慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者下呼吸道病原菌分析

目的了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者（AECOPD）下呼吸道感染病原菌的特点及耐药情况,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供借鉴。方法取诸暨市人民医院2005年1月至2009年12月住院的273例AECOPD患者的下呼吸道痰标本及纤支镜刷取分泌物进行培养、鉴定、药敏,并对结果进行分析。结果273例AECOPD患者中有225例患者分离到病原菌,分离病原菌282株。病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌最多,占46．8％,依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等;革兰阳性球菌占18．4％,以金黄色葡萄球菌最多,肠球菌、肺炎链球菌次之;真菌占20．9％;流感嗜血杆菌占13．8％。药敏结果显示阴性杆菌对美罗培意敏感率最好,其次为亚胺培南、哌拉西林．他唑巴坦。结论AECOPD患者下呼吸道病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药现象明显,流感嗜血杆菌已经成为AECOPD患者重要的致病菌之一。     

海岛基层骨伤医院感染病原菌分布与耐药性

目的回顾性分析海岛基层骨伤医院感染病原菌的分布及药敏率情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法临床标本经24h分离培养,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果从2012年1月至2014年12月发生医院感染的病例中共分离出185株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌55株,占29.73%;革兰阴性菌114株,占61.62%;真菌16株,占8.65%。革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌,革兰阴性菌中的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌等是感染菌谱的主要菌种。药敏显示大多数病原菌耐药性高,革兰阴性、阳性菌分别对亚胺培南和万古霉素敏感性最高。结论本院临床感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,临床用药应以药敏试验结果为依据合理选择抗菌药物。     

呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨和分析下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法回顾性分析2013年在金华市中心医院呼吸内科住院的下呼吸道感染患者合格痰标本细菌培养结果,然后进行细菌菌株的鉴定和药物敏感性检测。结果共分离出593株致病菌。其中,革兰阴性菌464株,占78.2%,前四位为:肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌49株(占8.3%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌80株(占13.5%),以白假丝酵母菌为主。不论是革兰阴性杆菌还是革兰阳性球菌均普遍出现了多重耐药菌株。结论呼吸内科下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,分离病原菌耐药现象普遍存在,临床应重视病原学检查。加强病原菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

神经外科颅内出血患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的耐药性监测

目的了解神经外科重症监护室（NICU）颅内出血患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的种类及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2010年1月至2011年1月颅内出血的患者,其下呼吸道感染病原菌的种类及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果分离出的374例病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占81．8％,革兰阳性球菌占4．0％,真菌占14．2％。分离率较高的细菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。其中,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率为50．0％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为73．3％。鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对丁胺卡那、妥布霉素、多粘菌素B有较好的敏感性;而金黄色葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、万古霉素耐药率较低。结论NICU颅内出血患者下呼吸道感染以多重耐药的革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床应根据药敏结果合理用药,控制和减少感染的发生。     

致眼部感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的探讨眼部感染患者的病原菌组成及其耐药性。方法选取2010年1月至2014年6月就诊于温州医科大学附属眼视光医院的眼部感染患者,对临床送检的标本进行鉴定培养。培养阳性的菌株经API或ATB试剂条鉴定,并对标本进行分类及药物敏感性分析。结果阳性细菌610株,以革兰阳性球菌为主,占69.84%,革兰阴性杆菌次之,占16.89%;真菌115株,以镰刀菌属为主,占43.48%。万古霉素、夫西地酸、左氧氟沙星等对大部分菌株有较好的敏感性。结论掌握眼科感染病原菌分布及药物敏感性规律,可有效预防和控制眼部感染。     

ICU开放人工气道患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护室（ICU）开放气道患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药特点,为临床用药提供依据。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月,重症监护室开放气道患者下呼吸道感染者的痰标本418株病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果革兰阴性杆菌占69．6％,其中铜绿假单胞菌27．02％,其次为鲍曼不动杆菌20．16％。革兰阳性球菌占20．16％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主占12．5％,真菌10．24％。结论目前重症监护室下呼吸道致病菌以G^-杆菌为主,细菌的耐药性严重,应根据药敏试验选择抗生素。     

684例胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的研究胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对684例胆道感染患者胆汁进行培养,应用Micro Scan Walk Away40细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统对分离菌进行鉴定及药敏测定,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果从684例患者胆汁中分离出315株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌占65.1%,革兰阳性球菌占34.3%,真菌占0.6%。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素耐药率较低。肠球菌属、葡萄球菌属对喹诺酮类耐药率较低,未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺的革兰阳性球菌。结论胆道感染仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌分布广泛,耐药情况较严重,治疗使用抗生素需要进行病原菌检测及耐药性分析。     

慢性支气管炎患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:研究老年慢性支气管炎患者合并下呼吸道感染病原菌分布以及耐药性。方法:选取2009年1月到2013年12月我院收治的老年慢性支气管炎患者合并下呼吸道感染患者261例,采集所有患者的痰液,然后进行病原菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果:261例患者中,144例革兰阴性杆菌感染(55.2%),51例革兰阳性杆菌感染(19.5%),66例真菌感染(25.3%),其中混合感染者36例(13.8%)。革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷伯菌最多(18.4%),革兰阳性杆菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最多(9.2%)。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最低,其次是头孢哌酮和阿米卡星,对氨苄西林耐药率最高。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率均为100.0%,均对万古霉素敏感,其次是对环丙沙星敏感。结论:老年慢性支气管炎患者合并下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌感染为主,真菌和混合感染也占一定的比例,应该引起注意。     

小儿下呼吸道感染痰培养标本病原菌构成分析

目的了解小儿下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法对2710例小儿下呼吸道感染患者痰标本进行培养,用VITEK-2Compact微生物鉴定系统鉴定菌种和药敏试验,WHO-NET5．4软件对数据进行分析。结果共分离病原菌675株,革兰阴性杆菌457株,占67．7％,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性球菌159株,占23．5％,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌;真菌59株,占8．7％,主要为白色假丝酵母菌。结论小儿下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药性较为严重,应不断加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

2010~2012年老年肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药监测

目的探讨肺部感染的老年患者病原菌分布变化及耐药状况,指导临床合理用药。方法对2010~2012年在呼吸内科住院的老年肺部感染患者痰培养阳性的4 709株病原菌及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果在4 709株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌2 469株,占52.4%,比例呈上升趋势(38.9%~59.7%);其中肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌分别占11.4%、11.8%和11.9%,比例也呈上升趋势。真菌1 904株,占40.4%,主要为白假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母;革兰阳性球菌336株,占7.1%,金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌分别占3.7%、2.6%;革兰阴性杆菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南耐药率较低;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因100%敏感。结论老年肺部感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对抗菌药物出现了不同程度的耐药,临床应结合药敏结果合理使用抗生素     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病原菌与其综合评估分级间关系的研究

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AEC0PD）病原菌分布及耐药情况,与其综合评估分级之间的关系。方法对2008年1月至2012年6月金华市第五医院住院142例AEC0PD患者的痰标本进行细菌培养和药物敏感试验;所有患者按慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡仪（GOLD）20U版的要求进行综合评估后分级为A级、B级、C级、D级。结果142例AEC0PD患者有99例患者分离到病原菌,共129株。其中,革兰阴性菌最多,占59.6%,依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌,体外药敏结果显示大部分革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南有较好敏感性（72% ）;革兰阳性菌占20. 9%,依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌,大部分革兰阳性菌对万古霉素有较好敏感性（85% ）;真菌占19. 3% ,分别为A色念珠菌、热带念珠菌等,对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑等敏感度高。混合感染占总患者的27.2%。A、B、C和D级AEC0PD患者,病原菌为革兰阴性菌的分别占46.6% ,50.0% ,59. 0%和66.0% ;真菌分别为6. 2%、12. 5%、20. 4%和24. 0% ;混合感染患者分别为15. 3%、23.0%、22. 9%和36. 8%。C级、D级患者革兰阴性菌和真菌检出率,混合感染率较A级、B级高（P 〈 0. 05 ）。结论AEC0PD患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,真菌感染、混合感染率亦较髙,病原菌耐药现象严重,患者综合评估分级高。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病原学及细菌药性分析

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病原学特点及细菌耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供科学依据。方法:回顾性分析我院呼吸内科和老年学科2008年1月-2009年1月563例慢性阻塞性肺疾病(急性加重期)住院患者痰培养及药敏试验结果。结果:563例患者中检出阳性结果205例,检出率为36.41%。其中G+菌46例、G-菌119例、真菌40例。G+菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最多(14例),其次为表皮葡萄球菌和草绿色链球菌;G-菌以铜绿假单胞菌最多(37例),其次为克雷伯菌;真菌以白色念珠菌最多(20例)。G-杆菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢唑啉、复方新诺明耐药严重,对亚胺培南、含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的联合制剂较敏感。金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗生素严重耐药,对万古霉素、亚胺培南较敏感。真菌对氟康唑敏感占50.81%,对伊曲康唑敏感占30.12%,对酮康唑敏感占30.83%,对5-氟胞嘧啶敏感占10.74%。结论:慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期以G-为主,真菌感染有增多趋势,病原菌呈现多重耐药现象。     

AECOPD患者血清降钙素原与其它炎症指标水平的相关性分析

目的：分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）患者血清降钙素原与其它炎症指标水平的相关性。方法：选择2012年1月至2012年12月我院重症医学科收治的195例AECOPD患者作为研究对象,所有患者均采血后行降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）、超敏c反应蛋白（C-reactiveprotein,hs-CRP）、血常规（blood General,WBC）、血沉（erythrocyte sedimentationrate,ESR）、白介素六（interleukin-6,IL-6）检测,同时采集痰标本后行痰培养和药敏试验检测,分析其血清PCT水平与其它炎症指标的相关性。结果：195例AECOPD患者中,PCT增高者43例（22．1％）,正常者152例（77．9％）,其血清PCT水平与hs-CRP、WBC、中性粒细胞百分比（neutrophilpercentage,NEUT％）均显著相关（P〈0．05）,相关系数分别为0．262、0．382、0．333,与ESR、IL-6、痰培养结果无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论：血清PCT水平判定AECOPD患者是否合并感染有一定的局限性,联合检测hs-CRP、WBC、NEUT％,可作为诊断AECOPD感染的有力补充。     

Frequent utilization of the emergency department for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background

Little is known about patients who frequently visit the emergency department (ED) for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). We aimed to quantify the proportion and characteristics of patients with frequent ED visits for AECOPD and associated healthcare utilization.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults aged ≥40 years with at least one ED visit for AECOPD between 2010 and 2011, derived from population-based all-payer data of State ED and Inpatient Databases for two large and diverse states: California and Florida. Outcome measures were frequency of ED visits for AECOPD, 30-day ED revisits, subsequent hospitalizations, near-fatal events (AECOPD involving mechanical ventilation), and charges for both ED and inpatient services (available only for Florida) during the year after the first ED visit.

Results

The analytic cohort comprised 98,280 unique patients with 154,736 ED visits for AECOPD. During the 1-year period, 29.4% (95% CI, 29.1%-29.7%) of the patients had two or more (frequent) visits, accounting for 55.2% (95% CI, 54.9%-55.4%) of all ED visits for AECOPD. In the multivariable model, significant predictors of frequent ED visits were age 55–74 years (vs. 40–54 years), male sex, non-Hispanic white or black race, Medicaid insurance (vs. private), and lower median household income (all P < 0.001). At the visit-level, 12.3% of ED visits for AECOPD were 30-day revisit events (95% CI, 12.1%-12.4%). Additionally, 62.8% of ED visits for AECOPD (95% CI, 62.6%-63.0%) resulted in a hospitalization; patients with frequent ED visits comprised 55.5% (95% CI, 55.2%-55.8%) of all hospitalizations. Furthermore, 7.3% (95% CI, 7.3%-7.5%) of ED visits for AECOPD led to a near-fatal event; patients with frequent ED visits accounted for 64.4% (95% CI, 63.5%-65.3%) of all near-fatal events. Total charges for AECOPD were $1.94 billion (95% CI, $1.90-1.97 billion) in Florida; patients with frequent ED visits accounted for $1.07 billion (95% CI, $1.04-1.09 billion).

Conclusions

In this large cohort study, we found that 29% had frequent ED visits for AECOPD and that lower socioeconomic status was significantly associated with a higher frequency of ED visits. Individuals with frequent ED visits for AECOPD accounted for a substantial amount of healthcare utilization and financial burden.     

Reduced rhinovirus-specific antibodies are associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are often linked to respiratory infections. However, it is unknown if COPD patients who experience frequent exacerbations have impaired humoral immunity. The aim of this study was to determine if antibodies specific for common respiratory pathogens are associated with AECOPD. METHODS: Plasma was obtained from COPD patients when clinically stable. AECOPD requiring hospitalisation were recorded. IgG1 antibodies to H. Influenzae outer membrane protein 6 (P6), pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) and the VP1 viral capsid protein of rhinovirus were measured. RESULTS: COPD patients who had an AECOPD (n = 32) had significantly lower anti-VP1 IgG1 antibody levels when stable compared to COPD patients who did not have an AECOPD (n = 28, p = 0.024). Furthermore, the number of hospitalisations was inversely proportional to anti-VP1 antibody levels (r = 0.331, p = 0.011). In contrast, antibodies specific for P6 and PspC were present at similar concentrations between groups. Plasma IL-21, a cytokine important for B-cell development and antibody synthesis, was also lower in COPD patients who had an AECOPD, than in stable COPD patients (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Deficient humoral immunity specific for rhinoviruses is associated with AECOPD requiring hospitalisation, and may partly explain why some COPD patients have an increased exacerbation risk following respiratory viral infections.     

性传播疾病性尿道炎后慢性前列腺炎病原学分析

目的：了解性传播疾病(sexually transmitted disease,STD)性尿道炎后慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液(expressed prostatic secretion,EPS)标本中病原体的感染状况及对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法：对性传播疾病后慢性前列腺患者的EPS进行病原体检测和药敏试验。结果：126例患者中96例分离出病原体115株,阳性率为76．2％。主要病原体为金黄色葡萄球菌(20．0％)、解脲支原体(18．3％)、表皮葡萄球菌(14．8％)和淋球菌(13．9％),混合感染率达15．1％。药敏试验显示解脲支原体对四环素、红霉素和氧氟沙星耐药,而对原始霉素、强力霉素和交沙霉素敏感。葡萄球菌属对万古霉素、呋喃妥因和头孢唑啉最为敏感。结论,提示EPS的病原体检测对临床诊断和治疗性传播疾病后慢性前列腺炎具有重要意义。     

老年慢性支气管炎急性加重期105例痰需氧菌培养及药敏结果分析

目的分析慢性支气管炎急性加重期病原菌的类型、分布以及药物敏感性试验的情况。方法收集2004年1月至2007年12月我所住院的慢性支气管炎急性加重期患者共送检168例次痰标本进行培养和药物敏感试验。结果从痰液中共检出156株需氧菌,其中革兰阴性菌93株（59．62％）,革兰阳性菌41株（26．28％）,真菌22株（14．1％）;在革兰阴性菌中,以克雷伯菌属为主,占总分离率的21．15％（33／156）,其次是铜绿假单胞菌,分离出24株（15．38％）;革兰阳性菌则以金黄色葡萄球菌及肺炎链球菌居多。感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对11种临床常用的抗生素敏感率较高的是亚胺培南,其次是氨基糖苷类。结论本试验可提高对慢性支气管炎的临床诊断,根据其病原学特点合理使用抗菌药物。     

Importance of Aspergillus spp. isolation in Acute exacerbations of severe COPD: prevalence,factors and follow-up: the FUNGI-COPD study

Background

Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are often associated with infectious agents, some of which may be non-usual, including Aspergillus spp. However, the importance of Aspergillus spp. in the clinical management of AECOPD still remains unclear.

Objectives

The aims of the study were to analyze the prevalence and risk factors associated with Aspergillus spp. isolation in AECOPD, and to investigate the associated clinical outcomes during a 1-year follow-up period.

Methods

Patients presenting with an AECOPD requiring hospitalization were prospectively included from four hospitals across Spain. Clinical, radiological and microbiological data were collected at admission and during the follow-up period (1, 6 and 12 months after discharge), and re-admissions and mortality data collected during the follow-up.

Results

A total of 240 patients with severe AECOPD were included. Valid sputum samples were obtained in 144 (58%) patients, and in this group, the prevalence of Aspergillus spp. isolation was 16.6% on admission and 14.1% at one-year follow-up. Multivariate logistic-regression showed that AECOPD in the previous year (OR 12.35; 95% CI, 1.9-29.1; p < 0.001), concurrent isolation of pathogenic bacteria (OR 3.64; 95% CI 1.65-9.45, p = 0.001) and concomitant isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR 2.80; 95% IC, 1.81-11.42; p = 0.001) were the main risk factors for Aspergillus spp. isolation.

Conclusions

The main risk factors for Aspergillus spp. isolation were AECOPD in the previous year and concomitant isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, although Aspergillus spp. is often isolated in sputum samples from patients with AECOPD, the pathogenic and clinical significance remains unclear.