冬季银杏雌雄辨别新解

银杏属雌雄异株,但究竟怎样在非开花结果期辨别雌株和雄株呢？我经过长期的实地观察发现：银杏的雌雄尤其是非开花结果期的雌雄可以根据冬芽来判别。银杏的冬芽有2种,有雌、雄株之分,带冬芽的雌雄枝条分别见封二图1、图2。雌株枝条上的冬芽黄褐色,卵圆形,先端钝尖,外被鳞片,呈覆瓦状。雄株枝条上的冬芽与雌枝条上的相似,但先端钝圆。据此方法辨别冬季银杏树的雌雄,易于观察,简捷方便。冬季银杏雌雄辨别新解@翟风华$山东省青岛高科园一中!266101     

不同土壤水分条件下中国沙棘雌雄株叶片形态结构及生理生化特征

在不同土壤水分条件下,对中国沙棘雌雄株叶片的形态结构以及生理生化特征进行了研究.结果表明： 在土壤水分条件较差时,中国沙棘雌雄株的叶片结构旱化特征较明显,并且雌株的叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、侧脉维管束距离均较小,而下表皮毛厚度、密度和栅栏组织与海绵组织的比值均较大,表现出较强的干旱适应性和生态可塑性;雌雄株叶片的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量升高,其中雌株叶片的游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升幅度大于雄株,而雄株叶片的丙二醛含量上升幅度明显大于雌株.随着土壤水分条件的改变,雌雄株叶片的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化较大.在干旱胁迫下,中国沙棘雌株的生理生化指标多元隶属度值大于雄株.雌株对干旱胁迫的适应性和生理调节能力更强.     

基于形态学及生理学的黄檗性别差异研究

为了探究黄檗雌雄植株的形态学及生理学差异,对黄檗成树雌雄植株的形态学、叶片抗氧化防御酶活性及内源激素含量等指标开展对比研究,结果表明：黄檗雌雄植株形态存在显著差异,雌株叶宽比雄株大1.66±0.148 cm（P<0.05）、雌株枝间夹角比雄株大17.5±1.21°（P<0.001）;雌雄株叶片颜色存在差异,但叶绿素含量差异不显著;黄檗雌雄株超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）酶活性存在显著差异,CAT酶活性在7月最高,雌株含量大雄株;POD酶活性6月含量最高,雄株大于雌株;SOD酶活性8月最高,雄株大于雌株。内源激素赤霉素（GA3）含量雄株大于雌株;吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量为雌株大于雄株;玉米素（ZA）含量为雄株大于雌株,差异显著（P<0.05）;内源脱落酸（ABA）性别间无显著差异。黄檗雌雄植株在形态及生理学等指标上存在一定差异,说明黄檗雌雄植株为维持自身生长需要,在形态和生理方面都做出不同调整以适应生存环境。     

不同土壤水分条件下中国沙棘雌雄株光合作用、蒸腾作用及水分利用效率特征

采用LI-6400便携式光合系统对野外不同生境(沟底、坡面)和田间不同土壤水分条件下中国沙棘雌雄株的净光合速率和蒸腾速率及水分利用效率特征进行了观测,结果表明,中国沙棘雌雄株在水分条件较好的生境中均表现较强的生活力,净光合速率和蒸腾速率主要受光照强度和大气温度的影响,雄株表现出更高的光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率;在水分条件较差的生境中,雌雄株均通过降低蒸腾和提高水分利用效率来适应逆境,净光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响因子增多,雄株的光合速率大幅度下降,雌株仍保持较高的光合速率,雌株的水分利用效率高于雄株.可见,在反映植物瞬时生理变化的性状方面,雌株对土壤水分减少表现出了更强的适应性,雄株对土壤水分变化表现出了更大的敏感性.     

罗汉果雌雄株同工酶性别鉴定研究

采用电泳技术结合同工酶染色,分析了罗汉果雌雄株叶片的过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶同工酶、多酚氧化酶同工酶和过氧化氢酶同工酶。结果表明:罗汉果雌雄叶片在同工酶谱上,存在着与性别性状相关的酶带;雌雄间的差异酶带在每一种同工酶中均有一条以上,可作为罗汉果雌雄株间的性别鉴定。此外,还比较了高产、低产、不结果雌株之间同工酶的酶带和活性差别。     

黄瓜植株性别表现与3种氧化酶同工酶的关系

采用同工酶电泳技术分析了二叶期纯雌株和雌雄株黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍｉｓ ｓａｔｉｖｕｓ Ｌ．）子叶和真叶过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶,结果发现：给株比雌雄株酶活性强、酶带数量多,这种差异酶带大多与雌性或雌雄性别紧密相关,经检验可以作为黄瓜雌性株早期鉴定的生化标记,尤其以真叶中多酚氧化酶同工酶Ｒｆ０．２８７表现稳定,鉴定成功率高。等电聚焦电泳垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分辨效果好。     

雌雄异株树种东北鼠李营养资源需求性别二态性

以雌雄异株植物东北鼠李(Rhamnus schneideri var. manshurica)为研究对象,分析不同繁殖阶段雌雄植株叶片元素含量的性别差异和动态变化,可为雌雄异株植物性别特异性资源需求及利用策略提供理论参考。该研究在吉林蛟河天然针阔混交林内建立1块23.76hm2的永久性固定监测样地,于2019–2021年花期和果期(共5个繁殖阶段)选择样地内一定数量的东北鼠李雌雄植株,测定每株的叶片营养元素(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、硼)含量,比较东北鼠李雌雄植株在不同繁殖阶段叶片各营养元素含量的差异及动态变化;并计算各个繁殖阶段雌雄植株的花、果生物量,利用方差分析方法检验雌雄植株各个繁殖阶段的花果生物量差异,以分析雌雄植株叶片营养元素出现性别差异及动态变化的背后机制。结果表明:(1)东北鼠李雌雄植株的叶片营养元素含量具有显著的性别差异,但这种性别差异仅在某些繁殖阶段存在。在2019年花期,雌雄植株的各叶片元素含量均无显著差异,2021年花期,雌株叶片的磷含量显著小于雄株。在2019年果期,雌株叶片的磷、钾含量显著小于雄株;而在2020年果期,雌株叶片的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、硼含量均显...     

青杨雌雄株叶际微生物群落多样性和结构的差异

【目的】本论文探究了青杨雌雄株的叶际微生物的群落结构差异及其主要环境影响因素。【方法】以河北小五台山的天然青杨林为研究对象,采用基于16S rRNA/ITS1基因的MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了青杨雌雄株叶际细菌和真菌的群落结构,并耦合分析其与叶片理化性质的相关性。【结果】测序结果表明细菌和真菌的多样性指数ACE、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson在雌雄株间都无显著性差异(P>0.05)。Metastats组间群落显著性差异分析表明,在门水平,青杨雌雄株叶际细菌和真菌都无显著差异。而在属水平,青杨雌雄株的叶际细菌Amnibacterium和Spingomonas及真菌Aureobasidium、Elmerina、Exobasidium、Endoconidioma、Monilinia和Rhodotorula的相对丰度在雌雄株叶际有显著差异(P<0.05)。基于OTUs的菌群分析表明,青杨雌株和雄株的叶际环境上都有其各自的特有菌群,如雌株的特有真菌Pringsheimia(0.15%)和细菌Chitinophaga(0.04%)。RDA冗余分析表明,叶片含水量与青杨叶际真菌的群落结构有显著相关性(P<0.05),而未发现青杨细菌群落结构与测定的叶片理化性质有显著相关。【结论】青杨雌雄株叶际微生物在属水平有显著分异的菌属,且可能受叶片理化性质影响,该结果为揭示雌雄异株植物的叶际微生物差异有重要借鉴意义。     

雌雄异株植物对环境胁迫响应的性别差异研究进展

从温度、CO2、水分以及生境变化4个方面综述了雌雄异株植物的雌雄个体在环境胁迫下出现的不同生理、生态和生化差异.温度胁迫将导致雌雄个体在气孔导度、净同化作用、耐冻性形成以及ABA含量等方面出现不同的生理响应,响应大小受限于外界条件.雄株植物的净光合速率高于雌株,而且随着CO2浓度的增高,二者的光合作用受到明显的促进,生物量均显著增加.水分胁迫使雌雄个体在干物质积累、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和碳同位素值等生理指标以及部分形态指标呈现显著差异.多数植物的雄株个体在干旱环境中具有较高的水分利用效率,对水分胁迫的抗性更大.不同生境中雌雄异株植物雌雄个体的适应性各不相同.在土壤干燥、养分贫瘠、海拔较高、坡度较大的生境中,雄性植株生长良好,数量较多;而在湿润、肥沃、低海拔或低洼的生境中,雌性植株生长良好.     

小五台山青杨雌雄植株树轮生长特性及其对气候变化的响应差异

近年来逆境导致植物雌雄幼苗的生长出现差异被许多控制实验所证实, 而有关气候变化对雌雄异株植物成树生长的潜在影响尚未引起人们广泛的关注。为进一步揭示气候变化对雌雄植株树木径向和密度生长的不同影响, 该文通过树轮生态学的研究方法, 选择小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 对青杨雌雄植株近30年(1982-2011)的树轮生长特性及其与气候的相关性进行了分析。结果显示: 1)在近30年当地气温不断升高的气候条件下, 雌株的年轮最大密度和晚材平均密度均高于雄株(p < 0.05), 但雌雄植株的径向生长无显著差异; 2)雌雄植株年轮最大密度和宽度差值年表的变化趋势具有一致性, 但在年轮最大密度差值年表的变化上雄株波动幅度大于雌株; 3)青杨雌雄植株年轮密度差值年表对温度响应的月份明显不同。雌株年轮最大密度与当年8月的月平均最高气温显著正相关, 而雄株年轮最大密度与当年1月和4月的气温负相关; 4)生长季前的气候变化对青杨雌雄植株的径向生长均有明显的限制作用。此外, 当年6月的高温对于早材生长的限制作用特别明显。上述结果表明, 雌雄异株植物在树木年轮生长方面对全球气候变暖可能具有不同的响应机制, 雌株比雄株更侧重于密度生长。     

Numerical approaches towards life cycle interpretation five examples

The ISO-standard for LCA distinguishes four phases, of which the last one, the interpretation, is the least elaborated. It can be regarded as containing procedural steps (like a completeness check) as well as numerical steps (like a sensitivity check). This paper provides five examples of techniques that can be used for the numerical steps. These are the contribution analysis, the perturbation analysis, the uncertainty analysis, the comparative analysis, and the discernibility analysis. All five techniques are described at a non-technical level with respect to basic concept, possibilities, tabular and graphical representation, restriction and warnings, and all are illustrated with a simple example.     

影响水稻光合日变化的酶和相关因素的分析

水稻叶片的最大光合速率出现在上午１０：００时,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力也在此时达到最大,然后逐渐降低,下午１４：００时略上升后又下降．Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力与光合速率之间极显著相关,相关系数为 ０．９４７４．运用相关性分析、回归分析、通径分析,对晴（有时有云）天气水稻叶片的光合速度、光合关键酶及有关因素的日变化进行综合评估,结果发现中午光合下降主要来自气孔限制,同时Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性也下降;Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性是影响光合日变化的又一重要生化因子．体内Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性受Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶的调节．     

Discrimination of higher plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification by pyrolysis mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical method based on thermal degradation of complex material in a vacuum, and has been widely applied to the discrimination of closely related microbial strains. Minimally prepared samples of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calluses derived from various higher plants (sweet potato, morning glory, Korean ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and balloon flower) were subjected to PyMS for spectral fingerprinting. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method, with arithmetic mean of pyrolysis mass spectra, divided the calluses into Siberian ginseng embryogenic callus and the others, which were subsequently divided into embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus groups, regardless of plant species from which the calluses were derived. In the non-embryogenic callus group, the dendrogram was in agreement with the known taxonomy of the plants. These results indicate that PyMS analysis could be applied for discriminating plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification.     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Fish ecoregions of Kansas: stream fish assemblage patterns and associated environmental correlates

Synopsis Principal components analysis was performed on fish presence/absence data for 39 common fish species from 410 stream sites in Kansas. The analysis confirmed ten ecologically meaningful fish assemblages, based on species associations. Factor scores based on these assemblages were then clustered into six geographic areas or fish ecoregions. Canonical discriminant analysis identified environmental variables that distinguished the derived fish ecoregions. Mean annual runoff, mean annual growing season, and discharge appear most important. Mean width, mean depth, chloride concentration, water temperature, substrate type, gradient, and percent of pool habitat were less important. Correspondence exists between these fish ecoregions and the patterns of physiographic regions, river basins, geology, soil, and potential natural vegetation in Kansas. The multivariate statistical approach used to classify fish ecoregions should have considerable potential value for fish assessment and management purposes in areas other than the state of Kansas.     

Some remarks about the analysis of active control studies

In an active-controlled trial, the experimental treatment can be declared to be non-inferior to the control if the confidence interval for the difference excludes a fixed pre-specified margin. Recently, some articles have discussed an alternative method where the data from the current study and placebo-controlled studies for the active control are combined together into a single test statistic to test whether a fixed fraction of the effect of the active control is preserved. It has been shown that, conditional on nuisance parameters from the active-controlled study, a fixed margin can be defined that will be operationally equivalent to this latter method. In this article, we will discuss statistical properties associated with these approaches. Specifically, the interim monitoring boundaries and level of evidence will be considered.     

Normal Approximations of Exact Tests in Configural Frequency Analysis

The most common tests for types and antitypes in configural frequency analysis are normal approximations of exact tests. In the paper such statistics under the complete independence model and under the fixed margins model are discussed. It turns out that these test statistics are not acceptable when the number of simultaneously performed tests is large or when the expected frequencies are small. In these cases, the use of exact tests is advocated and some existing computer programs for such tests are indicated. A normal approximation based on the strong version of the De Moivre-Laplace limit theorem is also discussed. Empirical examples are given from longitudinal data describing psychological development of boys.     

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress

Heat is a major abiotic stress that drastically reduces chickpea yield. This study aimed to identify heat-responsive traits to sustain crop productivity by screening a recombinant inbred line (RILs) population at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). The RIL population was derived from an inter-specific cross between heat-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (C. arietinum L.) and heat sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum). The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the traits in RILs and most of the traits were significantly affected by heat stress at both locations. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (19.52–38.53%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (20.29–39.85%), heritability (92.50–93.90%), and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (38.68–76.74%) have been observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, yield, and hundred seed weight across the heat stress environments. Association studies and principal component analysis showed a significant positive correlation of plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, hundred seed weight, harvest index, relative leaf water content, and pollen viability with yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Path analysis revealed that biomass followed by harvest index was the major contributor to yield among the environments. Both step-wise and multiple regression analyses concluded that number of pods per plant, biomass and harvest index consistently showed high level of contribution to the total variation in yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Thus, the holistic approach of these analyses illustrated that the promising traits provide a framework for developing heat-tolerant cultivars in chickpea.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.     

分子水平的遗传多样性及其测量方法

遗传多样性水平是一项很重要的数据。目前从分子水平量化遗传多样性的方法以等位酶分析、ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＲＡＰＤ分析为代表。遗传变异在基因组中并非随机分布,所以取样方式对分析结果的影响不容忽视。本文叙述了遗传变异的产生和分布,并以此为基础比较了上述３种分析方法的理论与实践。     

凡纳滨对虾各月龄性状的主成分与判别分析

为了研究凡纳滨对虾各性状增长规律和判定最佳生长季节凡纳滨对虾的体格与月龄的关系,选择1～6月龄凡纳滨对虾各1000只,选择全长、体长、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高、第一腹节背宽、头胸甲长和体重共7个性状,进行主成分与判别分析.结果表明:各月龄凡纳滨对虾性状之间均呈现显著的正相关(P<0.01), 其中以全长与体长的相关性最为明显,1月龄凡纳滨对虾体重与形态性状的相关系数较小.各月龄凡纳滨对虾的主成分有所不同,1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为长度因子,第二主成分为宽度因子,第三主成分为高度因子;3月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分与1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾一致,但第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为体重因子;4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为体重因子,第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为宽度因子.1～3月龄凡纳滨对虾形态性状的增长优先于体重, 4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾体重优先于形态性状的增长.错过最佳生长季节的凡纳滨对虾的与体格大小相符的月龄可通过建立的判别式来判断,总的判别准确率为98.98%,其中2～4月龄凡纳滨对虾的判别准确率为100%.