阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白与甲硝唑抵抗的研究进展

氢化酶体是阴道毛滴虫重要的代谢器官,该器官内存在的铁氧还蛋白不仅是虫体代谢过程中主要的电子传递介体,而且也在甲硝唑的激活中起关键作用。近年来阴道毛滴虫的甲硝唑抵抗株在临床和实验室都有报道,实验研究发现活化药物的铁氧还蛋白减少或缺失,因此对铁氧还蛋白与甲硝唑抵抗的相关性研究越来越受到医学及药学界的重视。本文总结近年来该领域的研究成果及发展动态,以期对滴虫药物抵抗的发生机制以及滴虫病防治的研究提供有价值的资料。     

The Role of Half-Transporters in Multidrug Resistance

ATP-binding cassette proteins comprise a superfamily of transporter proteins, a subset of which have been implicated in multidrug resistance. Although P-glycoprotein was described over 15 years ago, the recent expansion in the number of transporters identified has prompted renewed interest in the role of drug transporters in clinical drug resistance. These newly identified transporters include additional members of the MRP family, ABC2, and a new half-transporter, MXR/BCRP/ABCP1. This half-transporter confers high levels of resistance to mitoxantrone, anthracyclines, and the camptothecins SN-38 and topotecan. At 72 kDa, MXR localizes to the plasma membrane in cells which highly overexpress the protein either through gene amplification or though gene rearrangement. Future studies will be aimed at identifying an inhibitor, and attempting to translate recognition of this new transporter into a target for anticancer treatment.     

Drug resistance in the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection.It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vagina/is. Symptoms include vaginitis and infections have been associatedwith preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposing to HIV/AIDSand cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis has the highest prevalence and incidence of any sexually transmitted infection. The 5-nitroimidazole drugs, of which metronidazole is the most prescribed, are the only approved,effective drugs to treat trichomoniasis. Resistance against metronidazole is frequently reported and cross-resistance among the family of 5-nitroimidazole drugs is common, leaving no alternative for treatment, withsome cases remaining unresolved. The mechanism of metronidazole resistance in T. Vagina/is from treatment failures is not well understood, unlike resistance which is developed in the laboratory under increasingmet ronidazole pressure. In the latter situation, hydrog enosomal function which is involved in activationof the prodrug, metronidazole, is down-regulated. Reversion to sensitivity is incomplete after removal ofdrug pressure in the highly resistant parasites while clinically resistant strains, so far analysed, maintaintheir resistance levels in the absence of drug pressure. Although anaerobic resistance has been regarded asa laboratory induced phenomenon, it clearly has been demonstrated in clinical isolates. Pursuit of both approaches will allow dissection of the underlying mechanisms. Many alternative drugs and treatments have been tested in vivo in cases of refractory trichomoniasis, as well as in vitro with some successes including the broad spectrum anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide. Drug resistance incidence in T. Vagina/is appears to be on the increase and improved surveillance of treatment failures is urged.     

阴道毛滴虫多克隆抗体的制备及Fd基因的原核表达

目的 将阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白（ferredoxin,Fd）基因在大肠埃希菌中诱导表达。方法制备阴道毛滴虫可溶性抗原,多点注射免疫家兔,获得的血清用ELISA测定其抗体效价。将原核表达重组质粒pET3C-Fd转化入大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞中,异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导蛋白质表达。结果制备出抗阴道毛滴虫多克隆抗体,抗体效价在1：8000以上,用于免疫印迹实验。经十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）和免疫印迹（Western blot）分析,重组质粒在大肠埃希菌中表达出Fd。结论在大肠埃希菌中表达出了Fd。     

Trichomonas vaginalis perturbs the junctional complex in epithelial cells

Trichomonas vaginalis, a protist parasite of the urogenital tract in humans, is the causative agent of trichomonosis, which in recent years have been associated with the cervical cancer development. In the present study we analyzed the modifications at the junctional complex level of Caco-2 cells after interaction with two isolates of T. vaginalis and the influence of the iron concentration present in the parasite＇ s culture medium on the interaction effects. Our results show that T. vaginalis adheres to the epithelial cell causing alterations in the junctional complex, such as： （a） a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance; （b） alteration in the pattern of junctional complex proteins distribution as observed for E-cadherin, occludin and ZO-1; and （c） enlargement of the spaces between epithelial cells. These effects were dependent on （a） the degree of the parasite virulence isolate, （b） the iron concentration in the culture medium, and （c） the expression of adhesin proteins on the parasite surface.     

阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白33基因原核表达载体的构建及表达

目的构建阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白33基因原核表达载体并诱导其体外表达。方法pMD-18T-ap33重组质粒和pUC18空质粒经BamH Ⅰ和XbaⅠ限制性内切酶双酶切,将ap33基因亚克隆入pUC18载体并进行筛选和鉴定。重组质粒经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE电泳及Western-blot杂交鉴定重组蛋白。结果经双酶切及PCR鉴定,构建的重组质粒为阳性重组子,诱导出的重组蛋白大小约为Mr36000,与理论值基本相符。结论成功构建重组质粒并获得体外表达。     

Trichomonas vaginalis: in vitro attachment and internalization of HIV-1 and HIV-1-infected lymphocytes

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by bacteria and protozoa play an important role in the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Human trichomoniasis, produced by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is one of the most common STDs, and is a cause of mucosal lesions in the urogenital tract, which may increase the risk for HIV infection. However, there are no reports concerning the outcome of in vitro interactions between HIV particles and trichomonads. Therefore, we incubated T. vaginalis with three subtypes of HIV-1 (A, B, and D), as well as with HIV-1-infected lymphocytes, and analyzed the interactions with immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Our results demonstrated that HIV-1 particles attach and are incorporated into T. vaginalis through endocytic vesicles and are degraded within cytoplasmic vacuoles in approximately 48 h. There was no ultrastructural evidence of HIV-1 replication in trichomonads. These results demonstrated that trichomonads may internalize and harbor HIV-1 particles for short periods of time. In addition, under in vitro conditions, T. vaginalis ingests and digests HIV-1-infected lymphocytes.     

猪源大肠杆菌耐药质粒图谱及耐药性分析

目的:探讨猪大肠杆菌的耐药质粒图谱、耐药性及耐药基因之间的关系。方法:从湖南省株洲、益阳的四个猪场分离出9株大肠杆菌,进行质粒电泳图谱分析、用PCR法检测耐喹诺酮类耐药基因Gyr A、Par C和耐四环素类耐药基因Tet A、Tet B,并采用Kirby-bauer法对这9株大肠杆菌进行药敏(18种抗生素)试验。结果:其中9株大肠杆菌含有三条或者三条以上的质粒条带,且其质粒谱型均不相同;9株大肠杆菌均检测出4种耐药基因Gyr A、Par C、Tet A和Tet B;9株大肠杆菌对所选用的抗生素存在不同程度的耐药性,其中7株大肠杆菌对10种或10种以上的抗生素耐药,最高对13种抗生素耐药,氨苄西林、青霉素、阿莫西林、红霉素的耐药率达100%,对四环素、多西环素的耐药率达到88.9%,而多粘菌素B、阿奇霉素、大观霉素耐药率较低。结论:耐药性与质粒条带数、耐药基因之间并无明显的相关性;猪大肠杆菌呈多重耐药之势,在治疗大肠杆菌病时最好根据药敏实验结果选用合适的抗生素。     

Biogenesis of Autophagosome in Trichomonas vaginalis during Macroautophagy Induced by Rapamycin‐treatment and Iron or Glucose Starvation Conditions

Autophagy is an adaptive response for cell survival in which cytoplasmic components and organelles are degraded in bulk under normal and stress conditions. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite highly adaptable to stress conditions such as iron (IR) and glucose restriction (GR). Autophagy can be traced by detecting a key autophagy protein (Atg8) anchored to the autophagosome membrane by a lipid moiety. Our goal was to perform a morphological and cellular study of autophagy in T. vaginalis under GR, IR, and Rapamycin (Rapa) treatment using TvAtg8 as a putative autophagy marker. We cloned tvatg8a and tvatg8b and expressed and purified rTvAtg8a and rTvAtg8b to produce specific polyclonal antibodies. Autophagy vesicles were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assays and confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. The biogenesis of autophagosomes was detected, showing intact cytosolic cargo. TvAtg8 was detected as puncta signal with the anti‐rTvAtg8b antibody that recognized soluble and lipid‐associated TvAtg8b by Western blot assays in lysates from stress‐inducing conditions. The TvAtg8b signal co‐localized with the CytoID and lysotracker labeling (autolysosomes) that accumulated after E‐64d treatment in GR parasites. Our data suggest that autophagy induced by starvation in T. vaginalis results in the formation of autophagosomes for which TvAtg8b could be a putative autophagy marker.     

禽源多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因检测及分子分型

【背景】金黄色葡萄球菌是革兰氏阳性菌,在动物和人身上能引起一系列疾病。【目的】了解安徽省不同地区禽源多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的情况及基因分型特征。【方法】以安徽不同地区的病禽肝脏作为标本,分离鉴定得到103株多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌,并进行耐药基因型检测和ERIC-PCR分子分型。【结果】耐药菌株从三重到八重耐药均有分布,主要集中在五重(43/103)、四重(21/103)和六重耐药(22/103)。药敏结果显示,β-内酰胺类的耐药率最高(79.6%),氨基糖苷类次之(71.8%)。耐药基因检出率由高到低分别为mec A(92.2%)、aac(6′)/aph(2″)(76.7%)、ermC(37.9%)、ermA(13.6%)和fem A(3.9%)。ERIC-PCR分子分型获得6种不同类群,优势流行菌群为类群Ⅱ(38/103)。【结论】安徽地区金黄色葡萄球菌存在较严重的耐药性,氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素的耐药基因携带率较高。分型结果表明安徽部分区域耐药金黄色葡萄球菌具有遗传多样性,但耐药谱与ERIC-PCR分子分型无明显关联。     

Role of Insulin Resistance in the Alzheimer's Disease Progression

Recent studies continue to find evidence linking Type 2 diabetes (T2D) with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Insulin resistance or dysfunction of insulin signaling is a universal feature of T2D, the main culprit for altered glucose metabolism and its interdependence on cell death pathways, forming the basis of linking T2D with AD as it may exacerbate Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation and devastates glucose transportation, energy metabolism, hippocampal framework and promulgate inflammatory pathways. The current work demonstrates the basic mechanisms of the insulin resistance mediates dysregulation of bioenergetics and progress to AD as a mechanistic link between diabetes mellitus and AD. This work also aimed to provide a potential and feasible zone to succeed in the development of therapies in AD by enhanced hypometabolism and altered insulin signaling.

     

Molecular cloning of actin genes in Trichomonas vaginalis and phylogeny inferred from actin sequences

The parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis is known to contain the ubiquitous and highly conserved protein actin. A genomic library and a cDNA library have been screened to identify and clone the actin gene(s) of T. vaginalis. The nucleotide sequence of one gene and its flanking regions have been determined. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 376 amino acids. The sequence is not interrupted by any introns and the promoter could be represented by a 10 bp motif close to a consensus motif also found upstream of most sequenced T. vaginalis genes. The five different clones isolated from the cDNA library have similar sequences and encode three actin proteins differing only by one or two amino acids. A phylogenetic analysis of 31 actin sequences by distance matrix and parsimony methods, using centractin as outgroup, gives congruent trees with Parabasala branching above Diplomonadida.     

Role of an ABC Importer in Mycobacterial Drug Resistance

Phosphate specific transporter (Pst) in bacteria is involved in phosphate transport. Pst is a multisubunit system which belongs to the ABC family of transporters. The import function of this transporter is known to be operative at media phosphate concentrations below the millimolar range. However, we found amplification of this transporter in a laboratory generated ciprofloxacin resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis colony (CIP^r) which was grown in a condition when phosphate scavenging function of this operon was inoperative. Our results therefore argue the role of this ABC importer in conferring high level of fluoroquinolone resistance in CIP^r.     

乳酸杆菌的代谢产物对体外培养的阴道毛滴虫的影响

目的研究乳酸杆菌代谢产物对体外培养的阴道毛滴虫的杀伤作用。方法检测不同浓度的乳酸杆菌代谢产物对体外培养的阴道毛滴虫在不同作用时间下的杀伤率。结果乳酸杆菌代谢产物浓度10%,作用时间2 h、4 h和6 h体外培养毛滴虫的杀伤率分别为26.43%、37.47%和46.35%;浓度25%时杀伤率分别为43.56%、74.65%和90.15%;浓度50%杀伤率分别为92.36%、95.23%和99.01%。结论乳酸杆菌代谢产物的浓度越高,对体外培养的毛滴虫的杀伤力越大,作用时间越长,效果越好。     

探讨荆芥体外抗阴道毛滴虫的效果

目的探讨荆芥体外抗阴道毛滴虫的效果。方法将不同浓度的荆芥水提液作用于体外培养的阴道毛滴虫,于药物作用后不同时问记录毛滴虫的死亡率,并在光镜下观察药物作用前后毛滴虫的形态变化,同时与白头翁和青蒿的体外杀虫效果相比较。结果荆芥的杀虫效果与药物浓度和作用时间呈正相关。荆芥水提液触杀阴道毛滴虫的最低有效浓度为1：4。3种中药中,白头翁的杀虫效果最好,与另2种中药相比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）;荆芥与青蒿的作用效果接近（P〉0．05）。荆芥作用后毛滴虫体内充满大量颗粒和空泡,部分虫体裂解、内容物外溢。结论荆芥具有较强的抗阴道毛滴虫作用。     

Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the Republic of Korea

Vaginal trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease. More than 170 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. In the Republic of Korea, 10.4% of women complaining of vaginal symptoms and signs were found to be infected with T. vaginalis. However, despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection has not been clearly characterized although neutrophil infiltration is considered to be primarily responsible for the cytologic changes associated with this infection. We hypothesized that trichomonads in the vagina sometime after an acute infection secrete proteins like excretory-secretory product that have a chemotactic effect on neutrophils, and that these neutrophils are further stimulated by T. vaginalis to produce chemokines like IL-8 and GRO-alpha, which further promote neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis. Thus, neutrophil accumulation is believed to maintain or aggravate inflammation. However, enhanced neutrophil apoptosis induced by live T. vaginalis could contribute to resolution of inflammation. Macrophages may constitute an important component of host defense against T. vaginalis infection. For example, mouse macrophages alone and those activated by lymphokines or nitric oxide are known to be involved in the extracellular killing of T. vaginalis. In the host, T. vaginalis uses a capping phenomenon to cleave host immunoglobulins with proteinases and thus escape from host immune responses. Recently, we developed a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650), and found that the method enables the detection of T. vaginalis at concentrations as low as 1 cell per PCR mixture.     

Concerted evolution in protists: Recent homogenization of a polyubiquitin gene in Trichomonas vaginalis

Ubiquitin is a 76-amino-acid protein with a remarkably high degree of conservation between all known sequences. Ubiquitin genes are almost always multicopy in eukaryotes, and often are found as polyubiquitin genes—fused tandem repeats which are coexpressed. Seventeen ubiquitin sequences from the amitochondrial protist Trichomonas vaginalis have been examined here, including an 11-repeat fragment of a polyubiquitin gene. These sequences reveal a number of interesting features that are not seen in other eukaryotes. The predicted amino acid sequences lack several universally conserved residues, and individual units do not always encode identical peptides as is usually the case. On the nucleotide level, these repeats are in general highly variable, but one region in the polyubiquitin is extremely homogeneous, with seven repeats absolutely identical. Such extended stretches of homogeneity have never been observed in ubiquitin genes and since substitutions are common in other coding units, it is likely that these repeats are the product of a very recent homogenization or amplification. Correspondence to: P.J. Keeling     

MRSA中mecA及femB基因的检测与耐药相关性

研究femB、mecA基因在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)中的表达与耐药的关系.运用PCR对MRSA的femB、mecA基因进行检测,MRSA耐药检测采用头孢西丁纸片法.40 株金黄色葡萄球菌(下简称金葡菌)通过头孢西丁纸片法,检出 30 株耐头孢西丁的菌株,通过PCR检测这 40 株金葡菌mecA基因,30 株MRSA全部为阳性, femB基因在 30 株MRSA中全部表达,而甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的未表达.结果可见,PCR能快速准确地鉴定MRSA, mecA基因是MRSA的耐药基因,femB基因是MRSA的耐药相关基因.     

Primary Structure of the Hydrogenosomal Malic Enzyme of Trichomonas vaginalis and Its Relationship to Homologous Enzymes1

ABSTRACT. The complete nucleotide sequence has been established for two genes (maeA and maeB) coding for different subunits of the hydrogenosomal malic enzyme [malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) EC 1.1.1.39] of Trichomonas vaginalis. Two further genes (maeC and maeD) of this enzyme have been partially sequenced. The complete open reading frames code for polypeptides of 567 amino acids in length. These two open reading frames are similar with less than 12 percent pairwise nucleotide differences and less than 9 percent pairwise amino acid differences. The open reading frames of the two partially sequenced genes correspond to the amino-terminal part of the polypeptides coded and are similar to the corresponding parts of the completely sequenced ones. The deduced translation products of the two complete genes differ in their calculated pI values by 1.5 pH unit. The genes code for polypeptides which contain 12 or 11 amino-terminal amino-acyl residues not present in the proteins isolated from the cell. Other hydrogenosomal enzymes also have similar amino-terminal extensions which probably play a role in organellar targeting and translocation of the newly synthesized polypeptides. A comparison of 19 related enzymes from bacteria and eukaryotes with the maeA product revealed 34–45 percent amino acid identity. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on nonconservative amino acid differences with maximum parsimony (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, PAUP) and distance based (neighbor-joining, NJ) methods showed that the T. vaginalis enzyme is the most divergent of all eukaryotic malic enzymes, indicating its long independent evolutionary history.     

核桃JrNPR1基因的克隆与抗病响应潜力

病程相关基因非表达子NPR1（Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1）基因,在植物抗病过程中起核心调控作用。核桃（Juglans regia）是我国乡村振兴的重要经济油料树种,其生长和产量严重受病虫害制约。为探索核桃抗病生理机制,筛选抗病基因,以‘香玲’核桃为试材,克隆获得JrNPR1基因,对其基本生物信息和病害响应进行分析,预测JrNPR1响应病害的功能。结果显示：JrNPR1基因开放读码框（ORF）长1 782 bp,包含593个氨基酸,理论等电点为6.40;与杨梅（Morella rubra）、蓖麻（Ricinus communis）等同源蛋白进行多序列比对,发现均有NPR1-like-C保守结构域,且JrNPR1与杨梅和欧洲栓皮栎（Quercus suber）等的同源蛋白具有较近的进化关系。其上游1 233 bp启动子中含有多种与植物抗病相关的顺式作用元件,如,WRKY71OS。在胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）、矩圆黑盘孢菌（Melanconium oblongum）、黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas campestris）等病原处理下,JrNPR1被显著诱导,且其表达在水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）存在下高出单一病原处理的1.31~178.89倍。表明JrNPR1基因可能是抵抗核桃炭疽病、枝枯病、细菌性黑斑病的重要基因,且涉及SA信号通路。