脑红蛋白研究进展

脑红蛋白 (neuroglobin ,NGB)是新近发现的神经系统特异的携氧球蛋白 ,主要以单体形式存在于神经细胞中。NGB与脊椎动物肌红蛋白 (myoglobin ,MGB)和血红蛋白 (hemoglobin ,HGB)具有较低但仍然显著的序列同源性 ,因此从进化角度以及功能上已将其明确归入携氧球蛋白家族。人NGB为单拷贝基因 ,定位于染色体 14q2 4 ,含有四个外显子和三个内含子 ,可编码 15 1个氨基酸。NGB在包括视网膜神经元在内的大多数中央和外周神经细胞中都有表达。生理条件下NGB呈亚铁脱氧六配位形态 ,具有较强的氧亲和能力。缺氧能够诱导NGB的表达 ,而高表达的NGB则能够保护神经元免受缺氧损伤 ,从而在神经系统缺氧、缺血损伤中具有重要的神经保护功能。对NGB保护神经元的机制进行深入研究 ,将有可能对多种原因导致的缺氧性和退行性神经系统疾病带来全新的治疗方案     

脑红蛋白和细胞红蛋白：携氧蛋白质家族2个新成员

脑红蛋白(neuroglobin, Ngb)和细胞红蛋白(cytoglobin, Cygb)是新发现的2个携氧蛋白家族的成员.脑红蛋白主要存在于脑中,而细胞红蛋白在全身各个组织都含有,它们和另外2个携氧蛋白——血红蛋白和肌红蛋白的同源性<25%,但它们在种属之间的同源性很高(>95%).脊椎动物脑红蛋白基因定位于14q24,细胞红蛋白基因定位于17q25,都含有4个外显子和3个内含子.2种蛋白在生理条件下含有6个配位键,不同于血红蛋白和肌红蛋白的5个配位键结构.这2种新蛋白和氧都具有很高的亲和力,在缺氧条件下其基因及蛋白表达都有明显的提升,对细胞的存活有一定保护作用.对于脑红蛋白和细胞红蛋白的功能研究,有助于更好地了解机体氧代谢和氧利用过程,并为临床在缺氧损伤时的治疗提供新的观点和途径.     

一类新携氧球蛋白--脑红蛋白

脑红蛋白是继血红蛋白、肌红蛋白之后发现的第三类具有运输与储存氧的球蛋白。脑红蛋白主要在脑中表达．能可逆性的结合氧,与氧有很高的亲和力,能够特异性地向脑组织供氧,在神经系统氧的摄取、运输和利用等生理过程中起着极其重要的作用。     

脊椎动物球蛋白家族新成员--胞红蛋白

胞红蛋白(Cygb)是广泛存在于脊椎动物各类组织细胞中的球蛋白家族成员。Cygb为六配位体血红素单体蛋白质,能可逆结合O2、CO等气体配体,参与细胞内某些需氧酶反应。     

胞红蛋白研究进展

胞红蛋白(Cytoglobin,CYGB)是珠蛋白家族中的一员,在脊椎动物的器官,组织和细胞中有广泛表达。它具有一个紧密的双螺旋结构,不仅具有储存和运输氧气的功能,还参与胶原合成、酶促反应、清除细胞内活性氧、基因调控等过程。此外,胞红蛋白在体外能抑制癌细胞的生长,从而引起研究人员的高度关注。本文重点对CYGB的结构、分布、基因调控和功能、参与病理状态以及潜在的临床应用价值等方面展开综述。     

胞红蛋白在肝肾纤维化中的作用

胞红蛋白是珠蛋白家族中的新成员,在组织中有广泛表达,但这种表达只限于成纤维细胞及其衍生细胞中,且定位在细胞质中.最初认为胞红蛋白与其它珠蛋白在功能上有一定的相似性,如携带氧至线粒体、作为氧的感受器等.但胞红蛋白的特殊结构及主要定位与上述功能并不完全相符.越来越多的研究认为胞红蛋白参与纤维化形成,并且其过表达可以对抗损伤导致的氧化应激,从而抑制自由基介导的成纤维细胞的活化及组织的纤维化.     

胞红蛋白酵母双杂交载体的构建与表达

胞红蛋白（CGB）是一种新发现的分布于胞浆与胞核的携氧珠蛋白。为探讨CGB在体内的相互作用蛋白,从而促进对其分子调控网络的认识,根据CGB基因的开放阅读框架设计并合成PCR引物,从人胎肝cDNA文库中扩增得到该基因编码区.测序分析正确后将其定向克隆到酵母表达载体pGBKT7中,构建获得CGB的酵母表达载体pGBKT7-CGB,并在酵母菌AH109中表达。提取酵母总蛋白并利用标签蛋白（myc）的抗体进行免疫印迹检测。结果表明所构建的CGB酵母表达载体能够在酵母中高效表达,可用于后续的酵母双杂交文库的筛选工作。     

一种新的硒酶——硫氧还蛋白还原酶

必需微量元素硒的生物功能主要是通过各种硒酶和硒蛋白来实现的,如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰｘ）类具有抗氧化功能,碘甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶（ＤＩ）类在甲状腺激素的生物合成和代谢中具有重要作用。已有研究表明,在哺乳动物各种组织中可能大约存在２５种左右硒蛋白,但是迄...     

胞红蛋白在调控细胞铁死亡中的作用

近年来,以细胞内氧化还原平衡失调为重要诱因,具有铁依赖性和以脂质过氧化物堆积引起细胞膜损伤为主要特征的细胞铁死亡备受关注。越来越多的研究表明,细胞铁死亡在疾病发生及防治方面具有重要作用。胞红蛋白(cytoglobin,CYGB),又名星状细胞激活蛋白 (stellate cell activating protein, STAP),是一种珠蛋白,不仅能可逆地结合氧分子,储存和传递氧气,同时在其氨基酸序列中含2个半胱氨酸残基,可形成分子内部的二硫键,在感受细胞内氧化还原状态变动时,改变自身空间结构,引起生物活性及下游信号通路的变化。同时,CYGB还具有一氧化氮双加氧酶活性,能够清除过量一氧化氮与活性氧物质超氧阴离子反应生成的有毒ONOO^-,防止其对线粒体功能的破坏。而细胞内活氧物质和线粒体是影响细胞铁死亡的重要因素。因此,本综述主要围绕CYGB清除活性氧物质及调控一氧化氮代谢等的作用机制,并结合我们最近有关CYGB通过p53-YAP1轴调控细胞内脂质代谢的研究进行阐述,提出CYGB通过参与细胞铁死亡调控来行使功能,为心血管功能,肝纤维化及癌症发生等相关疾病的预防和治疗提供重要的理论依据。     

胞红蛋白在缺氧下的表达

胞红蛋白(cytoglobin,CYGB)是新发现的第4种携氧球蛋白,具有典型的"three-over-three"-螺旋三明治折叠结构.CYGB体内分布广泛,主要以单倍体形式存在于成纤维细胞及神经元细胞中.CYGB在缺氧下表达明显增强并具有保护组织细胞免遭缺血损伤的作用,其机制与其蛋白结构及基因表达有关.本文综述了胞红蛋白在缺氧下的表达以及内在机理.     

Cytoglobin: a novel globin type ubiquitously expressed in vertebrate tissues

Vertebrates possess multiple respiratory globins that differ in terms of structure, function, and tissue distribution. Three types of globins have been described so far: hemoglobin facilitates the transport of oxygen in the blood, myoglobin serves oxygen transport and storage in the muscle, and neuroglobin has a yet unidentified function in nerve cells. Here we report the identification of a fourth and novel type of globin in mouse, man, and zebrafish. It is expressed in apparently all types of human tissue and therefore has been called cytoglobin (CYGB). Mouse and human CYGBs comprise 190 amino acids; the zebrafish CYGB, 174 amino acids. The human CYGB gene is located on chromosome 17q25. The mammalian genes display a unique exon-intron pattern with an additional exon resulting in a C-terminal extension of the protein, which is absent in the fish CYGB. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the CYGBs had a common ancestor with vertebrate myoglobins. This indicates that the vertebrate myoglobins are in fact a specialized intracellular globin that evolved in adaptation to the special needs of muscle cells.     

Crystal structure of cytoglobin: the fourth globin type discovered in man displays heme hexa-coordination

Cytoglobin is a recently discovered hemeprotein belonging to the globin superfamily together with hemoglobin, myoglobin and neuroglobin. Although distributed in almost all human tissues, cytoglobin has not been ascribed a specific function. Human cytoglobin is composed of 190 amino acid residues. Sequence alignments show that a protein core region (about 150 residues) is structurally related to hemoglobin and myoglobin, being complemented by about 20 extra residues both on the N and C termini. In the absence of exogenous ligands (e.g. O2), the cytoglobin distal HisE7 residue is coordinated to the heme Fe atom, thus decreasing the ligand affinity. The crystal structure of human cytoglobin (2.1 A resolution, 21.3% R-factor) highlights a three-over-three alpha-helical globin fold, covering residues 18-171; the 1-17 N-terminal, and the 172-190 C-terminal residue segments are disordered in both molecules of the crystal asymmetric unit. Heme hexa-coordination is evident in one of the two cytoglobin chains, whereas alternate conformation for the heme distal region, achieving partial heme penta-coordination, is observed in the other. Human cytoglobin displays a large apolar protein matrix cavity, next to the heme, not related to the myoglobin cavities recognized as temporary ligand docking stations. The cavity, which may provide a heme ligand diffusion pathway, is connected to the external space through a narrow tunnel nestled between the globin G and H helices.     

Characterization of the heme environmental structure of cytoglobin,a fourth globin in humans

Cytoglobin (Cgb) represents a fourth member of the globin superfamily in mammals, but its function is unknown. Site-directed mutagenesis, in which six histidine residues were replaced with alanine, was carried out, and the results indicate that the imidazoles of His81 (E7) and His113 (F8) bind to the heme iron as axial ligands in the hexacoordinate and the low-spin state. The optical absorption, resonance Raman, and IR spectral results are consistent with this conclusion. The redox potential measurements revealed an E' of 20 mV (vs NHE) in the ferric/ferrous couple, indicating that the imidazole ligands of His81 and His113 are electronically neutral. On the basis of the nu(Fe-CO) and nu(C-O) values in the resonance Raman and infrared spectra of the ferrous-CO complexes of Cgb and its mutants, it was found that CO binds to the ferrous iron after the His81 imidazole is dissociated, and three conformers are present in the resultant CO coordination structure. Two are in closed conformations of the heme pocket, in which the bound CO ligand interacts with the dissociated His81 imidazole, while the third is in an open conformation. The nu(Fe-O2) in the resonance Raman spectra of oxy Cgb can be observed at 572 cm(-1), suggesting a polar heme environment. These structural properties of the heme pocket of Cgb are discussed with respect to its proposed in vivo oxygen storage function.     

Oxypred: prediction and classification of oxygen-binding proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Secondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classifying the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemocyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins (available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).