Control of glutamate oxidation in brain and liver mitochondrial systems

1. Glutamate oxidation in brain and liver mitochondrial systems proceeds mainly through transamination with oxaloacetate followed by oxidation of the α-oxoglutarate formed. Both in the presence and absence of dinitrophenol in liver mitochondria this pathway accounted for almost 80% of the uptake of glutamate. In brain preparations the transamination pathway accounted for about 90% of the glutamate uptake. 2. The oxidation of [1-¹⁴C]- and [5-¹⁴C]-glutamate in brain preparations is compatible with utilization through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, either after the formation of α-oxoglutarate or after decarboxylation to form γ-aminobutyrate. There is no indication of γ-decarboxylation of glutamate. 3. The high respiratory control ratio obtained with glutamate as substrate in brain mitochondrial preparations is due to the low respiration rate in the absence of ADP: this results from the low rate of formation of oxaloacetate under these conditions. When oxaloacetate is made available by the addition of malate or of NAD⁺, the respiration rate is increased to the level obtained with other substrates. 4. When the transamination pathway of glutamate oxidation was blocked with malonate, the uptake of glutamate was inhibited in the presence of ADP or ADP plus dinitrophenol by about 70 and 80% respectively in brain mitochondrial systems, whereas the inhibition was only about 50% in dinitrophenol-stimulated liver preparations. In unstimulated liver mitochondria in the presence of malonate there was a sixfold increase in the oxidation of glutamate by the glutamate-dehydrogenase pathway. Thus the operating activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is much less than the `free' (non-latent) activity. 5. The following explanation is put forward for the control of glutamate metabolism in liver and brain mitochondrial preparations. The oxidation of glutamate by either pathway yields α-oxoglutarate, which is further metabolized. Since aspartate aminotransferase is present in great excess compared with the respiration rate, the oxaloacetate formed is continuously removed by the transamination reaction. Thus α-oxoglutarate is formed independently of glutamate dehydrogenation, and the question is how the dehydrogenation of glutamate is influenced by the continuous formation of α-oxoglutarate. The results indicate that a competition takes place between the α-oxoglutarate-dehydrogenase complex and glutamate dehydrogenase, probably for NAD⁺, resulting in preferential oxidation of α-oxoglutarate.     

A comparison of the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle

An NaI-extraction procedure was modified to prepare muscle fiber segments with Mg²⁺-dependent, ouabain-sensitive (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity. This enzyme was assayed in preparations of skeletal muscle from normal and dystrophic mice. The ouabain-sensitive (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity of dystrophic muscle preparations was found to be significantly lower than that of control preparations.     

Sodium-pump activity and its inhibition by extracellular calcium in cardiac myocytes of guinea pigs

Myocardial sodium-pump activity was examined from ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake using myocytes isolated from guinea-pig heart. Either sodium loading or the sodium ionophore, monensin, increased 86Rb+ uptake by over 400%, indicating that the amount of Na+ available to the pump is the primary determinant of its activity, and that the sodium pump has a substantial reserve capacity in quiescent myocytes. Moreover, the degree of the above stimulation is markedly higher than corresponding values reported with multicellular preparations, suggesting that diffusion barriers make it impossible to observe the capacity of the sodium pump in the latter preparations. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ increased ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake, probably by enhancing turnover of the sodium pump rather than increasing availability of Na+ to the pump.     

Respiration rates, ATP content and ionic regulation in hepatocytes of starving lamprey during the pre-spawning period of their life cycle

During the winter pre-spawning migration, lampreys Lampetra fluviatilis stop feeding, and their liver metabolism is reduced substantially. Aerobic ATP production in hepatocytes decreased to one third and ATP content decreased by 50% as compared with the values in autumn. In spite of the decrease of endogenous and phosphorylating (oligomycin-sensitive) respiration in winter, the oxygen consumption used to drive sodium and potassium pumping through Na,K-ATPase activity (ouabain-sensitive respiration) remained virtually constant. Consequently its share in phosphorylating respiration increased from 16·3% in November to 54·2% in February. Potassium influx was similar within the range of ATP content between 2·5 and 1 nmol 10⁻⁶ cells and decreases only in hepatocytes which contained <0·8 nmol ATP 10⁻⁶ cells.     

寒温带岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸速率和季节变化

2011年生长季内利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了寒温带典型湿地白桦(Betula platyphylla)岛状林沼泽、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸速率的季节动态及其主要环境因子,利用壕沟隔断法对土壤呼吸各组分间的差异进行研究。结果表明:生长季白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸速率具有明显的季节性规律,土壤呼吸总速率分别为368.60和312.46 mg m-2h-1,异养呼吸速率分别为300.57和215.70 mg m-2h-1,占土壤呼吸总速率的81.5%和69.0%;自养呼吸速率为68.03和96.76 mg m-2h-1,占土壤呼吸总速率的18.5%和31.0%。不同处理条件下的土壤呼吸在季节变化上表现基本一致,高峰期都发生在夏季;土壤呼吸与温度呈极显著相关性,但与土壤湿度的相关性较差。生长季白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸总量分别为12.64和10.61 t/hm2。     

Comparison of some minor activities accompanying a preparation of sodium-plus-potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from pig brain

1. An ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) preparation obtained from pig brain microsomes by treatment with sodium iodide showed four apparently different ouabain-sensitive activities under various conditions. They were (a) ouabain-sensitive Mg(2+)-stimulated ATPase, (b) K(+)-stimulated ATPase, (c) (Na(+),K(+))-stimulated ATPase and (d) Na(+)-stimulated ATPase activities. 2. These activities showed the same substrate specificity, ATP being preferentially hydrolysed and CTP slightly. AMP was not hydrolysed. 3. These activities were inhibited by low concentration of ouabain. The concentration producing 50% inhibition was 0.1mum for ouabain-sensitive Mg(2+)-stimulated ATPase, 0.2mum for K(+)-stimulated ATPase, 0.1mum for (Na(+),K(+))-stimulated ATPase and 0.003mum for Na(+)-stimulated ATPase activity. 4. The ouabain-sensitive ATPase activities were inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide but the insensitive ATPase activity was not. 5. The three ouabain-sensitive ATPase activities were inhibited about 50% by 1mm-Ca(2+), whereas the ouabain-sensitive Mg(2+)-stimulated ATPase activity was activated by the same concentration of Ca(2+). The preparation was treated with ultrasonics at 20kcyc./sec. The 2min. ultrasonic treatment inactivated the ATPase activities by 50%. 7. The temperature coefficient Q(10) was 6.6 for K(+)-stimulated ATPase activity, 3.7 for (Na(+),K(+))-stimulated ATPase and 2.6 for Na(+)-stimulated ATPase. 8. Organic solvents inactivated the ATPase activities, to which treatment the K(+)-stimulated ATPase was the most resistant. 9. The phosphorylation of the enzyme preparation became less dependent on Na(+) with decreasing pH. This Na(+)-independent phosphorylation at low pH was sensitive to K(+) and hydroxylamine as well as the Na(+)-dependent phosphorylation at neutral pH.     

主养草鱼高密度池塘溶氧收支平衡的研究

采用原位生态学的方法测定广东省中山市9口主养草鱼高密度池塘中浮游植物光合作用产氧量、水柱呼吸耗氧量、底泥呼吸耗氧量和鱼呼吸耗氧量, 并用数学模型计算增氧机增氧量及用差减法计算大气扩散作用引起的得氧或失氧, 对高密度养殖池塘中溶氧收支平衡状况进行了研究。结果显示: 在水深为1.5-2.0 m的主养草鱼高密度池塘中, 光合作用产氧量随着水深的增加而显著降低(P0.05), 底层出现负值呈现氧债现象。水呼吸耗氧量在表层、中层和底层之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。表层水光合作用产氧量显著大于水呼吸耗氧量(P0.05), 而中层和底层水光合作用产氧量却显著小于水呼吸耗氧量(P0.05)。在主养草鱼高密度池塘溶氧的收入中, 浮游植物光合作用产氧量、增氧机增氧量和大气扩散溶入氧量分别占总溶氧来源的44.7%、42.3%和13.0%, 机械增氧作用已接近光合作用, 成为溶氧来源的主要贡献者; 在池塘溶氧的支出中, 水呼吸、鱼呼吸和底泥呼吸耗氧量分别占总耗氧量的45.9%、45.0%和9.1%, 鱼呼吸耗氧与水呼吸耗氧相当, 成为水体中氧气的主要消耗者。结果表明在草鱼高密度养殖过程中, 合理使用机械增氧是池塘溶氧管理的有效措施。       

Comparison between some epigean and hypogean populations of Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae)

Samples for benthic meiofauna were collected in the vicinity of a salmon aquaculture farm in Bliss Harbour, Bay of Fundy, Canada in early August 1990. Simultaneously, samples for water content, organic carbon, organic nitrogen were collected, and redox potential and benthic oxygen consumption were measured. Meiobenthic size-spectra of biomass and respiration (calculated using allometric equations) were examined at three locations along a gradient of sediment organic enrichment radiating from the farm. Neither biomass nor respiration size-spectra were significantly different between locations despite a decrease in taxon diversity with increasing sediment organic enrichment. Small nematodes were the single largest contributor to respiration and usually to biomass at all locations, particularly at the most organically enriched location directly under the salmon farm. Calculated meiofauna respiration accounted for a greater proportion of total benthic community respiration in organically enriched sediments than in less enriched sediments.     

The relationship between respiration and temperature in leaves of the arctic plant Saxifraga cernua

Abstract Saxifraga cernua, a perennial herb distributed throughout the arctic and subarctic regions, shows high levels of dark respiration. The amount of respiration exhibited by leaves and whole plants at any temperature is influenced by the pretreatment temperature. Plants grown at 10°C typically show higher dark respiration rates than plants grown at 20°C. The levels of alternative-pathway respiration (or cyanide-insensitive respiration) in leaves of S. cernua grown at high and low temperatures were assessed by treating leaf discs with 0.25 mol m^?3 salicylhydroxamic acid during measurements of oxygen consumption. Alternative pathway respiration accounted for up to 75% of the total respiration. Tissues from 20°C-grown plants yielded a Q₁₀ of 3.37 for normal respiration, and of 0.97 for alternative-pathway respiration. Tissues from 10°C-grown plants yielded a Q₁₀ of 2.55 for normal respiration, and of 0.79 for alternative-pathway respiration. The alternative pathway does not appear to be as temperature sensitive as the normal cytochrome pathway. A simple energy model was used to predict the temperature gain expected from these high rates of alternative-pathway respiration. The model shows that less than 0.02°C can be gained by leaves experiencing these high respiration rates.     

Myotube phospholipid synthesis and sarcolemmal ATPase activity in dystrophic (mdx) mouse muscle.

Phospholipid incorporation of 32P by primary myotube cultures and the tissue activity of sarcolemmal Na+/K(+)-transporting ATPase were studied to determine whether the absence of dystrophin from dystrophic (mdx) muscle would affect membrane lipid synthesis and membrane function. The incorporation of 32P by phospholipid as a ratio with total protein was greater in cultured dystrophic cells compared with control cells. The mdx cells also incorporated more 32P than control cells into phosphatidylethanolamine, which is thought to increase prior to myoblast fusion, and less into phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and lysophosphatidylcholine. There was no difference in total protein content or [3H]leucine or 32P incorporation into the aqueous fraction of dystrophic and control cells, although dystrophic cells incorporated less [35S]methionine into protein than controls. Isolated sarcolemma from mdx skeletal muscle tissue demonstrated a consistently greater specific activity of ouabain-sensitive Na+/K(+)-transporting ATPase than sarcolemmal preparations from control skeletal muscle. These observations suggest that cytoskeletal changes such as dystrophin deficiency may alter the differentiation of membrane composition and function.     

华西雨屏区苦竹人工林土壤呼吸各组分特征及其温度敏感性

通过在华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)人工林内建立固定样地、定期监测等方法,研究该人工林生态系统土壤呼吸各组分特征及其温度敏感性.结果表明:2010年2月-2011年1月,苦竹林平均土壤呼吸速率为1.13 μmol·m-2·s-1,仲夏最高,深冬最低;凋落物层、无根土壤和植物根系对苦竹林土壤呼吸的贡献率分别为30.9％、20.8％和48.3％,各呼吸组分的季节动态均与土壤总呼吸类似,并与温度和凋落量等因素相关;苦竹林土壤总呼吸(RST)、凋落物层CO2排放(RSL)、无根土壤CO2排放(RSS)和植物根系呼吸(RSR)的年碳排放量分别为4.27、1.32、0.87和2.08 MgC· hm-2 ·a-1;土壤总呼吸及其各组分与凋落量呈显著正线性相关,与土壤10 cm温度和气温均呈显著正指数相关;基于土壤温度计算的RST、RSL、RSS和RSR的Q10值分别为2.90、2.28、3.09和3.19,凋落物层CO2排放的温度敏感性显著低于总呼吸和其他各组分.     

Sodium influx rate and ouabain-sensitive rubidium uptake in isolated guinea pig atria.

1. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake by tissue preparations has been used as an estimate of Na+ pump activity. This uptake, however, may be a measure of the Na+ influx rate, rather than capacity of the Na+ pump, since intracellular Na+ concentration is a determinant of the active Na+/Rb+ exchange reaction under certain conditions. This aspect was examined by studying the effect of altered Na+ influx rate on ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake in atrial preparations of guinea pig hearts. 2. Electrical stimulation markedly enhanced ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake without affecting nonspecific, ouabain-insensitive uptake. Paired-pulse stimulation studies indicate that the stimulation-induced enhancement of 86Rb+ uptake is due to membrane depolarizations, and hence related to the rate of Na+ influx. 3. Alterations in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration failed to affect the 86Rb+ uptake indicating that the force of contraction does not influence 86Rb+ uptake. 4. Reduced Na+ influx by low extracellular Na+ concentration decreased 86Rb+ uptake, and an increased Na+ influx by a Na+-specific ionophore, monensin, enhanced 86Rb+ uptake in quiescent atria. 5. Grayanotoxins, agents that increase transmembrane Na+ influx, and high concentrations of monensin appear to have inhibitory effects on ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake in electrically stimulated and in quiescent atria. 6. Electrical stimulation or monensin enhanced ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and also increased the potency of ouabain to inhibit 86Rb+ uptake indicating that the intracellular Na+ available to the Na+ pump is increased under these conditions. 7. The ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake in electrically stimulated atria was less sensitive to alterations in the extracellular Na+ concentration, temperature and monensin than that in quiescent atria. 8. These results indicate that the rate of Na+ influx is the primary determinant of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake in isolated atria. Electrical stimulation most effectively increases the Na+ available to the Na+ pump system. The ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake by atrial preparations under electrical stimulation at a relatively high frequency seems to represent the maximal capacity of the Na+ pump in this tissue.     

广东南亚热带马占相思林呼吸量的测定

 采用红外CO2分析仪离体测定了鹤山丘陵马占相思(Acacia mangium)的树干、树枝、树叶和树根等器官的呼吸速率,根据管道模型理论(Pipe model theory),测出马占相思各木质器官直径频度分布的函数表达式、呼吸速率与直径的幂函数关系表达式和林木各器官呼吸量的表达式。结果表明：各木质器官的呼吸速率与直径呈负相关,林木各器官的呼吸量则与胸径和树高(D2H)呈正相关;马占相思林的年总呼吸量(乔木层)为47.51 tCO2·hm-2, 其中树干、树枝、树叶、树根分别占总量的23.1％、13.9％、48.7％和14.4％,树叶占总量的近一半。     

Activation of mutagens by hepatocytes and liver 9000 X g supernatant from human origin in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Comparison with rat liver preparations

The mutagenicity of 10 known genotoxic compounds, of several chemical classes, was measured in Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assays comprising isolated human hepatocytes or human liver 9000 X g supernatant (S9) from 4 different individuals, as activating system. The mutagenic activity of several compounds as determined with the Salmonella/hepatocyte suspension assay showed obvious differences when compared with the values obtained in the Salmonella/S9 plate assay. For instance, the mutagenic activity of BZ, DMN and DEN appeared to be much higher in the hepatocyte assay than in the S9 assay. However, 2-AF and 2-AAF were activated more effectively into mutagens in the S9 assay than in the hepatocyte assay. 2-AF was slightly more mutagenic than 2-AAF in the hepatocyte assay, whereas it was far more mutagenic than 2-AAF in the S9 assay. DMN was found more mutagenic than DEN in the hepatocyte assay, whereas in the S9 assay DEN appeared to be slightly more mutagenic. Furthermore, great interindividual differences in the metabolic activation of certain compounds, e.g. BZ and DMN, were observed in the hepatocyte suspension assay, whereas these variations were less evident in the S9 plate assay. Comparison of the mutagenicity data obtained with the human liver preparations, with those obtained with rat liver preparations, showed great interspecies differences in the capacity to activate certain chemicals into mutagens. The use of human liver preparations, in particular isolated human hepatocytes, may be of great value in studies on inter- and intraspecies variations in metabolic activation of genotoxic agents.     

Four fluorochromes for the demonstration and microfluorometric estimation of RNA

Microfluorometric estimates of total RNA were made in selected test material stained with berberine sulfate, acridine orange, and Hoechst 33258. These measurements were compared with those obtained with propidium iodide, which is known to interact only with double-stranded nucleic acids. It was observed that all of the fluorochromes, including propidium iodide, yielded very similar patterns of fluorescence in the various types of material tested. In isolated thymocyte and hepatocyte nuclei stained with either propidium iodide or Hoechst 33258 at pH 2, it was evident that RNA could be estimated only indirectly by measuring the amount of fluorescence before and after extraction with RNase. It was apparent that the total fluorescence of small thymocyte nuclei was affected much less by RNase extraction than that of 2c hepatocyte nuclei. Attempts to obtain direct estimates of RNA by exposing the preparations to DNase were not successful: the fluorescence of thymocyte nuclei dropped almost to zero, and hepatocyte nuclei could no longer be assigned to distinct ploidy classes. In addition, since the highly condensed chromatin of thymocyte nuclei was stained much more prominently than the looser chromatin of hepatocyte nuclei with Hoechst 33258, it was apparent that this fluorochrome - when used at pH 2 - has potential usefulness as a "probe" of organizational differences in chromatin.     

Respiratory resistance of methylotrophic bacteria to formate and cyanide

Whole cells and cell-free preparations of the methylotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. AM 1 and Achromobacter parvulus, can oxidize formate at tis concentration in the reaction medium up to 1 M. The respiration of whole cells is registered at a concentration of formate greater than 10(-2) M, while that of cell-free extracts at a formate concentration greater than 5 X 10(-5) M. This seems to be due to the presence of a permeability barrier in cells for formate. The oxidation of reduced TMPD and exogenous cytochrome c by the membrane preparations of the two bacteria is inhibited by formate and cyanide; Ki50% = 2.5 X 10(-2) and 10(-6) M, respectively. The oxidation of NADH by the membrane preparations of the bacteria is not inhibited by 1 M formate and 5 X 10(-4) M cyanide but is inhibited by formaldehyde with Ki50% = 3 X 10(-2) M. Formaldehyde has no effect on the oxidation of reduced TMPD and cytochrome c at concentrations greater than 2 X 10(-1) M. These data indicate that respiration of the studied methylotrophic bacteria in the presence of high formate concentrations should be attributed in the presence of a branched electron transport chain in them; one branch of the chain is resistant to formate and cyanide, but is sensitive to formaldehyde.     

Conversion of pyruvate into ketone bodies in rat hepatocyte suspensions.

The contribution of pyruvate to ketogenesis was determined in rat hepatocyte suspensions by using [14C]pyruvate. The rates of conversion of pyruvate into ketone bodies in hepatocytes from fed and 24 h-starved rats were 10 and 17 mumol/h per g wet wt. respectively, and accounted for 50 and 29% of the total ketone bodies formed. In hepatocytes from fed rats, the addition of palmitate (0.25-1 mM) increased the rate of conversion of pyruvate into ketone bodies (80-140%), but decreased the relative contribution of pyruvate to total ketogenesis. In hepatocytes from starved rats, palmitate did not increase pyruvate conversion into ketone bodies.     

Estrogen metabolism in rat liver microsomal and isolated hepatocyte preparations--II. Inhibition studies

The abilities of various inhibitors and metabolism modifiers to alter the metabolism of estradiol and the irreversible binding of estradiol to proteins were examined in subcellular microsomal incubations and in intact hepatocyte preparations. In studies with rat liver microsomal preparations containing estradiol and an NADPH-generating system, the irreversible binding of radiolabeled steroid metabolite(s) to the microsomal proteins was 77.59 pmol/mg/min (SD 6.1; 7.6% of total steroid). 2-Bromoestradiol and 4-bromoestradiol, inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase, effectively decreased this irreversible binding of radiolabeled estradiol metabolite(s) to microsomal proteins to 17 pmol mg-1 min-1 (2.1% of total estradiol). These haloestrogens were also effective inhibitors in the intact hepatocyte cells, decreasing the amounts of organic metabolites, aqueous-soluble conjugates, and protein-bound materials. The HPLC radiochromatograms of the organic-extracted fractions from the 2 h hepatocyte incubations demonstrate that the catechol estrogen products, i.e. 2-hydroxyestrogens and 2-methoxyestrogens, were present in lower amounts in the incubations containing the bromoestrogens than in control incubations containing no inhibitor. Ascorbic acid and cysteine, general modifiers of oxidative pathways of metabolism, also affected estradiol metabolism in microsomal and hepatocyte preparations. Both these agents were able to decrease the irreversible binding of estradiol to proteins in the microsomal assays. Ascorbic acid decreased the general metabolism of estradiol in the hepatocyte incubations but did not decrease irreversible binding to proteins. The addition of cysteine to the hepatocyte incubation resulted in an increased metabolism of estradiol and the production of more aqueous-soluble radiolabeled metabolites than the control incubations; however, cysteine did not decrease the amounts of estradiol metabolite(s) irreversibly bound to proteins. Investigations of steroid metabolism in the isolated hepatocytes thus provide an effective in vitro technique for examining the overall oxidative, reductive, and conjugative pathways that are functional in the liver and enables one to investigate the abilities of inhibitors, regulators, and modifiers to affect the metabolic processes. Also, these hepatocyte studies demonstrate that the inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase, 2-bromoestradiol and 4-bromoestradiol, can enter and act in the intact cells. Consequently, these agents may be useful pharmacological probes for examining the functions of catechol estrogens in other tissues.     

Synthesis and secretion of C-reactive protein by rabbit primary hepatocyte cultures.

The synthesis and secretion of the acute-phase protein C-reactive protein by rabbit primary hepatocyte cultures was investigated. Hepatocytes prepared from animals that had received inflammatory stimuli 18-24 h before cell isolation were found to incorporate radiolabelled amino acids into C-reactive protein throughout the 48 h culture period. Intracellular C-reactive protein was found to be in steady state and there was no significant degradation of extracellular C-reactive protein, permitting direct estimation of rate of synthesis from rate of extracellular accumulation. Both C-reactive protein and total secreted protein were synthesized at constant rates for at least 24 h in culture. Mean rate of accumulation of newly synthesized total proteins in medium of cultures from six stimulated animals was 40% greater than was found in cultures from nine control (unstimulated) animals; this difference did not achieve statistical significance (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). Mean rate of C-reactive-protein synthesis represented 3.9% of total secreted-protein synthesis in cultures prepared from stimulated animals compared with 0.3% in cultures from control animals (P less than 0.001). Further, there was a correlation between C-reactive-protein synthesis by cultured hepatocytes and serum C-reactive-protein concentration at time of hepatocyte isolation (P less than 0.001). Rates of C-reactive-protein synthesis by hepatocyte cultures from stimulated animals were in good agreement with those previously measured in isolated perfused livers and those calculated from results of studies in vivo.     

不同覆盖方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应

为探明不同农田管理措施下增温对土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响,基于9年田间定位试验,对秸秆覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(FM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3种管理方式下的土壤样品进行了为期60 d的室内恒温培养,培养温度分别为15、25和35 ℃,对土壤呼吸速率进行动态监测。结果表明: 在整个培养期间,土壤呼吸速率呈单峰型变化,土壤呼吸累积释放量则呈“S”型增长趋势,其中培养前30 d土壤呼吸累积释放量约占整个培养期的75%～85%。与CK相比,SM土壤呼吸累积释放量显著增加了19.4%,而FM差异不显著。与15 ℃相比,25和35 ℃条件下土壤平均呼吸速率分别增加了17.0%和36.8%,土壤呼吸累积释放量分别增加了13.1%和33.6%。覆盖方式与温度二者无交互作用。土壤呼吸变异的97.7%～99.9%可以由温度变化解释,且土壤呼吸与有机碳和全氮含量均呈显著正相关。与无覆盖对照和地膜覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖可通过增加土壤中有机质的输入促进土壤呼吸,但同时会降低土壤呼吸温度敏感性,表明在未来气候变暖背景下,黄土高原旱作农业区进行秸秆覆盖较地膜覆盖能更有效地减少土壤CO₂排放。