Catecholamine-rich cells and varicosities in bovine splenic nerve, vesicle contents and evidence for exocytosis.

The bovine splenic nerve trunk contains mast cells, ganglion cells, small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and varicosities which exhibit a brilliant fluorescence characteristic for noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) after formaldehyde exposure. All these catecholamine-rich structures could contribute particles to isolated nerve vesicle fractions. Mast cells are recognized ultrastructurally by their large (300-800 nm) dense granules. SIF cells may be represented by cells and processes containing dense cored vesicles (120-140 nm) which are larger than the typical vesicles in axons and terminals. Terminal-like areas with typical large dense cored vesicles (LDV, 75 nm) and small dense cored vesicles (SDV, 45-55 nm) probably correspond to the fluorescent varicosities. The LDV constitute about 40% of all vesicles in terminal-like areas and terminals. Their staining properties indicate the presence of protein, phospholipids, and ATP. Tyramine depletes NA without loss of matrix density. The LDV can fuse with the terminal membrane, and released material outside omega profiles is interpreted to depict exocytosis. Large and small vesicles are easily distinguished from the very large mast cell granules and the moderately dense Schwann cell vesicles. Neither appear to contaminate the LDV fractions but the latter may contain a small population of SIF cell vesicles. Golgi vesicles from the Schwann cells mainly occur in the lighter zones of the gradient.     

Catecholamine-rich cells and varicosities in bovine splenic nerve,vesicle contents and evidence for exocytosis

The bovine splenic nerve trunk contins mast cells, ganglion cells, small intensely flurescent (SIF) cells, and varicosities which exhibit a brilliant fluorescence characteristic for noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) after formaldehyde exposure. All these catecholamine-rich structure could contribute particles to isolated nerve vesicle fractions. Mast cells are recognized ultrastructurally by their large (300–800nm) dense granules. SIF cells may be represented by cells and processes containing dense cored vesicles (120–140 nm) which are larger than the typical vesicles in axons and terminals. Terminal-like areas with typical large dense cored vesicles (LDV, 75 nm) and small dense cored vesicles (SDV, 45–55 nm) probably correspond to the fluorescent varicosities. The LDV constitute about 40% of all vesicle in terminal-like areas and terminals. Their staining properties indicate the presence of protein, phospholipids, and ATP. Tyramine depletes NA without loss of matrix density. The LDV can fuse with the terminal membrane, and released material outside omega profiles is interpreted to depict exocytosis. Large and small vesicles are easily distinguished from the very large mast cell granules and the moderately dense Schwann cell vesicles. Neither appear to contaminate the LDV fractions but the latter may contain a small population of SIF cell vesicles. Golgi vesicles from the Schwann cells mainly occur in the lighter zones of the gradient.     

An Ultrastructural Account of Otoplanid Turbellaria Neuroanatomy I. The cerebral ganglion and the peripheral nerve net

The otoplanid nervous system investigated in Otoplana truncaspina Lanfranchi, 1969 and Parotoplanella heterorhabditica Lanfranchi, 1969 consits of: (a) an ellipsoidal cerebral ganglion located between the gut and the cephalic intestine and invested by a fibrillar collagen-like capsule 0.3 μm thick; (b) anterior extracapsular ganglion cell clusters; (c) a peripheral nerve plexus locally thickened at the level of the epithelial sensory and glandular areas, with extensive synaptic connections. At least two neuron types can be identified within the ganglion: (a) an inner layer close to the central neuropile of the 1st type of neurons, showing a vesicular cytoplasm rich in RER and Golgi complexes processing both round, clear, 25–45 nm in diameter, and dense cored vesicles, 50–80 nm in diameter; (b) an outer layer of the 2nd type of neurons, adjoining the capsule and filled with uniformly dense vesicles, 60–90 nm in diameter. Synaptic endings in the neuropile are provided with clear vesicles and dense cored vesicles or uniformly dense vesicles. The presynaptic side has paramembranous projections channelling the vesicles to the active zone; omega-like profiles are also observed. Thin banded muscle fibres run within the brain. A comparison is drawn with the other turbellarian neuron types described in the literature, to suggest their possible function. The functional implications of the synaptic ultrastructure are discussed.     

Tridimensional analysis of the formation of secretory vesicles in the Golgi apparatus of absorptive columnar cells of the mouse colon

The tridimensional structure of the Golgi apparatus has been studied in the absorptive cells of the mouse colon by means of reduced osmium postfixation and phosphatase cytochemistry. In thick sections of tissue impregnated with osmium tetroxide or treated with a technique to demonstrate TPPase activity, the Golgi formed a continuous ribbon-like structure capping the upper pole of the nucleus. Along the longitudinal axis of this ribbon, compact zones made up of superposed flattened saccules alternated with less compact zones which consisted of highly perforated saccules or bridging anastomosed tubules. In the cis-trans axis, the following elements were observed: (1) a cis element consisting of a continuous osmiophilic tubular network; (2) two or three subjacent elements selectively perforated by wells; (3) a trans compartment made up of two or three TPPase-reactive sacculotubular elements, some showing a "peeling-off" configuration. In some regions, the first flattened saccule of this trans compartment displayed discrete ovoid dilatations, located in compact zones and containing a dense granulofibrillar material; in the subjacent elements this material was seen concentrated in nodular swellings, at the intersection of the meshes of anastomosed membranous tubules. 100-300 nm vesicles containing a similar dense granulofilamentous material were observed in the trans Golgi zone and interspersed in the supranuclear cytoplasm between the Golgi zone and the apical surface of the cell. Smaller vesicles 80-100 nm in diameter containing a fine dusty material were also seen in proximity. These morphological observations suggested that at least two kinds of material were segregated in the saccules of the trans compartment and packaged in vesicles of two class sizes that detached from the Golgi stack on its trans aspect.     

Cytochemical studies on cytoplasmic granular elements in the hamster pineal gland.

The pineal gland of adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) was studied by various cytochemical methods at the electron microscopic level: (1) the modified chromaffin reaction specific for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), (2) argentaffin reaction, (3) zinc-iodide-osmium (ZIO) mixture reaction and (4) acid phosphatase reaction. In the pinealocytes, the dense-cored vesicles (80-160 nm in diameter) show both chromaffinity and argentaffinity, while the population of dense bodies (150-400 nm in diameter) is reactive to ammoniacal silver solution and ZIO mixture but not to the modified chromaffin reaction. After incubation for demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, reaction products are localized in some, but not all, of the dense bodies, in some of the small vesicles in the Golgi region and in one or two inner Golgi saccules. In nerve fibers in the pineal gland, small granulated vesicles are also reactive to the modified chromaffin reaction and ZIO mixture. Based upon these cytochemical results the following conclusions have been reached: (1) dense cored vesicles in the pinealocytes and small granulated vesicles in the nerve fibers of the hamster pineal gland contain 5-HT, and (2) the population of dense bodies in the pinealocytes is heterogeneous, some are lysosomes and the other are possibly the granules responsible for the secretion of pineal peptides.     

Ultrastructure of neuro‐spirocyte synapses in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida (Cnidaria,Anthozoa, Zoantharia)

Using transmission electron microscopy of serially sectioned tentacles from the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida, we located and characterized two types of neuro‐spirocyte synapses. Clear vesicles were observed at 10 synapses and dense‐cored vesicles at five synapses. The diameters of vesicles at each neuro‐spirocyte synapse were averaged; clear vesicles ranged from 49–89 nm in diameter, whereas the dense‐cored vesicles ranged from 97–120 nm in diameter. One sequential pair of synapses included a neuro‐spirocyte synapse with clear vesicles (81 nm) and a neuro‐neuronal synapse with dense‐cored vesicles (168 nm). A second synapse on the same cell had dense‐cored vesicles (103 nm). An Antho‐RFamide‐labeled ganglion cell and three different neurites were observed adjacent to spirocytes, but no neuro‐spirocyte synapses were present. Many of the spirocytes also were immunoreactive to Antho‐RFamide. The presence of sequential neuro‐neuro‐spirocyte synapses suggests that synaptic modulation may be involved in the neural control of spirocyst discharge. The occurrence of either dense‐cored or clear vesicles at neuro‐spirocyte synapses suggests that at least two types of neurotransmitter substances control the discharge of spirocysts in sea anemones. J. Morphol. 241:165–173, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Preparation of noradrenaline-storing organelles from bovine sympathetic ganglia: Biochemical and morphological evaluation of partly purified large dense cored vesicles

Large dense cored vesicles from bovine sympathetic ganglia were isolated and partly purified. Biochemical and morphological evaluation of the present vesicle-preparation revealed that it represents a convenient fraction for the characterization of perikaryal noradrenergic vesicles.

Homogenates of bovine stellate ganglia were subjected to differential centrifugation and D₂O-sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Biochemical evaluation of gradient fractions was performed by measuring marker enzyme activities reflecting subcellular contamination, while morphological evaluation was performed by electron microscopic analysis of the isolated fractions. Both techniques revealed that the vesicle-preparation was, at first, still considerably contaminated by mitochondria and lysosomes.

An improved purification could be achieved by subjecting this fraction to an additional centrifugation under iso-osmotic conditions, also applied for the preparation of highly purified splenic nerve vesicles. The resulting vesicle-fraction was almost complete free of contaminating enzyme activities and consisted merely of large dense cored vesicles as revealed by electron microscopic observations (50–70% purity). Neuropeptide Y and chromogranin A were enriched more than 50 times as compared to the total homogenate.

Although the purity of these vesicles was still not satisfactory for direct chemical analysis, this vesicle-preparation seemed very well suited for immunological characterization of perikaryal large dense cored vesicles.     

The cytology of the testaceous rhizopod Lesquereusia spiralis (Ehrenberg) Penard. I. Ultrastructure and shell formation

Ultrastructure and shell formation in the testaceous ameba, Lesquereusia spiralis, were investigated with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The nucleus, surrounded by a fibrous lamina, contains multiple nucleoli. The cytoplasm, containing a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, also contains remnants of starch granules in stages of digestion. Spherical aggregates of ribosome-like particles may be seen. Golgi complexes seem to produce both a nonordered fibrous material and an electron dense vesicle. Only the latter appears to bleb off from the Golgi complex. X-ray microanalysis demonstration of silicon in Golgi vesicles and in some dense vesicles suggests that the fibrous component of the cisternae may take up and concentrate silica to form the electron-dense component of the vesicles. Membrane-bound siliceous crystals are often seen adjacent to the Golgi, suggesting either a Golgi origin or platelet formation in vesicles after release from the Golgi complex. Both electron-dense bodies and siliceous platelets are released from the cell by a process similar to apocrine secretion and may be seen outside the cell in route to the shell during shell morphogenesis. Shell development involves fusion of electron-dense bodies to form a matrix, positioning of siliceous platelets in this matrix parallel to the shell surface, and development of a system of matrix chambers. A particulate glycoconjugate is released to the shell surface upon rupture of the matrix chamber.     

Electron microscopic and cytochemical studies of the mouse subcommissural organ

Summary In mice most of the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO cells) are densely packed with dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) containing either finely granular or flocculent materials. The well developed supra-nuclear Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of flattened saccules and small vesicles; the two or three outer Golgi saccules are moderately dilated and exhibit numerous fenestrations; occasional profiles suggesting the budding of coated vesicles and formation of membrane-bound dense bodies from the ends of the innermost Golgi saccules are seen. A few coated vesicles and membrane-bound dense bodies of various sizes and shapes are also found in the Golgi region.The contents of the dilated ER cisternae are stained with periodic acid-silver methenamine techniques. In the Golgi complex the two or three inner saccules are stained as deeply as the dense bodies, and the outer saccules are only slightly stained. The stained contents of ER cisternae are more electron opaque than those of the outer but less opaque than those of the inner Golgi saccules and the dense bodies.Acid phosphatase activities are localized in the dense bodies, some of the coated vesicles in the Golgi region, and in the one or two inner Golgi saccules.On the basis of these results the following conclusions have been reached: (1) In mouse SCO cells the finely granular and the flocculent materials in the lumen of ER cisternae contain a complex carbohydrate(s) which is secreted into the ventricle to form Reissner's fiber; (2) the secretory substance is assumed to be synthesized by the ER and stored in its cisternae, and the Golgi apparatus might play only a minor role, if any, in the elaboration of the secretory material; (3) most of the dense bodies in the mouse SCO cells are lysosomal in nature instead of being so-called dark secretory granules.Sponsored by the National Science Council, Republic of China.     

The endomembrane system of differentiating carposporangia in the red algaChondria tenuissima: Occurrence and participation in secretion of polysaccharidic and proteinaceous substances

Summary The endomembrane system during carposporogenesis inChondria tenuissima was studied using electron microscopy and histochemistry. Profiles of the nucleus are convoluted, resulting in a highly increased surface area. Stacked cisternae are found within the peripheral part of the nucleus. Vesicles, tubules and membrane bound fibrillar bodies occur within the nucleoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum surrounds the nuclear envelope.The endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, together with small transition vesicles, represent a functional unit. They form two different secretory substances during carposporogenesis. In young stages, carbohydrates are produced by normal dictyosomes within large, normal exocytotic Golgi vesicles. They do not react positively with PAS or Thiéry method and are believed to represent cell wall material. In later stages, the central area of the Golgi cisternae becomes filled with electron dense material. The individual cisternae are transformed into cored vesicles at the trans-face of the dictyosomes. The dense core of the vesicles is proteinaceous and stains with coomassie brilliant blue R. The peripheral fibrillar material is polysaccharidic and reacts positively using the Thiéry method. The contents of the cored vesicles are believed to participate in carpospore attachment. The ER gives rise to cytolysosomes in which starch grains are sequestrated and digested. Mucilaginous sacs seem to be similarly formed.     

Noradrenaline Storing Vesicles in Sympathetic Neurons and Their Putative Role in Neurotransmitter Release: An Historical Overview of Controversial Issues

More than 25 years have passed since the original demonstration that proteins such as chromogranin A and dopamine--hydroxylase, which are co-stored together with noradrenaline in large dense cored vesicles in adrenergic nerves, are released by exocytosis. Despite much evidence in favour, it was for a long time thought that large dense cored vesicles were not eminently involved in the release of noradrenaline. The present review attempts to demonstrate, making use of evidence from different approaches, that the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic neurons occurs ultimately from large dense cored vesicles. A model of the secretory cycle is proposed.     

Electron microscopic and cytochemical studies of rat aorta. Intracellular vesicles containing elastin- and collagen-like material

Synopsis Small, rounded vesicles with a dense core of amorphous material were observed in all cell types in the young rat aorta, that is, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. They were particularly numerous in the Golgi complex but were also found in the cell periphery. The content of the vesicles had staining characteristics identical to those of elastin. Material of the same type was also found in cisternae on the maturing side of the dictyosomes and in vesicles budding from them. Reaction product for thiamine pyrophosphatase was present in both these structures, indicating that the Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of the dense-cored vesicles. This was further supported by the absence of reaction product for acid phosphatase in the cisternae and in the vesicles. Moreover, no uptake of exogenous markers was noted in the latter. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that the dense-cored vesicles have a secretory function and contain precursors of elastin.Elongated vesicles or profiles containing collagen fibrils were observed in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. In the cell periphery, these vesicles were often found to communicate with the extracellular space. Further inside the cells, they showed a close spatial relationship to the Golgi complex. Neither thiamine pyrophosphatase nor acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the elongated vesicles. Like the plasma membrane, their limiting membrane was positively stained for alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of these findings and the absence of uptake of exogenous markers in them, it is suggested that the elongated vesicles represent a means for collagen secretion in the growing aortic wall. The Golgi complex is believed to be involved in the transfer of collagen to these vesicles.     

Cytochemical studies on cytoplasmic granular elements in the hamster pineal gland

Summary The pineal gland of adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) was studied by various cytochemical methods at the electron microscopic level: (1) the modified chromaffin reaction specific for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), (2) argentaffin reaction, (3) zinc-iodide-osmium (ZIO) mixture reaction and (4) acid phosphatase reaction. In the pinealocytes, the dense-cored vesicles (80–160 nm in diameter) show both chromaffinity and argentaffinity, while the population of dense bodies (150–400 nm in diameter) is reactive to ammoniacal silver solution and ZIO mixture but not to the modified chromaffin reaction. After incubation for demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, reaction products are localized in some, but not all, of the dense bodies, in some of the small vesicles in the Golgi region and in one or two inner Golgi saccules. In nerve fibers in the pineal gland, small granulated vesicles are also reactive to the modified chromaffin reaction and ZIO mixture. Based upon these cytochemical results the following conclusions have been reached: (1) dense cored vesicles in the pinealocytes and small granulated vesicles in the nerve fibers of the hamster pineal gland contain 5-HT, and (2) the population of dense bodies in the pinealocytes is heterogenous, some are lysosomes and the others are possibly the granules responsible for the secretion of pineal peptides.Supported in part by a grant from the National Science Council, Republic of ChinaDedicated to Professor Doctor Huoyao Wei on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Acetylcholinesterase activity at the synapses of presynaptic boutons with presumed alpha-motoneurons in chicken ventral horn. Light- and electron-microscopic studies

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at the synapses of presynaptic boutons on presumed alpha-motoneurons in the chicken ventral horn was studied histochemically at the light- and electron-microscope levels. At the light-microscope level, many dot-like AChE-active sites were observed on the soma and dendrites of presumed alpha-motoneurons. On electron microscopy, reaction products for AChE activity were observed mainly in the synaptic clefts of the four kinds of presynaptic boutons: (1) S type boutons, (2) boutons containing small, spherical, dense cored vesicles (diameter range, 60-105 nm) and spherical, clear vesicles, (3) boutons containing medium-sized, spherical, dense cored vesicles (65-115 nm) and spherical, clear vesicles, and (4) boutons containing large, spherical, dense cored vesicles (80-130 nm) and spherical, clear vesicles. In the light of previous physiological and biochemical studies, the present results suggest the possibility that each of these presynaptic boutons which are AChE-active in their synaptic clefts may contain acetylcholine, substance P, or enkephalins which acts as a neurotransmitter or modulator.     

Fine Structure and Differentiation of the Acrosome-Like Structure in the Solitary Ascidians,Pyura haustor aud Styela plicata1

An acrosome-like structure has been recognized at the apex of mature spermatozoa of both Pyura haustor and Styela plicata. The acrosome-like structure of P. haustor is a slightly depressed ellipsoid, approximately 90 nm × 80 nm × 50 nm, in length, width and height, respectively, while that of S. plicata is an antero-posteriorly elongated, flattened vesicle, approximately 200 nm × 100 nm × 50 nm, in length, width and height, respectively. During spermiogenesis, two vesicles (50–80 nm in diameter) are found in a blister at the apex of early spermatids of both species. These vesicles, presumably derived from the Golgi apparatus, contain moderately electron-dense material. In late spermatids, these two vesicles appear to fuse to form an acrosome-like structure. Because of its extremely reduced size and the paucity of its contents, it is unlikely that the acrosome-like structure of these sperm contain a significant amount of chorion lysin(s). A well developed Golgi apparatus and many Golgi vesicles of various sizes are found in the cytoplasm of spermatids in both P. haustor and S. plicata. It is hypothesized that ascidian spermatozoa contain a poorly developed acrosome, and that the chorion lysin(s) are intercalated into the plasmalemma enclosing the sperm head.     

An electron microscopic study of hemoglobin synthesis in the marine annelid,Amphitrite ornata (Polychaeta: Terebellidae)

The heart-body of the marine worm Amphitrite, located within the supraesophageal dorsal vessel, is in the form of a cylinder the thin wall of which is deeply corrugated by luminal projections and folds along its entire length. It is anchored in places to the luminal surface of the dorsal vessel by an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers. The luminal surfaces of both the heart-body and the dorsal vessel are covered by a basement membrane-like vascular lamina which in turn supports a discontinuous pseudoendothelium of littoral hemocytes. The cells of the heart-body constitute a pseudostratified, high columnar epithelium. They possess extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a well developed Golgi zone, ferritin particles and granules, and several types of membrane-bound inclusions. Hemoglobin molecules identical to those in the circulation lie within cytoplasmic, membrane-bound vesicles. Analysis of our electron micrographs suggests the following sequence of hemoglobin production and secretion: Large quantities of a moderately dense flocculent material, probably globin, are synthesized in RER and move to the Golgi zone within partly rough- and partly smooth-surfaced transitional cisternae; small transport vesicles, formed from Golgi cisternae that have fused with transitional cisternae, convey the flocculent material from the convex to the concave face of the Golgi complex; a similar flocculent material and an amorphous, highly dense material are processed in the Golgi complex and are transferred to condensing vacuoles in which clearly identifiable hemoglobin molecules are first observed. Mature secretory vesicles containing only hemoglobin migrate to the cell periphery and discharge their contents by exocytosis. Hemoglobin molecules then cross the vascular lamina to reach the circulation.     

Distribution of Acid Phosphatase in Paramecium caudatum: Its Relations with the Process of Digestion

SYNOPSIS. The distribution of acid phosphatase was investigated at the ultrastructural level in Paramecium caudatum. Acid phosphatase occurs in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, food vacuoles, autophagic vesicles, vacuolar and dense bodies. Some slight deposits are also seen in the mitochondria.
These observations point out that this hydrolase activity is related to digestive processes. The enzyme, originating from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus reaches the food vacuole or autophagic vesicle likely via the reticulum. The digestion of the bacteria or of the enclosed organelle gives rise to electronopaque material which is later found in dense bodies. These dense bodies are likely secondary lysosomes and it is possible that they may fuse with the young food vacuole or with autophagic vesicles.     

Cytomembranes in first cleavage xenopus embryos

Summary The ultrastructure and interrelationships of the Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets have been studied in the first cleavage Xenopus embryos. Lipid droplets, usually spherical or sometimes multilobed, did not have a discernible limiting membrane, although some had an incomplete electron dense partition. The Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum were seen continuous with lipid droplets and the profiles indicated a probable formation of these membranes from lipid droplet material. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mainly consisted of paired tubular cisternae and vesicles containing filamentous material that gave a fringed appearance. The relationships of paired cisternae with the Golgi body suggested a transformation of ER membranes into the Golgi body membranes. In addition, paired ER cisternae showed a close apposition with the limiting membrane of the yolk platelet. Lone ER cisternae that contained moderately electron dense material instead of filaments were also present and showed numerous associated vesicles near the Golgi body. The Golgi body showed several morphological forms including a single fenestrated cisterna, two to four flat or cup-shaped cisternae, or up to seven cisternae, some of which were dilated and similar to fringed ER in appearance. These forms could be different developmental stages of the organelle. Coated vesicles were seen continuous with the cisternae of the Golgi body. A probable route for the assembly of the cell surface material has been proposed.This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada to one of us (E.J.S.).     

豚鼠胆囊SP免疫组织化学反应特点及电镜观察

研究采用ABC免疫组化方法及电镜观察发现;豚鼠胆囊含有SP免疫反应的神经元,神经纤维及肥大细胞,这些神经纤维束是被神经膜细胞完全或不完全包裹的无髓神经纤维。其神经纤维内含有的突触小泡形态大小不一。电镜下分可为3种类型;（1）以小型无芯小泡为主以及少量大型有芯小泡。（2）以小型有芯小泡为主以及少量无芯小泡和大型有芯小泡。（3）以大型有芯小泡为主以及少量小型无芯小泡。用SP免疫电镜组化方法观察。豚鼠胆囊的SP免疫反应阳性神经纤维内散在分布的突触小泡多为第3种。但在血管,淋巴管周围SP免疫反应阳性神经纤维内的突触小泡多为小型有芯小泡,胆囊除了受肾上腺素能神经支配外,尚受SP等肽能神经的支配。本研究对豚鼠胆囊SP免疫组织化学反应阳性神经纤维分布特点及神经纤维内突触小泡的超微结构特点进行了研究。     

Localization of catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase in the terminal nerve fibres of the rabbit myometrium

Summary The autonomic nerves of the myometrium of the rabbit were studied in order to demonstrate simultaneously the adrenergic nature of an axon and the localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the same axons. The synaptic vesicles of the adrenergic axons and nerve terminals remained partially filled with the electron dense material typical for them after formaldehyde fixation and short incubation time for AChE. AChE stain was localized regularly on the axons which contained agranular synaptic vesicles and also on axons which contained dense cored synaptic vesicles beeing probably adrenergic. The role of AChE on the adrenergic axons is discussed.