芒果植株再生及其在生物技术中的应用

介绍了近20年来芒果植株再生研究的进展及其在生物技术中的应用.芒果植株再生研究主要通过体胚发生途径进行,用已建立的芒果体胚再生体系进行芒果品种改良已有不少基础研究,将芒果ACC氧化酶的反义基因导入"Hindi"芒果的PEMs中控制果实成熟以及用芒果胚性培养物与真菌滤出物共培养,已初步筛选出抗炭疽病菌的芒果品种.     

国外豆科牧草生物技术研究进展——生物技术在豆科牧草遗传育种研究中的应用

豆科牧草具有重要的经济价值。本文主要从豆科牧草遗传资源鉴定、保存和利用及豆科牧草育种方法和育种策略两个大的方面阐述了生物技术在国外豆科牧草研究中的应用,并重点介绍了体细胞杂交、胚拯救和分子标记技术。     

RFLP,RAPD,AFLP分子标记及其在植物生物技术中的应用

分子标记的创新、发展与应用对植物分子生物学和植物生长技术起了积极的推动作用。本文就ＲＦＬＰ、ＲＡＰＤ、ＡＦＬＰ分子标记及其在植物生物技术中应用作一介绍。     

浅谈生物技术在林业建设中的应用

本文通过分析林业生物技术在林业实际工作中的应用,对生物技术在林业中的应用进行研究,论述了生物技术在林业中应用具有的重要参考意义。     

生物技术在辣椒育种研究上的应用

综述了国内外组织及器官培养、分子标记和基因工程三大生物技术在辣椒育种的研究与利用，并进行了展望。     

植物生物技术讲座 七：植物体细胞胚胎发生和人工种子

植物生物技术讲座（七）──植物体细胞胚胎发生和人工种子秦明波（北京师范大学生物学系１００８７５）云月（北京植物细胞工程实验室１０００８１）在已获得广泛应用的植物快速无性繁殖技术中,顶芽、腋芽培养,不定芽的分化等都不经过“胚”而直接分化出芽甚至长成小植...     

体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术中的应用

本文概述体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔原生质体培养,花药培养,苗木脱毒、胚乳培养,快速繁殖,抗盐突变体筛选和基因工程等研究领域的应用,并对胚发生在柑桔生物技术上的应用一些看法。     

中国水仙生物技术研究进展

中国水仙是我国传统名花,其栽培中一直存在三个问题:品种单一、繁殖速度有限、病毒积累严重。生物技术的发展为解决中国水仙目前存在的问题提供了新的途径,将成为中国水仙遗传改良、种质资源创新的重要手段。该文从四个方面综述了近年来中国水仙生物技术的研究进展:(1)离体培养;(2)基因工程;(3)离体突变体筛选;(4)分子标记。     

体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术中的应用

本文概述体细胞胚胎发生在柑桔原生质体培养、花药培养、苗木脱毒、胚乳培养、快速繁殖、抗盐突变体筛选和基因工程等研究领域的应用,并对胚胎发生在柑桔生物技术上的应用提出一些看法。     

C-mos 及其在系统发生研究中的应用

用于重建系统发生系统的分子标记需满足一些条件,常作的有线粒体DNA序列和一些核基因序列,本文介绍了一种基因C－mos,由于其为单拷贝,无内元,全长约1kb,便于基因组中扩增并测序,可度量中等分类阶元间的亲缘关系,目前主要应用于爬行类和鸟类的系统发生研究中。     

Forest biotechnology: Innovative methods, emerging opportunities

Summary The productivity of plantation forests is essential to meet the future world demand for wood and wood products in a sustainable fashion and in a manner that preserves natural stands and biodiversity. Plantation forestry has enormously benefited from development and implementation of improved silvicultural and forest management practices during the past century. A second wave of improvements has been brought about by the introduction of new germplasm developed through genetics and breeding efforts for both hardwood and conifer tree species. Coupled with the genetic gains achieved through tree breeding, the emergence of new biotechnological approaches that span the fields of plant developmental biology, genetic transformation, and discovery of genes associated with complex multigenic traits have added a new dimension to forest tree improvement programs. Significant progress has been made during the past five years in the area of plant regeneration via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE) for economically important tree species. These advances have not only helped the development of efficient gene transfer techniques, but also have opened up avenues for deployment of new high-performance clonally replicated planting stocks in forest plantations. One of the greatest challenges today is the ability to extend this technology to the most elite germplasm, such that it becomes an, economically feasible means for large-scale production and delivery of improved planting stock. Another challenge will be the ability of the forestry research community to capitalize rapidly on current and future genomics-based elucidation of the underlying mechanisms for important but complex phenotypes. Advancements in gene cloning and genomics technology in forest trees have enabled the discovery and introduction of value-added traits for wood quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses into improved genotypes. With these technical advancements, it will be necessary for reliable regulatory infrastructures and processes to be in place worldwide for testing and release of trees improved through biotechnology. Commercialization of planting stocks, as new varieties generated through clonal propagation and advanced breeding programs or as transgenic trees with high-value traits, is expected in the near future, and these trees will enhance the quality and productivity of our plantation forests.     

禾本科牧草分子生物学及生物技术研究进展

牧草的研究和开发在我国西部生态建设和草地畜牧业发展等方面具有十分重要的意义。禾本科牧草的分子生物学及生物技术研究虽然起步较晚,但在近年取得了令人可喜的进展。以黑麦草属、鸭茅属、羊茅属、赖草属和披碱草属的几种“模式牧草”为重点,从分子标记研究、遗传图谱绘制、基因克隆以及遗传工程等方面对这些研究进展进行了综述。对Genbank中已登录的众多基因进行了信息汇总分析。重点评述了禾本科牧草繁殖方面的分子生物学研究进展。对分子标记、基因工程和比较基因组学应用于禾本科牧草的研究给予了前景展望。     

Refining the application of direct embryogenesis in sugarcane: effect of the developmental phase of leaf disc explants and the timing of DNA transfer on transformation efficiency

A rapid in vitro protocol using direct somatic embryogenesis and microprojectile bombardment was investigated to establish the developmental phases most suitable for efficient sugarcane transformation. Immature leaf roll disc explants with and without pre-emergent inflorescence tissue were compared. It was shown that for effective transformation to occur, explants should be cultured for several days to allow initiation of embryo development prior to bombardment. Leaf roll discs with pre-emergent inflorescences showed a higher degree of embryogenic competence than non-flowering explants, and transformation efficiency was higher when explants containing floral initials were bombarded. Despite the occurrence of high numbers of phenotypically negative plants, combining the use of inflorescent leaf roll discs with direct embryogenic regeneration has the potential to improve the speed and efficiency of transgenesis in sugarcane.     

Cacao biotechnology: current status and future prospects

Theobroma cacao—The Food of the Gods, provides the raw material for the multibillion dollar chocolate industry and is also the main source of income for about 6 million smallholders around the world. Additionally, cocoa beans have a number of other nonfood uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Specifically, the potential health benefits of cocoa have received increasing attention as it is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. At present, the demand for cocoa and cocoa‐based products in Asia is growing particularly rapidly and chocolate manufacturers are increasing investment in this region. However, in many Asian countries, cocoa production is hampered due to many reasons including technological, political and socio‐economic issues. This review provides an overview of the present status of global cocoa production and recent advances in biotechnological applications for cacao improvement, with special emphasis on genetics/genomics, in vitro embryogenesis and genetic transformation. In addition, in order to obtain an insight into the latest innovations in the commercial sector, a survey was conducted on granted patents relating to T. cacao biotechnology.     

Improvement of tissue culture,genetic transformation,and applications of biotechnology to Brassica

Development of in vitro plant regeneration method from Brassica explants via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is influenced by many factors such as culture environment, culture medium composition, explant sources, and genotypes which are reviewed in this study. An efficient in vitro regeneration system to allow genetic transformation of Brassica is a crucial tool for improving its economical value. Methods to optimize transformation protocols for the efficient introduction of desirable traits, and a comparative analysis of these methods are also reviewed. Hence, binary vectors, selectable marker genes, minimum inhibitory concentration of selection agents, reporter marker genes, preculture media, Agrobacterium concentration and regeneration ability of putative transformants for improvement of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brassica are discussed.     

空间生物技术研究与应用动态

由于空间生物技术潜在重大社会和经济效益。加强探索空间生物技术的发展。目前已经成为空间科学技术发展的重点之一。我国的空间技术在系列应用卫星成功发展的基础上,已将进入到更先进的载人飞船阶段。我国的科技人员将会有更多的机会,更好的条件在空间开展生物技术的研究。以促进其发展和应用,造福于人类,本文简要地介绍了空间发展生物技术的优越性。空间生物技术发展的热点和趋势,以及空间生物技术硬件发展的动态。     

Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: Deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones

Summary The most important advantage of cloning conifers by somatic embryogenesis (SE) is that the embryogenic tissue can be cryopreserved without changing its genetic make-up and without loss of juvenility. This offers an opportunity to develop high-value clonal varieties by defrosting and repropagating cryopreserved clones after genetic testing has shown which clones are the best performers. In the current absence of cost-effective automated embling handling systems or artificial seed technology, the deployment of the high-value clones in clonal forestry can be achieved inexpensively by mass serial rooting of cuttings from juvenile donor plants produced from cryopreserved embryogenic cultures. In a genetic analysis of the SE process in white sprucePicea glauca, we found that induction of SE was under strong genetic control. Although the dominance variance diminished rapidly as the zygotic embryos matured, the additive variance remained relatively large during the induction phase. The genetic effects in the subsequent maturation and germination phases were less strong. Furthermore, genetic variation at the different phases of SE was not correlated. Thus, it is the induction phase of SE that can be manipulated by breeding. Most of the embryogenic clones were cryopreserved easily, i.e., there was no apparent genotype effect. To determine stability of cryopreserved clones, a set of 12 clones was retrieved after 3 and 4 years, respectively, from cryopreservation and repropagated by SE. An assessment of morphologicalin vitro development andex vitro survival and growth characters demonstrated general stability of the cryopreserved clones of white spruce. Based on a presentation at the Joint Meeting of the IUFRO Working Parties on Somatic Cell Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Trees held in Quebec City, Canada, August 12–16, 1997.     

植物体细胞胚发生过程中基因表达的研究进展

植物体细胞胚胎发生是一个复杂的发育过程,研究者们通过分析植物体细胞胚发生过程中的基因表达或胚性组织和非胚性组织中基因的差异表达,获得了在体细胞胚发生过程不同时期表达的基因,并分析了这些基因在胚胎发生途径中可能的作用。综述了在植物体细胞胚发生过程中细胞周期相关基因、胁迫和激素应答相关基因、信号转导相关基因、晚期胚胎丰富蛋白基因及与体细胞胚发生相关的胞外蛋白基因表达的研究进展。