根际土壤动物及其对植物生长的影响

土壤动物是根际土壤生物的重要组成部分,对于营养物质的转化、储存和释放,土壤微生物的调节及土壤理化性质的改变都发挥着积极作用,最终影响地上植物生长及其生产力。本文综述了土壤动物在根际土壤生态系统中的作用、根际土壤动物与土壤微生物之间的关系、根际土壤动物对植物生长的影响等。就目前根际土壤动物及其对植物生长的影响研究中亟待解决的一些问题进行了探讨,并提出今后应加强研究的方向。     

森林植物多样性、树种重要值与土壤理化性质对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的影响

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP)在土壤物理结构调节和土壤碳库稳定性中发挥着重要作用,但植物多样性和优势种如何影响GRSP还缺乏系统性研究。本研究依托东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场的72块样地, 对1 m深土壤剖面分5层采样, 测定土壤易提取球囊霉素(easily extractable GRSP, EEG)、总提取球囊霉素(total GRSP, TG)及土壤理化性质, 并同时计算植物多样性指数及优势种重要值(importance value, IV), 进一步通过相关分析和冗余排序分析判断影响GRSP的主要因素与贡献。结果表明: (1)在整个土壤剖面上均表现为TG和EEG与土壤有机碳(SOC)正相关, 在部分土层深度与全氮(total nitrogen, TN)和含水量(moisture content, MC)正相关, 而与电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)和pH值负相关。(2)部分土层TG和EEG与黑皮油松(Pinus tabuliformis var. mukdensis)、樟子松(P. sylvestris var. mongolica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)优势种重要值显著相关, 表现为黑皮油松重要值越高, 而黄檗、榆树重要值越小, 越有利于EEG的积累, 并且伴随EEG-C/SOC (EEG中C占SOC比例)增加、EEG/TG增大; 群落中胡桃楸、黄檗、榆树更有利于TG积累, 黑皮油松、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、樟子松不利于TG的积累。(3)植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度与EEG、TG、EEG/TG无显著相关性, 而与EEG-C/SOC、EEG-N/TN (EEG中N占TN的比例)、TG-C/SOC (TG中C占SOC比例)、TG-N/TN (TG中N占TN的比例)显著负相关; 土壤EEG/TG和EEG-N/TN与植物均匀度指数显著正相关, 在1 m土壤不同土层趋势类似。(4)方差分解分析表明: 生物因子对GRSP变化的解释率是20.2%, 土壤理化因子解释率为7.8%, 而生物因子中植物优势种重要值的解释率最大(16.4%), 而植物物种多样性指数解释率仅为0.4%。冗余排序发现常绿针叶树种(黑皮油松和樟子松)越多且阔叶树种越少时, GRSP含量和GRSP对土壤碳氮的贡献越高(P < 0.01), 其机制可能与树种菌根类型有关: 外生菌根树种重要值与TG显著负相关, 丛枝菌根树种重要值与TG显著正相关。本研究解析了植物物种多样性对GRSP含量的重要影响, 并强调未来土壤管理和评估可以通过调整优势物种而不是树种多样性来促进GRSP积累。     

泰山丛枝菌根真菌群落结构特征

2007年对泰山植被根围内丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌群落组成、数量、分布及其与植物多样性的关系进行了研究。从泰山傲徕峰、黑龙潭库区等样地共分离出4属16种AM真菌:球囊霉属Glomus 9种、无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 4种、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 2种和盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora1种。其中,球囊霉属Glomus及聚球囊霉Glomus fasciculatum的孢子密度、相对多度、分布频度和重要值均最高,分别为泰山植被区根围内AM真菌优势属和优势种。各样地之间Sorenson相似系数在0.60和0.85之间。植被数量与孢子密度(r=0.80,p0.01)、植物种的丰富度与AM真菌种的丰富度(r=0.77,p0.01)以及与孢子密度(r=0.59,p0.01)均呈极显著正相关关系。研究结果表明植物多样性对于提高AM真菌多样性发挥极为重要的作用。     

宏生态学(Macroecology)及其研究

宏生态学是生态学与其他宏观学科不断交叉和融合后的产物。它以个体、种群和物种的生态特征在大时空尺度上的格局和变化规律为主要研究内容,它比其他生态学更强调归纳和推论,也更依赖数据的积累。近年来,宏生态学在对物种一面积关系进行探讨的基础上,对生物类群间的物种数量的协同变化以及物种和高级分类单元间的关系等进行了新的研究;宏生态学试图将有机论和个体论结合来探讨和总结群落结构中的物种组成规律;并对物种多度和分布格局间的关系从生态位和异质种群角度进行新的解释;个体大小频次分布规律是宏生态学一重要内容,对其深入研究和探讨已与物种多度、能量、分布面积、历史起源等多方面特征相结合,并得到一些普遍性规律;最后,宏生态学还探讨物种在地理区域上的普遍性的分布模式,并对其假说进行检验和探讨。宏生态学在中国还处于刚起步阶段,但中国具有资源的优势,并具有一定的数据积累,将在宏生态学研究中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

From shade- to sun-grown perennial crops in Sulawesi, Indonesia: implications for biodiversity conservation and soil fertility

Traditional, complex forest farming systems are increasingly convertedto sun-grown monocultures throughout the tropics. Biophysical, soil andbiodiversity effects associated with sun- vs. shade-grown coffee and cacao wereinvestigated in a case study in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Canopy height, tree,epiphyte, liana and bird species diversity, vegetation structural complexity,percent ground cover by leaf litter, and soil calcium, nitrate nitrogen andorganic matter levels in the O horizons were all significantly greater in shadedthan in sun-grown farms. In contrast, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), airand soil temperatures, weed diversity and percent ground cover by weeds weresignificantly greater in sun compared to shade farms. At the landscape level,conversion of shade-grown crops to sun conditions isolates protected areas andremnant primary forest fragments. Local cultivators are cognizant of theagronomic and socioeconomic risks associated with sun-grown perennialmonocultures and some are increasing the density and diversity of fruit treecultivation in an effort to provide shade and organic matter, and increase anddiversify crop yields. The maintenance of traditional, complex forest farmingsystems, particularly shade-grown perennial crops, warrants greater attention inagricultural development and biodiversity conservation efforts.     

两种土壤类型草本植物根系丛枝菌根真菌多样性

将分属12个科的17种宿主植物分别种植于石灰土和紫色土上,120 d后收获取样,通过CTAB法提取共生菌根内AM真菌的DNA,用特异引物U1/U2扩增编码核糖体28S大亚基的rDNA部分序列,并利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和银染显影技术显色, 比较了石灰土和紫色土上草本植物根系内丛枝菌根真菌群落的物种多样性.结果表明：生长于石灰土上的17种宿主植物根系内共发现AM真菌条带29种,平均每种宿主植物内8.29种;生长于紫色土上的17种宿主植物根系内发现条带24种,平均每种宿主植物内9.47种.根系内的AM真菌条带包括特异条带和共有条带.经聚类分析发现,AM真菌对宿主植物的侵染有一定的科属专一性,且受土壤环境等外在条件的影响.同时探讨了AM真菌应用于石灰岩地区生态恢复的可能性.     

Experimental evidence that soil heterogeneity enhances plant diversity during community assembly

Aims Environmental heterogeneity is a primary mechanism explaining species coexistence and extant patterns of diversity. Despite strong theoretical support and ample observational evidence, few experimental studies in plant communities have been able to demonstrate a causal link between environmental heterogeneity and plant diversity. This lack of experimental evidence suggests that either fine-scale heterogeneity has weak effects on plant diversity or previous experiments have been unable to effectively manipulate heterogeneity. Here, we utilize a unique soil manipulation to test whether fine-scale soil heterogeneity will increase plant richness through species sorting among experimental patch types.Methods This experiment was conducted in the tallgrass prairie region of south-central Kansas, USA. We utilized the inherent variation found in the vertical soil profile, which varied in both biotic and abiotic characteristics, and redistributed these strata into either homogeneous or heterogeneous spatial arrangements in 2.4×2.4 m plots. After the soil manipulation, 34 native prairie species were sown into all plots. We conducted annual censuses at peak biomass to quantify species composition and plant density by species within the experimental communities.Important findings After 2 years, species richness was significantly higher in heterogeneous relative to homogeneous plots and this pattern was independent of total plant density. In the heterogeneous plots, 13 species had higher establishment in a specific patch type representing one of the three soil strata. Conversely, no species had greater establishment in the mixed stratum, which comprised the homogeneous plots, relative to the heterogeneous strata. These species sorting patterns suggest that fine-scale heterogeneity creates opportunities for plant establishment due to niche differences, which translates into increased plant diversity at the plot scale. Species richness was more strongly related to plant density among patches comprising homogenous plots—where fine-scale heterogeneity was minimized, but weak in heterogeneous plots. This pattern is consistent with the idea that richness–density relationships dominate when neutral processes are important but are weak when niche processes operate. Unlike many previous attempts, our results provide clear, experimental evidence that fine-scale soil heterogeneity increases species richness through species sorting during community assembly.     

Germinable soil seed bank of a gallery forest in Brazilian Cerrado

The soil seed bank is a dynamic biotic component of plant communities that represents the population’s memory in relation to selective events. Few studies have investigated the natural stock of germinable seeds in the gallery forests to evaluate their regeneration potential, although they are target of anthropogenic action. Thus, seasonal, horizontal, and vertical qualitative and quantitative variations of the seed bank of a gallery forest in the Brazilian Cerrado were studied to test the influence of the climatic seasonality, the influence of the physical structure, and depth of the soil in different microhabitats of the forest in this natural seed store. It was also compared the richness and abundance of species in the germinable seed bank with the above-ground vegetation. Three hundred and seventy-five soil samples were collected at the beginning (April 1998 and 1999) and at the end of the dry season (September 1998). These samples were collected in three microhabitats distributed transversally in relation to drainage line of a large stream, at five depths. The density of germinable seeds decreases with depth, and is similar among microhabitats and seasons. In 24,690 cm³ of soil and 4.05 m² of litter, 1390 seedlings emerged, being 743 dicotyledons and 647 monocotyledons. From 761 survivors, 263 were Cyperaceae, 206 Melastomataceae, 153 Poaceae, and 82 Onagraceae, the most abundant families. This study suggests that the diversity of the germinable soil seed bank is lower than that of the above-ground vegetation of the forest, and that the soil seed bank is not the principal regeneration form of this environment.     

How gradients of climate and soil determine Mediterranean annual-rich dryland vegetation

Questions

Dryland annual plant communities constitute the most species-rich small-scale vegetation in the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, the composition and diversity of these units and the factors controlling their variation are still insufficiently understood. Therefore, we investigated species composition and richness patterns in relation to important environmental gradients provided by climate and soil.

Location

Central Crete, Greece.

Methods

The study is based on 82 plots of 4 m² sampled at altitudes between 11 and 1400 m a.s.l. We conducted vegetation relevés and soil analyses. We used generalised additive models to model species richness and community characteristics along the studied gradients. We then performed distance-based redundancy analysis to determine the main environmental factors influencing species composition. To determine species of diagnostic value for bedrock types, we applied an indicator species analysis. Correlation tests were used to test the performance of the South Aegean Plant Indicator Values on our dataset.

Results

We recorded 347 taxa (species and subspecies) of 43 plant families, and mean species numbers of 47.2 ± 12.5 per plot. While overall species richness varied only slightly along the analysed environmental gradients, significant changes were observed for relative proportions of species from different life forms and families. Soil pH and elevation had the highest influence on the variation in species composition (23.3% explained). We found 22 species indicative of calcareous rock and 24 species indicative of lime-deficient rock types. The South Aegean Plant Indicator Values were relatively strongly correlated with environmental variables.

Conclusions

Results indicate considerable species turnover both along climatic (elevation) and soil gradients, highlighting the special importance of soil pH. The data provided by our study are expected to supply relevant ecological background information for a pending classification of East Mediterranean annual-rich vegetation.     

Composition and reactivity of DOC in forest floor soil solutions in relation to tree species and soil type

Metal coordinating propertiesof DOC (dissolved organic carbon), and henceits influence on heavy metal release andmineral weathering, depend on the compositionand properties of DOC. Tree species producelitter with different chemical composition anddegradability, and these differences mightinfluence the composition and reactivity of DOCin soil solutions. Accordingly, analysis ofcomposition and reactivity of DOC in soilsolution samples collected by centrifugationfrom 16 forest soil O horizons from the fourtree species beech (Fagus sylvatica L.),oak (Quercus robur L.), grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on two clayey and twosandy soils were carried out. The compositionand properties of DOC were determined bycapillary zone electrophoresis, acid-basetitration, Cu ion titration, total elementalanalysis, IR and UV spectroscopy, and metalrelease assays. Concentrations of DOC rangedfrom 20 to 163 mM with pH ranging from 4.6 to7.3. Norway spruce produced the highest DOCconcentration, and the lowest pH. Carbon inlow-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids(LACA) accounted for less than 6% of DOC withformic and acetic acids as the most abundantLACAs. The DOC was cation exchanged and protonsaturated to obtain comparable forms of DOC.Titratable carboxylic acid and phenolic groupswere in the range 51 to 82 and 20 to64 mmol·mol^–1 C, respectively, with fewerphenolic groups in grand fir DOC as the onlysignificant difference. Infrared spectra offreeze-dried DOC samples suggest low contentsof aromatic C in the DOC especially from grandfir stands. Stability constants, log K of Cu-DOC complexes, determined by Cu ion titrationof DOC samples with fitting of the data to atwo-site binding model, were in the range 5.63to 6.21 for the strong binding sites and 3.58to 4.10 for the weak sites, but with nosignificant effects of tree species or site.Freeze-dried DOC samples were found to consistof 41 to 45% C, 38 to 49% O, 4.4 to 5.4% Hand 1.2 to 2.0% N and C/N ratios in the range26 to 42. Reactivity of DOC in terms of releaserates of Cd, Cu and Fe cations from a soilsample (flow cell experiments) showed nosignificant differences among DOC samples fromdifferent tree species and soil types.Apparently, only minor differences occur inchemical composition and reactivity ofequivalent concentrations of DOC in forestfloor soil solutions irrespective of origin,i.e. four tree species and two soil types. Soilsolution pH and the concentration of DOCproduced by various tree species are thecritical parameters when distinguishing amongtree species in relation to heavy metal releaseand mineral weathering.     

沙坡头地区生物结皮覆盖区土壤种子库组成及垂直分布特征

采用野外随机取样和室内萌发试验相结合的方法,对沙坡头人工植被区的藓类结皮、地衣结皮和裸沙覆盖区土壤种子库的组成及垂直分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)人工植被区土壤种子库的物种组成简单,以1年生草本为主,相较于裸沙,两种生物结皮的存在显著增加了土壤种子库的密度(P0.01),但降低了土壤种子库的物种多样性及其与地上植被的相似性;2)两种生物结皮覆盖区土壤种子库的总密度虽无显著差异,但在0—2 cm土层中,地衣结皮土壤种子库的密度显著高于藓类结皮(P0.05),而在2—5 cm和5—10 cm土层中,藓类结皮土壤种子库的密度高于地衣结皮,但差异不显著;3)不同生物结皮覆盖区土壤种子库的垂直分布特征存在差异,藓类结皮覆盖土壤中有活力的种子主要分布在0—5 cm土层中,而地衣结皮和裸沙覆盖土壤中有活力的种子主要分布在0—2 cm土层中,且随着深度的增加,土壤中有活力的种子急剧减少。该研究表明,相较于裸沙,生物结皮的存在不仅增加了土壤种子库的大小,还改变了土壤种子库的垂直分布格局。生物结皮层下仍有相当比例有活力的小种子,这些种子欠缺萌发条件,对地上植被的贡献作用较小,但它们的存在对荒漠生态系统健康及可持续发展具有重要意义。     

辽宁省土壤中暗色丝孢菌初查

从辽宁省不同生态环境中采集土壤样品28份,采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,从中分离出45个暗色丝孢菌分离物。经鉴定分属于18属,26种。其中,海芋平脐蠕孢Bipolaris alocasiae、长梗腐质霉Humicola longistipes为新种;其他24种为国内已知种。研究过的标本（干制培养物）及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）,等模式标本保存在中国科学院真菌标本馆（HMAS）。     

Plant community development following reclamation of oil sands mines using four cover soil types in northern Alberta

Understanding the effects of reclamation treatments on plant community development is an important step in setting realistic indicators and targets for reclamation of upland oil sands sites to forest ecosystems. We examine trends in cover, richness, evenness, and community composition for four cover soil types (clay over overburden, clay over tailings sand, peat‐mineral mix over overburden, and peat‐mineral mix over tailings sand) and natural boreal forests over a 20 year period in the mineable oil sands region of northern Alberta, Canada. Tree, shrub, and nonvascular plant species cover showed similar increases over time for all reclamation treatments, with corresponding declines in forb and graminoid cover with time. These trends resemble those in the natural boreal forests of the region and the trajectory of community development for the reclamation treatments appears to follow typical early successional trends for boreal forests. Species richness and diversity of natural forest differed significantly from reclamation treatments. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination and multi‐response permutation procedure revealed that species composition was not affected by reclamation treatment but clearly differed from natural forest. Analysis of species co‐occurrence indicated random plant community assembly following reclamation, in contrast to a higher proportion of nonrandom plant community assembly in natural forests. Thus, reclaimed plant communities appear to be unstructured through year 20 and assembly is still in progress on these reclaimed sites.     

Effect of grazing removal on aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank composition in sub-alpine grasslands of northern Iran

Background: Knowledge about vegetation and soil seed bank composition and the processes that contribute to vegetation recovery after the removal of heavy grazing is lacking in sub-alpine ecosystems.

Aims: In order to assess the effects of large herbivores on above-ground vegetation (AGV) and soil seed bank (SSB) characteristics, intensively sheep-grazed areas were compared to adjacent areas where grazing had been removed 10 years previously in a sub-alpine grassland of northern Iran.

Methods: A total of 40 4-m² (2 m × 2 m) plots were established in each treatment, and soil samples were collected from each plot within a depth of 10 cm. Plant species composition was determined for each plot during the flowering stage of herbaceous species in June 2011. The seedling emergence method was used to estimate SSB composition.

Results: A total of 45 species (23 annuals and 22 perennials) emerged from the soil samples of the grazed area, while the number of species emerged from the soil samples of the previously grazing area was 76 (37 annuals and 39 perennials). The removal of grazing led to a significant increase in species richness and seed density in the SSB. Species turnover of AGV was higher, and that of the SSB was similar for grazed areas compared with areas that were formerly grazed. Detrended correspondence analysis ordination of AGV composition showed a clearly separate structure between grazed plots and plots where grazing has been removed, while the segregation was less clear for SSB composition.

Conclusions: We concluded that restoration of locally degraded sites cannot rely on the SSB when grazing is stopped simultaneously and unvegetated gaps are colonised by vegetative growth rather than by seed.     

不同肥力条件下的桑树根际微生物种群分析

通过平板梯度稀释培养,测定了不同肥力土壤桑树根际细菌、真菌、放线菌和三类促生细菌的数量,并采用BOX-PCR技术,对根际细菌进行了聚类分析.主要结果为:肥沃土壤根际细菌和放线菌的数量均高于贫瘠土壤,而真菌数量低于贫瘠土壤;相同肥力条件下,三类促生细菌中溶磷细菌的数量最多,其次是硅酸盐细菌,固氮细菌的数量最少.根际细菌的BOX-PCR聚类分析图显示,肥沃土壤细菌分离株的DNA同源性高于贫瘠土壤,两种土壤中,促生细菌分离株的遗传进化距离比较接近.在细菌BOX-PCR图谱相异百分数为0.2的水平上,肥沃和贫瘠土壤根际细菌分别分为71个和33个聚类群,根际促生细菌分别分为33个和28个聚类群.土壤肥力对根际细菌的种类和数量都有影响,肥沃土壤根际细菌和促生细菌的数量、种类均高于贫瘠土壤.