人类活动胁迫下野生动物生境变迁研究——以中国仰鼻猴为例

人类活动是威胁当今世界生物多样性的重要因素之一,越来越多的"难民物种"受人类活动干扰被限制在了次优的栖息地。以我国受威胁情况较为严重的珍稀物种仰鼻猴为例,基于地形变量、人类活动变量、气候变量及古今分布点(历史时期:20世纪前;现今时期:20世纪至今)数据,利用MaxEnt模型对其古今生境开展预测,结果表明:古今以来,人类活动导致仰鼻猴丧失了我国东部921756km²的适宜生境,保留适生区内的生境质量下降,新增适生区分散且破碎,仰鼻猴重新适应了历史时期的次适生区甚至不适生区。古今以来,仰鼻猴对气候变量适应能力的改变远小于对地形变量,与可以自由选择适宜生境时相比,现今时期的仰鼻猴生境内的海拔更高、地形起伏度更大,最冷月最低温以及年度气温变化的适宜范围相比更窄,仰鼻猴提高了对多种环境因素的适应能力,但同时对环境变化的敏感度升高,并面临着种群隔离度增加等风险,已无法占据最佳生态位。建议关注现有适宜生境附近的人类活动强度,尽可能减少与仰鼻猴产生空间或资源的竞争,加强对该物种的保护。     

Living on the edge: Multiscale habitat selection by cheetahs in a human‐wildlife landscape

Animals select habitats that will ultimately optimize their fitness through access to favorable resources, such as food, mates, and breeding sites. However, access to these resources may be limited by bottom‐up effects, such as availability, and top‐down effects, such as risk avoidance and competition, including that with humans. Competition between wildlife and people over resources, specifically over space, has played a significant role in the worldwide decrease in large carnivores. The goal of this study was to determine the habitat selection of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in a human‐wildlife landscape at multiple spatial scales. Cheetahs are a wide‐ranging, large carnivore, whose significant decline is largely attributed to habitat loss and fragmentation. It is believed that 77% of the global cheetah population ranges outside protected areas, yet little is known about cheetahs’ resource use in areas where they co‐occur with people. The selection, or avoidance, of three anthropogenic variables (human footprint density, distance to main roads and wildlife areas) and five environmental variables (open habitat, semiclosed habitat, edge density, patch density and slope), at multiple spatial scales, was determined by analyzing collar data from six cheetahs. Cheetahs selected variables at different scales; anthropogenic variables were selected at broader scales (720–1440 m) than environmental variables (90–180 m), suggesting that anthropogenic pressures affect habitat selection at a home‐range level, whilst environmental variables influence site‐level habitat selection. Cheetah presence was best explained by human presence, wildlife areas, semiclosed habitat, edge density and slope. Cheetahs showed avoidance for humans and steep slopes and selected for wildlife areas and areas with high proportions of semiclosed habitat and edge density. Understanding a species’ resource requirements, and how these might be affected by humans, is crucial for conservation. Using a multiscale approach, we provide new insights into the habitat selection of a large carnivore living in a human‐wildlife landscape.