乌鲁木齐市大气污染治理建议及措施分析

近年来乌鲁木齐市社会经济的快速发展,城市建设的不断扩大,大气污染防治问题变得任重而道远,需要政府及环保部门长期的关注和坚持,才能使空气环境得到持续改善。本文简要分析了乌鲁木齐在治理大气污染中存在的问题,并提出了大气污染治理的建议及措施,旨在为治理大气污染问题提供参考意见。     

中石化天津分公司污水排放的现状与治理方案

中石化天津分公司是在天津炼油厂、天津石油化纤总厂、天津乙烯联合化学公司等的基础上,经整合、重组后又不断发展建设的特大型石油化工联合企业。由于各企业建设时间不同、隶属不同,各部的污废水均已自成体系,各自处理各部的污废水,势必造成资源的浪费。本文将对中石化天津分公司污水排放的现状与治理方案进行探讨。     

黄土高原水土流失治理现状、问题及对策

黄土高原位于黄河中游地区,是世界上水土流失最为严重的区域之一;黄土高原水土流失治理问题历来受到国家高度关注,涌现了种类多样的水土流失治理模式,目前还缺乏对黄土高原区域尺度水土流失治理模式的总结和整理。本文总结和整理了建国以来黄土高原主要的四类水土流失治理模式,生物措施模式主要由退耕还林、荒山造林和封山育林工程组成,工程措施模式包括修建梯田和淤地坝,以及近期涌现的治沟造地工程;小流域综合治理模式主要体现在坡面、沟道系统整治,生物和工程措施相结合的特点,区域综合整理模式则强调对生态系统进行整体保护、系统修复和综合治理,达到生态、社会、经济可持续发展。基于黄土高原水土流失治理模式存在的问题,提出了黄土高原水土流失治理模式调整和优化建议,以期对黄土高原生态恢复建设和水土流失科学治理提供科学依据。     

济宁市雾霾天气成因及治理措施研究

随着近年来我国经济的快速发展,我们赖以生存的自然环境也发生骤变。自2013年以来,济宁市连续多次出现雾霾天气,部分时段、路段最小能见度仅50米。气象部门发布了大雾预警信号,交通等部门也启动应急机制,以此来应对雾霾天气带来的影响。但这并不能够从根本上解决由于严重空气污染导致的雾霾天气,长此以往,将会给人体健康造成较大的危害。本文对济宁市雾霾天气成因进行剖析,提出相应的雾霾治理措施以供参考。     

森林病虫害目前存在的问题及治理

加大宣传力度。森防宣传工作一直没有引起各级森防部门的重视。为了让全社会都来了解、关注森防工作森防部门,我们必须加大对森防工作的力度,让人们认识到森防工作的重要性,了解病虫对森林的危害及防治办法,增强全民的森防意识,形成良好的社会舆论氛围。严格要求,依法管理。对森防工作,我们一方面要严格要求,使工作做深做细。     

浅谈通化县林业在蝲蛄河生态治理中的措施与成效

通化县实施蝲蛄河流域治理工程,目标是构建良好、自然和稳定的河流生态系统;保证流域近10万人饮水安全,推进社会和谐发展。林业多措并举,承担起建设森林生态、保护湿地、维护生物多样性、河流生态恢复等多样化任务,在综合治理中发挥了重要作用,取得了明显成效。     

水土流失治理措施对小流域土壤有机碳和全氮的影响

明确综合治理条件下小流域土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)和全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)的空间分布特征及其影响因素,对科学评价水土流失区土壤固碳潜力具有重要意义。以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域(砖窑沟流域)为对象,基于流域内3种典型地貌类型(梁峁坡、沟坡、沟谷)和3种典型水土流失治理措施(水平梯田、林地和草地措施,坡耕地为对照),采集土壤样品737个,研究地貌类型和水土流失治理措施对小流域SOC和TN变化的影响。结果表明,同一地貌类型上,水平梯田、林地和草地措施的SOC和TN(0—10 cm土层)含量均显著高于坡耕地(P<0.1)。梁峁坡上,水平梯田、林地和草地措施条件下的SOC和TN含量较坡耕地依次提高了18%和24%、70%和59%、25%和21%;沟坡上,林地和草地措施的SOC和TN较坡耕地依次提高了76%和54%、25%和27%。同一治理措施在不同地貌类型间对0—10 cm土层SOC和TN的影响存在显著差异(P<0.1)。水平梯田条件下,沟谷的SOC和TN含量比峁坡提高了46%和43%;林地措施条件下,沟坡的SOC和TN含量比峁坡提高了18%和6%;草地措施条件下,沟坡的SOC和TN含量比峁坡提高了14%和18%。0—100 cm土层的SOC或TN在不同地貌类型或不同治理措施间的差异与土壤水分含量(Soil moisture,SM)的变化趋势基本一致,并且SOC或TN与SM呈指数关系y=aebx(y为SOC或TN,x为SM)。     

探究农村水环境污染及微生物技术治理

随着乡村振兴战略的深入实施，农村的生态环境得到了显著改善，但养殖废水、居民生活垃圾、农业废弃物乱堆乱放以及农药化肥的过度使用等问题，导致农村部分沟渠、河道水质较差，给老百姓的日常生活带来了较大影响。在农村地区水环境污染治理中，微生物修复治理技术具有明显优势。文章从农村生活污水治理的视角出发，对我国农村水污染的现状进行分析，并创新性地运用微生物治理水环境技术，以期使得农村生态环境实现好转。     

不同治理措施对闽东南沿海侵蚀性赤红壤肥力影响的研究

 赤红壤严重侵蚀地经不同措施治理后,土壤结构、水分状况得到改善,土壤腐殖质品质亦有所改善,土壤营养元素容量及供应强度得到明显加强,土壤微生物数量急剧增加,土壤呼吸作用和酶活性显著加强,土壤肥力处于恢复之中。其中豆科树种(大叶相思)改良土壤效果最好,单一种果措施则相对较差。引进豆科植物增加果园覆盖或敷盖是该地区侵蚀劣地治理及地力改良重要技术措施之一。     

我国发酵工业存在的主要问题及解决措施

发酵工业是指通过现代生物工程技术对粮食和农副进行深加工,生产有用物质或直接用于工业化生产的一种行业。随着社会的发展,我国发酵工业凸显出许多问题,如粮食短缺、水资源匮乏、环境污染等。我们简要分析我国发酵工业现状及存在的主要问题,并针对这些问题介绍一些解决措施。     

Emission of air pollutants in removal of bone cement with ultrasound instruments in revision endoprosthetics]

The use of ultrasonic instruments to remove PMMA bone cement during revision hip arthroplasty results in the production of fumes. These emissions were analysed under standardized laboratory conditions, when it was found that the MMA concentration measured was only 1/10th of the MAC value. In terms of occupational safety, the MMA fumes emitted may therefore be considered non-hazardous for the medical personnel.     

广东省林业有害生物的发生与防控

本文介绍了广东省林业有害生物的发生和防控概况,阐述了广东省以林业有害生物生态控制和绿色防控为导向,在立体化监测的基础上,建立树种合理配植避灾、检疫御灾、持续控制与应急控制相结合减灾的防控技术体系,以及林业有害生物防控技术规范化、标准化,防控工作社会化的保障体系,切实保护森林资源。     

Study on the ecological compensation standard for river basin water environment based on total pollutants control

The method used to calculate ecological compensation remains an important but difficult issue in current studies of ecological compensation. In this study, we used the ecological compensation method to examine the natural, social, and economic interactions between ecological and economic systems at the administrative level and between upstream and downstream areas in a river basin, with the aim of capacity control in the total amount of pollutants discharged. We used the information entropy method to build the total pollutant allocation model, in which we included a range of indexes that reflected regional heterogeneity in factors such as population, economic structure, production level, pollution control, and the water environment. The relationship between the capital invested and the quantity of pollutants discharged was used to calculate the unit value of the pollutants, from which we constructed a quantitative model of ecological compensation standard for river basin water environment based on total pollutants control. We used the Xiao Honghe River Basin, China, as a case study, and calculated the ecological compensation values of the water environment from 2008 to 2012 with chemical oxygen demand (COD) as the main pollution evaluation index. From the upper to lower reaches, the compensation value gradually decreased while it gradually increased in terms of time scale. This study provides a valid approach that can be applied to develop a long-term effective mechanism for protecting river basin ecology and improving the system of ecological compensation in river basins.     

Fate coefficients for the toxicity assessment of air pollutants

The inclusion of fate and exposure is a central issue in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). According to the framework developed by the Society of Environmental Toxicity and Chemistry (SETAC), fate and exposure route are included through a fate coefficient which makes the link between an emission and the related increase in concentration. In the Critical surface-time 95 methodology, fate factors of air pollutants are determined empirically at a world level as the ratio of measured concentration to the total estimated emission flow. Based on a detailed study performed for seventeen pollutants, a correlation is developed to predict fate factors from the residence time. Variation of a factor 10000 arc observed for the fate coefficient. Empirical fate factors are compared to modelled fate factors and are found to have a similar order of magnitude.     

Integrated rice insect pest control in the Guangdong Province of China

There are about 13 species of rice insect pests which are common and of major significance in Guangdong Province, China. Rice pest management in China is based on cultural practices, biological control, insecticides, light traps, varietal resistance and other control methods. Natural control by preservation of natural enemies of pests plays a very positive role in the integrated control of rice pests. The major measures and techniques of these control methods are mentioned in this paper. A list of main insect pests of rice, their natural enemies and some examples of the results of rice pest integrated control in Guangdong Province, China, are also given.     

广东省部分龙眼产区主要害虫调查及其防控策略

系统调查了粤西与珠三角地区龙眼园内的害虫种类,共记录到6目18科33种.对各类害虫的发生比例与危害程度进行了分析.结果表明在我省危害严重的龙眼害虫主要有荔枝蝽、龙眼角颊木虱、荔枝蛀蒂虫、荔枝尖细蛾和龙眼亥麦蛾等几种害虫.针对我省生产实际,提出了龙眼害虫综合防控的策略.     

Classical biological control program for the mealybug Oracella acuta in Guangdong Province,China

Abstract The mealybug Oracella acuta, native to the southeastern US, was accidentally introduced into slash pine plantations in Guangdong Province in China in 1988. A classical biological control program was initiated in 1995, and the parasitoids Allotropa oracellae, Acerophaus coccois, and Zarhopalus debarri were imported from the US. A total of 19 972 parasitized mealybugs were shipped to China from 1996–2004, from which 15 430 wasps emerged, 12 933 of which were the three target species. Efforts to establish a mass-rearing program for the parasitoids in China failed. Five field release sites were established, and 6 020 parasitoids were released. Only 118 individuals of the three imported species were collected during establishment checks, although several wasps were collected 1–2 years after the last parasitoid release. Over 2 000 Anagyrus dactylopii, a cosmopolitan parasitoid, emerged from the parasitized mealybugs collected, a majority from the Taishan area near the site of the original introduction of O. acuta. To date the imported parasitoids have failed to establish, and natural enemies have not noticeably reduced mealybug populations.     

Postharvest disease control in mangoes using high humidity hot air and fungicide treatments

The disease control efficacy of quarantine heat treatments developed for fruit fly disinfestation in mangoes cv. Kensington Pride was evaluated in this study. Heat was applied using high humidity (>95% r.h.) hot air (HHHA) at temperatures ranging from 47–49°C. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was well controlled in mangoes heated to a core temperature of 46°C, 47°C or 48°C for 24, 10 or 8 min respectively, prior to ripening at 23°C for 16 days. Stem end rot, caused by Dothiorella dominicana and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, was not satisfactorily controlled by these treatments. In a subsequent experiment, fruit were immersed in a hot benomyl (0.5 g a.i. litre“¹ at 52°C for 5 min) or unheated prochloraz (0.25 ml a.i. litre¹ at 28°C for 30 s) dip before or after the application of HHHA (core temperature of 47°C for 10 min). During storage at 23°C for 15 days, the incidence of stem end rot was reduced by HHHA alone, although immersion in hot benomyl either before or after HHHA treatment greatly improved stem end rot control. HHHA treatment (core temperature of 46.5°C for 10 min) alone reduced the incidence of anthracnose in mangoes stored at 13°C for 14 days prior to ripening at 22°C, although a combination treatment consisting of HHHA and either hot benomyl or unheated prochloraz gave complete control of anthracnose under these storage conditions. HHHA treatment alone gave no control of stem end rot in mangoes stored at 13°C prior to ripening at 22°C. A supplementary hot benomyl treatment was required for acceptable control of this disease in cool-stored mangoes. The development of yellow skin colour in fruit was accelerated by HHHA treatment.     

The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants

Abstract. Important physiological processes, photosynthesis, respiration, carbon allocation and stomatal function are known to be affected by air pollutants. A wide range in sensitivity of photosynthesis both within and between species is evident from the literature for the pollutants sulphur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxide and hydrogen fluoride. Some of this variation is clearly due to genetic factors, but much is in response to differences in environmental conditions both prior to and during fumigation. Exposure of plants to mixtures of pollutants generally reduced the threshold at which effects were first detected and increased the level of inhibitory responses. In the majority of studies on stomatal responses to air pollutants, opening occurs at low concentrations, below the threshold for effects on photosynthesis, and closure occurs at injurious concentrations; this latter response often following the inhibition of photosynthesis. Effects on carbon allocation have been reported in response to air pollutants. Changes usually favour leaf development over root growth, which can compensate for a decline in net assimilation rate up to a certain point but may limit water uptake from soils with low moisture content. Future research into physiological effects of air pollutants should incorporate an integrated approach in which both key physiological parameters and growth parameters are measured together with estimates of the effective dose of pollutant. In this way, the underlying mechanisms to changes in growth and development will be more fully understood.