中国志留纪陆生植物研究综述

简要论述中国志留纪陆生植物研究现状,主要特征、在早期陆生植物起源和演化上的意义及今后研究展望.贵州凤冈志留纪Llandovery世晚期Pinnatiramosus qianensis Geng(黔羽枝)具有陆生维管植物的某些重要特征;新疆志留纪Pridoli世晚期植物群中出现了早期陆生维管植物主要类群,显示了陆生维管植物多样性的早期特征;云南志留纪Pridoli世晚期植物的发现有助于对全球植物古地理分区的研究;我国西南地区志留纪具有丰富的微体植物(隐孢子、三缝孢、管状体和表皮等).为早期陆生植物的演化提供了重要化石证据.我国是探寻陆生植物起源、分异和演化的关键地区之一.在志留纪地层中开展早期陆生植物化石的野外和室内工作,能够揭示各时段的陆生植物特征,提出新的观点和演化模式,将推进早期陆生植物起源和系统演化的研究.随着我国志留纪陆生植物化石研究程度的提高,基于有力地层时代证据基础上建立的早期陆生植物组合(主要是微体植物化石组合),将为我国志留系划分和对比提供证据,特别是碎屑岩地区和化石十分稀少的层段.     

古生代陆生植物的演化与发展

古生代陆生植物的演化与发展李学东一、植物究竟是何时上陆的？植物是先于动物登上陆地的。近来人们对植物的最早上陆年代颇有争议。有很好的证据说明维管植物是在志留纪登陆的。在中志留世岩层中发现的植物碎片化石表明：那时已出现了原始的陆生植物,与泥盆纪时代它们的...     

中国早期陆生维管植物演化、古地理和古环境研究进展

文中总结了我国研究人员及国外合作者近五年来(2009—2013)在华南和西准噶尔的志留纪晚期—早石炭世(主要是泥盆纪)陆生植物领域取得的主要成果,涉及维管植物多个类群的演化分异、分支系统、多样性、分散孢子、古地理和古环境等方面,并对今后的相关研究给予了展望。     

陆生植物在地球上的发生

早期植物在地球上的演化和发展,有两个争议的但非常重要和引人兴趣的研究课题。一是地球上最早的生命,单细胞有机体的起源问题,另一个则是陆生植物,特别是陆生维管植物在地球上的出现和随后的演化问题。后者正是我们要面对的谜。尽管已有的材料和推测会使我们得出截然不同的认识,但无疑这些资料和讨论开拓了我们的视野,事情的本质似乎也略见端倪。     

贵州凤冈兰多维列世晚期管状体及其古植物学意义

贵州凤冈县硐卡拉韩家店组顶部保存有很好的管状体化石,经研究计有３属６种。依据生物地层学的综合证据,确认其时代为兰多维列世晚期。介于散生管的壁上出现了具缘纹孔这一重要特征,判断在早志留世已确有早期维管植物的存在;从内部结构方面,论证了Ｐｉｎｎａｔｉｒａｍｏｓｕｓ ｑｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｇｅｎｇ属于早期维管植物。     

植物激素在苔藓生长发育与逆境响应过程中的作用机制研究进展

植物激素是由植物自身代谢产生的一类从产生部位移动到作用部位发挥调控功能的微量小分子有机物质,在植物生长发育、响应环境胁迫过程中起到关键作用.苔藓植物作为早期登陆的非维管植物,处于陆生植物进化早期的阶段,具有许多不同于维管植物的形态和生理特征.大部分苔藓中普遍存在8种主要的植物激素及其衍生物(包括ABA、JA、ET、SA...     

新疆赛里木湖北汗吉尕山志留纪 amorphognathoides 带下部的牙形类*

记述了新疆北部赛里木湖北汗吉尕山西部志留纪amorphognathoides带下部牙形类9属12种,这是继云南、西藏和四川后,在新疆的首次发现.amorphognathoides带下部的牙形类以具有齿台脊的器官属Pterospathodus Pa分子的P. amorphognathoides和P.celloni/P. pennatus pennatus的共存为特征,地质时代仅限于志留纪Llandovery世的最晚期(即Telychian晚期).amorphognathoides带的牙形类几乎全球分布,该带下部的牙形类完全可以同国内外同期的牙形动物群对比,它们普遍生活在台地相浅水区中较深水的环境(如滞流盆地)中,营游泳-底栖生活方式.     

被子植物起源研究中几种观点的思考

对被子植物起源研究中的几种观点进行了讨论。(1)由于被子植物存在着一组共同的性状,它们不可能是从不同祖先起源的,而是有着共同的祖先。被子植物是一个单源起源的类群。现存被子植物分类系统是依据包括形态学(广义)、分子系统学、古植物学和植物地理学等的综合性状建立的,只能表示出现存类群的亲缘关系并且追溯到它们最近的祖先。人们现在还不可能建立一个包括全部已绝灭的类群和现代生存类群的谱系发生系统。因此,现存被子植物分类系统只能看作是“亲缘”系统。(2)分析了用于推测被子植物起源时间的分子、化石和地理分布证据。我们认为,要确定被子植物起源时间,植物化石是一类重要证据,但化石只能说是植物本身可保存部分和当时当地所提供的化石条件的综合反映,它们不可能就是植物类群或种的起源时间。人们还必须考虑到化石本身的演化历史。应用分子钟也是一种手段,但误差比较大。如果我们除了利用上述两种资料之外,根据植物类群的现代分布格局及其形成,把植物的演化同地球的历史和板块运动联系起来,以推断它们起源的时间,这无疑会增加其可信度。通过对56个种子植物不同演化水平的重要科属地理分布的研究结果,我们曾提出被子植物的起源时间可能要追溯到早侏罗世,甚至晚三叠世。(3)分析了基于分子证据所提出的被子植物基部类群——ANITA成员(包括无油樟科Amborellaceae、睡莲科Nymphaeaceae、八角目Illiciales、早落瓣科Trimeniaceae、木兰藤科Austrobaileyaceae)的性质,讨论了ANITA成员在现代几个被子植物分类系统中的系统位置的不同观点,评价了它们的形态学(广义)性状。指出ANITA的成员由于包含大量的祖征,是属于原始的类群。但由于它们的共有衍征很少,如花粉球形,说明它们在被子植物演化早期就分道扬镳了,沿着不同的传代线分化。因此ANITA是一个源于不同传代线的复合群。     

应用聚类分析研究十字珊瑚亚科的分类并探讨其起源与演化

提要具分裂繁殖的十字珊瑚类在我国扬子区兰多维列统（Llandovery）分布广泛,属种繁多,有重要的地层意义．但长期以来关于该类群的分类位置及各属的定义和范围各家意见不一。文章应用Q型聚类分析研究十字珊瑚类的分类．提出十字珊瑚亚科可分为7属．即：Stauria Milne-Edwards et Haime, Cystostauria He et Li, Ceriaster Lindstrom. Eostauria He et Li. Paraceriaster Y. X. He. Parastauria He et Li. Massparaseriaster nora. provis. 对7个属分别给予简要定义。文中对十字珊瑚亚科的起源、演化及扩散进行探讨．并分析各属可能的演化亲缘关系。资料表明．最原始最早期的Eostauria属很可能起源于澳大利亚的新南威尔士晚奥陶世的Palaeophyllum的某一种群．后在早兰多维列世晚期扩散到扬子区．在中兰多维列世的爱隆期（Aeronian）迅速繁衍,产生许多新属种,因而扬子区在兰多维列世是十字珊瑚类的演化中心。除少数类群,如：Eostauria,Ceriaster．Stauria在晚兰多维列世或文洛克世（Wenlock）早期分别迁移到中亚地区和欧洲,多数类群在扬子区晚兰多维列世的早、中期因不适应环境巨变而快速衰亡。     

塔里木盆地二叠系孢粉组合及生物地层学*

首次系统地研究了塔里木盆地二叠系孢子花粉，讨论了盆地各地层分区孢粉组合特征，建立了从早二叠世至早三叠世早期的6个孢粉组合带，阐述了各组合带孢粉学特征。依据对盆地二叠纪孢粉植物群组成分子的分析及其与国内外相关孢粉组合的比较研究，将盆地孢粉植物群分为3个发展阶段，即：早二叠世早、中期的欧美型植物群，早二叠世晚期至晚二叠世早期的安加拉欧美混生型植物群和晚二叠世中、晚期的安加拉型植物群。文中还从孢粉地层学角度论述了沙井子组、杜瓦组和普司格组的地质时代以及二叠/三叠系界线等问题。描述孢粉25属33种（含2新种）。     

A FERTILE AXIS OF TRILOBOXYLON ASHLANDICUM,A PROGYMNOSPERM FROM THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

A partially petrified impression of Triloboxylon ashlandicum (Aneurophytales) is the first recognized fertile axis of the genus. Identification of the fertile axis rests on the similarity of its anatomy with that of previously described vegetative specimens. Fertile organs replace some vegetative branches along part of the main axis. Fertile organs are twice dichotomized in one plane and bear elongate sporangia arranged pinnately. Vegetative branches differ in that they bear the ultimate appendages of the plant helically. The latter organs dichotomize many times in one plane. Although similar in size and morphology to the ultimate appendages, the fertile organs are homologous by position and vascular supply to the vegetative branches which they replace. Sporangia of T. ashlandicum dehisce longitudinally and terminate in an apiculate tip. Spores are unknown. Fertile organs of T. ashlandicum resemble those of other Aneurophytales and support the earlier placement of Triloboxylon in the order on anatomical grounds. T. ashlandicum differs from other Aneurophytales, however, by bearing vegetative organs at the distal end of its fertile axis.     

NODE COUNTING IN AXILLARY BUDS OF NICOTIANA TABACUM CV. WISCONSIN 38, A DAY-NEUTRAL PLANT

A mature, quiescent, primary axillary bud on the main axis of a flowering Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 plant, when released from apical dominance and before forming its terminal flower, produced a number of nodes which was dependent upon its position on the main axis. Each bud produced about one more node than the next bud above it. The total number of nodes produced by an axillary bud was about 6 to 8 greater than the number of nodes present above this bud on the main axis. At anthesis of the terminal flower on the main axis, mature, quiescent, primary axillary buds had initiated 7 to 9 leaf primordia while secondary axillary buds, sometimes present in addition to the primary ones, had initiated 4 to 5 leaf primordia. When permitted to grow out independently, primary and secondary axillary buds located at the same node on the main axis produced the same number of nodes before forming their terminal flowers. In contrast, immature primary axillary buds which had produced only 5 leaf primordia and which were released from apical dominance prior to the formation of flowers on the main axis produced only as many nodes as would be produced above them on the main axis by the terminal meristem, i.e., “extra” nodes were not produced. Therefore, it is the physiological status of the plant and not the number of nodes on the bud at the time of release from apical dominance that influenced the node-counting process of a bud. When two axillary buds were permitted to develop on the same main axis, each produced the same number of nodes as single axillary buds developing at these nodes. Thus, the counting process in an axillary bud of tobacco is independent of other buds. Axillary buds on main axes of plants that had been placed horizontally produced the same number of nodes as identically-positioned axillary buds on vertical plants, indicating that gravity does not play a major role in the counting, by an axillary bud, of the nodes on the main axis.     

PERTICA,A NEW GENUS OF DEVONIAN PLANTS FROM NORTHERN MAINE

A new genus of Devonian age fossil plants is described from the Trout Valley Formation of northern Maine. Abundant compression material permits a rather complete understanding of its morphology. Pertica quadrifaria Kasper and Andrews, gen. et sp. nov., was an erect plant, perhaps a meter tall, with a pseudomonopodial main axis and dichotomous side branches. The side branches were arranged in a clockwise spiral (from base to apex) and were tetrastichous. They dichotomized numerous times, with the intervals between dichotomies decreasing distally. The ultimate branchlets bore numerous sporangia in dense clusters. Other side branches were completely sterile. Pertica quadrifaria is classified in the Subdivision Trimerophytina of Banks. Its evolutionary significance rests in the fact that it is a link in the chain of increasingly complex early vascular land plants.     

鄂尔多斯高原覆沙坡地植物群落格局

 地貌对植物群落的空间格局具有重要的影响,覆沙坡地是鄂尔多斯高原常见的地貌类型,定量分析覆沙坡地植物群落的分布格局,有助于理解植被与环境之间的关系和制定恢复土地退化的有力措施。本文研究了鄂尔多斯高原覆沙坡地的植物群落格局,结果表明,在坡地的中上部分布着以本氏针茅（Stipa bungeana）、冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）、北丝石竹（Gypsophila davurica）等物种为主的典型草原群落,而在坡地的中下部则分布着以油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为主的沙生植物群落。DCA     

应用间接排序识别盐沼植被的光谱特征:以崇明东滩为例

遥感技术已成为大尺度植被分类的重要手段,而地面植物群落特征与其光谱特征之间的关系是解译遥感影像的关键。该研究选择上海崇明东滩自然保护区的盐沼植物群落为对象,应用ASD地物光谱仪测定其植物群落的光谱反射率,并采用10个小型机载成像光谱仪(CASI)默认植被波段组,应用主分量分析法和相关分析分析了不同群落光谱特征与生态环境因子之间的关系。分析结果表明,间接排序法PCA能够识别盐沼植被中光滩、海三棱 草(Scirpus mariqueter)群落、芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)等群落的光谱特征,绝大多数盐沼湿地植物群落组成与光谱特征之间有显著的相关,识别效果最好的波段组是736~744 nm、746~753 nm、775~784 nm、815~824 nm和860~870 nm;对光谱反射率影响最大的生态环境因子分别是植物群落的高度和盖度,高程和其它环境因子的影响次之。研究成果可为遥感监测崇明东滩自然保护区内入侵种互花米草的空间分布和扩散规律提供技术支撑,为高光谱遥感影像的影像判读和解译分类以及盐沼湿地植被制图提供科学依据。     

荸荠营养器官的发育与解剖学研究

荸荠同化茎起源于肉质主茎倒２或倒３叶的叶腋内。同化茎基部着生二鞘状叶,鞘状叶对早期同化茎穿出土面具保护作用。匍匐茎大多起源于同化茎基部鞘状叶的叶腋内。当植株开始抽生花茎时,地下匍匐茎顶端开始膨大。球茎的膨大是匍匐茎顶端５－６节的基本组织经细胞有丝分裂,增加细胞数目,然后由细胞体积的扩大来实现的。球茎具足够的营养物质供来年顶芽萌发的需要,故属水生植物冬芽的性质。     

PINUS AVONENSIS,A NEW SPECIES OF PETRIFIED CONES FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF WESTERN MONTANA

Fossils from the Oligocene of western Montana described in this treatment are the first structurally preserved ovulate cones of Pinus to be reported from the Tertiary of North America. They are about 5.5 cm long and have a maximum diam of 2.5 cm. Numerous scales are arranged spirally around the axis and each scale bears two winged seeds. The bract subtending the ovuli-ferous scale is 3-4 mm long and is free from the scale throughout its length. The pith and cortex of the axis are constructed of thick-walled parenchyma cells and 18-21 resin canals occur at the inner edge of the cortex. Resin canals entering the base of the ovuliferous scale are restricted to the abaxial side with vascular tissues occupying the adaxial side. Vascular strands near the tip of the scale are strongly rounded on the adaxial or phloem side. At the abaxial side of the tip of the ovuliferous scale is a broadly rhomboidal apophysis with a raised umbo that terminates in a short spine. The fossils differ from the several Recent cones examined in having fewer resin canals and biseriate rays in the secondary xylem of the cone axis. The shape of the cone, its anatomical features, and the morphology of the tip of the cone scale indicate affinity with the subgenus Diploxylon.     

云南西冲组的一种细小植物—兼论华南中泥盆世晚期植物组合

研究我国云南中泥盆世晚期西冲组的一种细小植物Psilophyton striatum sp.nov.,它具有二歧分叉光滑轴和生殖枝,生殖枝由三次等二歧分叉枝系和族生孢子囊组成,枝系末端对生两对直立孢子囊,根据对已有材料的分析,宜将华南中泥盆世晚期植物组合改名为Lepidodendropsis arborescense-Minarodendron cathaysiense Eocladoxylon minutum(LME)组合,它以石松类植物为主,共生有“真蕨植物”和三枝蕨类,分为小形树状植物和地面植物两个生态系统,同时,与世界上同期植物群进行了对比。     

A COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF THE MUTANT SIDESHOOTLESS AND NORMAL TOMATO PLANTS

'Sideshootless,’ a mutant strain of tomato which does not produce axillary buds during vegetative growth, was compared with normally branching plants in order to study the nature of development particularly with regard to axillary buds. Sectioned material revealed no indication of axillary bud initiation in the sideshootless plant at any time during the vegetative phase of growth. In the normal plants, buds were noted to arise in the axil of the fifth youngest leaf. The buds take their origin in tissue which is in direct continuity with the apical meristem. The bud primordia later become set apart from the apex as vacuolation takes place in the surrounding tissue. At the time of floral initiation, the mutant and normal strains behave similarly. Axillary buds appear in the axils of the 2 leaves immediately below the floral apex. One of the buds elongates to overtop the existing plant axis; the other develops as a typical sidebranch. The inflorescence is pushed aside in the process. This pattern is repeated with each inflorescence; thus an axis composed of several superimposed laterals results.     

协惯量分析与典范对应分析在植物群落排序中的应用比较

采用协惯量分析(PCA-CA COIA)和典范对应分析(CCA)两种排序方法, 对北京小龙门林场的黄檗 (Phellodendron amurense)群落进行了分析, 并用Spearman秩相关系数检验了对应排序轴的相关性。两种排序方法得出的结果基本一致, 两者的第一排序轴都反映了海拔高度和坡向对群落分布的影响, 而各自第二、第三排序轴所代表的环境意义有所差异, 并出现了交叉, 但是两者的前3个排序轴均反映了海拔、坡位、土壤厚度和凋落物层厚度的变化趋势, 说明在环境因子个数较少或共线性效应不明显的情况下, 协惯量分析也能达到CCA的分析效果, 并且在排序轴特征值解释量上高于典范对应分析。