大石鸡亚种分化及一新亚种描述(鸡形目,雉科)

通过地理分布、形态差异、分子进化证明了我国特有种大石鸡Alectoris magna分化为两个亚种,指名亚种A.magna magna和兰州亚种新亚种A.magna lanzhouensis subsp.nov..对新亚种与指名亚种的形态进行了比较.测新亚种12个和指名亚种7个样本的mtDNA控制区486个碱基,两个亚种间无共享单倍型,其间基因交流受到限制;新亚种各取样种群间共享一种单倍型,说明它们来自共同祖先;新亚种序列变异0.27%,而指名亚种为0.91%,其间差异显著(t=1.77,p=0.046＜0.05);两个亚种间的遗传距离为0.0103,约50万年前它们分歧进化.     

白眉山鹧鸪一新亚种

在多次野外观察并对28号标本进行比对的基础上,发现分布于广西北部九万大山及中南部大明山的白眉山鹧鸪在形态上与采自湖南、福建、江西、广东及广西东部标本存在明显差异,主要为九万大山和大明山这两处地点所产白眉山鹧鸪的额和头顶为栗褐色,与颈部同色。根据形态差别和地理隔离,将这一地区的白眉山鹧鸪定为1新亚种:Arborophila gingica guangxiensis subsp.nov.。目前所知这一亚种仅见于3片相互隔离的区域。     

中国岩蜥属一亚种新纪录

记述了采自新疆东北部青河县和奇台县交界处附近"大红山"的新疆岩蜥阿尔泰亚种Laudakia stoliczkanaaltaica(Peters,1971),是在中国的首次记录.该亚种与原记录分布在我国的指名亚种之间的主要区别是:阿尔泰亚种尾3环1节,仅基部2～3节为4环1节;指名亚种尾部为4环1节.标本收藏在新疆农业大学动物标本馆.     

中国西南部明纹花鼠三个亚种的分化

明纹花鼠是东南亚地区的特有种,在中国有3亚种（阿萨姆亚种、滇西亚种、滇南亚种）,分布于藏东南、云南西南部和南部。以往主要根据外部形态特征进行分类。为探讨3亚种头骨性状的差异,在测量15个陛状的基础上,运用统计分析软件SPSS 11．0对其可测量性状进行多变量分析。结果及推测如下：①明纹花鼠3个亚种的地位是确定的。②在头骨15个性状中,两两亚种之间具有显著差异的性状：阿萨姆亚种与滇西亚种有8个（枕鼻长、吻宽、颤宽、眶间宽、后头宽、鼻骨宽、下齿列、下颌骨高）;阿萨姆亚种与滇西亚种有7个（颅全长、枕鼻长、颧宽、眶间宽、后头宽、下颌高、下颌骨高）;滇西亚种与滇南亚种有4个（吻宽、后头宽、鼻骨宽、下颌高）。③滇南亚种与滇西亚种之间的亲缘关系近：于两者各自与阿萨姆亚种之间的亲缘关系。     

卡西裸趾虎一新亚种记述

裸趾虎属分布于亚洲热带地区.卡西裸趾虎分布于印度、缅甸和中国西藏的墨脱县.通过对采自西藏察隅县的标本分析和比较,认为其是卡西裸趾虎Crytodactylus khasiensis的1个新亚种,命名为卡西裸趾虎察隅亚种Crytodactylus khasiensis cayuensis.新亚种具卡西裸趾虎的基本特征,但新亚种与卡西裸趾虎指名亚种Crytodactylus k.khasiensis、缅甸亚种Crytodactylus k.tamaiensis区别明显,不同在于:1)上唇鳞9～12枚,下唇鳞8～11枚;2)体中部腹面横列鳞28～34枚;3)雄性具肛前孔6～9个.仅分布于西藏察隅县下察隅镇.     

水稻籼粳亚种间组合合子前生殖隔离及其与杂种育性的关系

生殖隔离对新物种形成和维系至关重要,其作用机制是生命科学的核心科学问题之一.水稻籼粳亚种间存在生殖隔离现象.迄今为止,对水稻籼粳亚种间合子前生殖隔离机制的研究还不够深入.本研究选用籼稻、粳稻和广亲和品种在内的12个品种,进行亚种间、亚种内和带广亲和基因的亚种间17个组合的杂交实验.通过扫描电子显微镜观察花粉在柱头上的附着,发现2/3的亚种间杂交组合柱头平均附着花粉粒数不足5粒,存在较强的合子前生殖隔离现象;3/4的亚种内杂交组合附着花粉粒数多于5粒;所有的带广亲和基因的亚种间杂交组合附着花粉粒数均大于5粒.同时观察到亚种间杂交花粉管伸长多出现空瘪、盘绕等异常现象,亚种内及带广亲和基因的亚种间组合比较正常.研究还发现,杂交组合花粉附着量与其F1育性不相关,说明合子前与合子后生殖隔离是两个独立的事件.水稻籼粳亚种间通过花粉粒亲和性和萌发状态的差异阻碍杂种后代的产生,该现象是合子前生殖隔离的表现形式.研究结果有助于进一步理解生殖隔离的机制,同时对杂种优势的利用具有一定启发意义.     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列探讨红喉姬鶲两亚种的分类地位

以线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的全序列作为遗传标记,探讨红喉姬鶲普通亚种(Ficedula parva al—bicilla)和指名亚种(F．P．parva)的分类地位。应用Kimura 2—parameter法计算出红喉姬鶲普通亚种个体问的遗传距离为0．1％～0．2％,而与指名亚种之间的遗传距离为6．4％,两亚种之间的遗传距离远远大于种间的遗传距离。结合形态学的特征我们认为：红喉姬鶲指名亚种和普通亚种应为两个独立种,分别为红喉姬鶲(F．albicilla)和红胸姬鶲(F．parva),两者的分化时间为3．15～3．25百万年。     

云南省叉蚤属新种和新亚种记述（蚤目：多毛蚤科）

本文报告云南西部叉蚤属Doratopsylla 2新种和1新亚种:纪氏叉蚤D.jii Xie et Tian,sp.nov.,刘氏叉蚤D.liui Xie,et Xie,sp.nov.和朝鲜叉蚤剑川亚种D.coreana jianchuanensis 、Xie et Yang,subsp.nov.最后,对一些特征问题作了比较和讨论。     

珍稀蝴蝶的亚种分类问题及保护意义：以喙凤蝶属为例

亚种是种的一个亚单位,由于分类学上的不同定义和主观性而受到质疑。然而,在分类学实践中,所有试图用不同的术语取代亚种或完全放弃亚种的尝试都是不可接受的。亚种同样是生物多样性的重要组成,有一定独特性,为自然进程的一部分,具有保护研究价值。本文基于亚种概念、特征认为亚种分类需参考地理隔离(如异域分布)与表型差异2个原则。我们以珍稀喙凤蝶属Teinopalpus为例,系统收集亚种分类文献,采集该属亚种的地理分布、形态描述与差异等信息,综合分析该属蝶类的亚种分类现状、问题与原因。1843-2007年喙凤蝶属金带喙凤蝶T. imperialis及其姊妹种金斑喙凤蝶T. aureus各自记录了8个亚种。然而,部分亚种记录于同一行政区,如金带喙凤蝶T. i. imperialis, T. i. himalaicus与T. i. behludinii 均在中国四川有记录,而金斑喙凤蝶在中国浙江有2个亚种记录,这显示名称应用的不确定性。考虑到两姊妹种同域分布在亚洲东南部,通过比对亚种正模所在地植被群落(biome)、生态区(ecoregion)的一致性判定地理隔离,发现金带喙凤蝶(覆盖3个植被群落)比金斑喙凤蝶(仅覆盖1个)的种下生态位分化程度更高。而据所处生态区的一致性,建议将金带喙凤蝶亚种分类修订为T. i. imperialis, T. i. himalaicus, T. i. miecoae, T. i. behludinii, T. i. imperatrix(含T. i. bhumipholi), T. i.gillesi和T. i. gerritesi 7个;金斑喙凤蝶亚种分类修订为T. a. aureus(含T. a. wuyiensis, T. a. guangxiensis与T. a. nagaoi), T. a. eminens(含T. a. laotiana), T. a. shinkaii与T. a. hainani 4个。由于可参考标本少,喙凤蝶属亚种确立时可用形态比对信息有限、不完整(如只依据单性的形态比对结果等),易“过度亚种化”。珍稀亚种分类问题(如“过度亚种化”、信息不确定性等)影响其保护措施,因为管理者常需权衡投入成本与成效、明确优先保护区域或对象,并以此做出决策。因此,在更多确定信息未获得前,不建议进行亚种分类。     

云南裂腹鱼类三新种及二新亚种

为编写中国动物志,对分布于云南的裂腹鱼类进行了全面整理,发现其中有五个以往文献中所没有记载过的新种和新亚种,现报道如下。少鳞裂腹鱼 Schizothorax oligolepis,新种（图1） 〔地方名〕冷水花 全模标本21尾,1978年2月采自盈江县铜壁关。体长110—176毫米。 背鳍条Ⅲ—7;臀鳍条Ⅱ—5;胸鳍条I—17—18;腹鳍条Ⅰ—9—10。侧线鳞第一鳃弓鳃耙,外侧13—14,内侧17—20。下咽齿3行,2.3.4     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.