentosa

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR, EC 1.2.1.44), which catalyzes the reduction of cinnamoyl-CoA esters to their respective cinnamaldehydes, is considered as a key enzyme in lignin formation. The substrates of CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA esters, are products of 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL, EC 6.2.1.12), which is an enzyme upstream of CCR. The PtCCR and Pt4CL were isolated from Populus tomentosa and expressed in E. coli. Results showed that 4CL can catalyze the conversion of hydroxycinnamic acids to cinnamoyl-CoA esters, with high efficiency. The purification of esters using SPE cartridges suggested that 40 % methanol with 0.1 M of acetic acid was the optimal elution buffer for cinnamoyl-CoA esters. The optimization of prokaryotic expression demonstrated that the best expression conditions for recombinant PtCCR was 6 h of 0.4 mM IPTG induction at 37 °C. PtCCR enzyme assay illustrated that the recombinant protein can catalyze the reduction of cinnamoyl-CoA esters. Kinetics analysis showed that feruloyl-CoA has higher affinity to PtCCR with faster reaction speed (Vmax), indicating that feruloyl-CoA was the most favorable substrate for PtCCR catalysis. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli, purified through affinity column chromatography, and characterized by SDS-PAGE. SPE cartridges were used to purify the ester products of the Pt4CL reaction. HPLC-MS was used to analyze the structure of esters and evaluate their purity or quantity. Furthermore, the enzyme activity of recombinant CCR to feruloyl-CoA at different pHs indicated that compartmentalization may be an important factor in lignin monomer formation.     

The Relationship of Meloidogyne incognita acrita to the Incidence of Cabbage Yellows

Three inoculum level combinations of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Fusariurn oxysporurn f. conglutinans did not affect the incidence of cabbage yellows in the moderately-resistant ''Greenback'' or the highly-resistant ''Marion Market'' varieties. The susceptible ''Early Round Dutch'' variety was more susceptible to low levels of fungus inoculum in the presence of the nematode.     

Pathogenicity and Interaction of Three Nematode Species on Six Bermudagrasses

The ring nematode (Criconemoides ornatus), stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus martini), and sting nematode (Belonolaimus Iongicaudatus) reproduced readily on six bermudagrasses (Common, ''U-3'', ''Tufcote'', ''Continental'', ''Tiffine'', and ''Tifdwarf''). Populations of a single nematode species influenced the population development of a second and third parasitic nematode species on a particular host plant. Activity of most nematodes adversely affected reproduction of other nematode species in mixed cultures. Generally, the number of fibrous roots produced by plants decreased as the number of nematode species in the treatments increased. Tifdwarf bermudagrass appeared to be more tolerant to C. ornatus and T. martini than other grasses tested.     

Developmental forms of human skeletal-muscle AMP deaminase. The kinetic and regulatory properties of the enzyme.

AMP deaminase isoforms from human skeletal muscle can be separated chromatographically [Kaletha, Spychała & Nowak (1987) Experientia 43, 440-443]. In adult tissue nearly all the AMP deaminase activity was eluted from phosphocellulose with 0.75 M-KCl (''adult'' isoform), and the remaining activity could be eluted with 2.0 M-KCl. Conversely, most of the AMP deaminase activity from 11-week-old fetal tissue was eluted from phosphocellulose with 2.0 M-KCl (''fetal'' isoform). In the present paper the kinetic and regulatory properties of AMP deaminase extracted from 11- and 16-week-old fetal skeletal muscle are reported. The two isoforms from 11-week-old human fetus differed distinctly in these properties. The ''fetal'' isoform had about 5-fold higher half-saturation constant (S0.5) value than the ''adult'' form. It was also more sensitive to the influence of some important regulatory ligands (ADP, ATP and Pi), and exhibited a different pH/activity profile. The ''adult'' isoform of AMP deaminase from fetal muscle and the enzyme from mature muscle possessed similar kinetic and regulatory properties. This isoform seems not to be subject to any major modifications during further ontogenesis. This is not true, however, for the ''fetal'' isoform. In the muscle of 16-week-old human fetus, the ''fetal'' isoform showed a peculiar, biphasic, type of substrate-saturation kinetics. This phenomenon may reflect appearance of the next, developmentally programmed, isoform of human skeletal-muscle AMP deaminase.     

Effects of DCPA,EPTC, and Chlorpropham on Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne hapla to Alfalfa

Treatments wilh the herbicides chlorpropham (isopropyl m-chlorocarbinilate), DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), and El''TC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), alone or in combination with Meloidogyne hapla Chilwood, significantly reduced the growth of both nemalode-resistant ''Nev Syn XX'' atttt susceptible ''Ranger" alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) seedlings. M. hapla infection of both alfalfas was reduced by all herbicides because of fewer available infective courts in the treated plants. EPTC, however, reduced resistance to M. hapla, as indicated by increased galling of ''Nev Syn XX'' plants.