Principal Component Analysis on Morphological Variation in the Saussurea nipponica Complex (Compositae)

Abstract For the understanding of morphological differentiation and recognition of natural groups in the Saussurea nipponica complex, 440 individuals from 19 populations were examined, especially by using statistical methods. The variation range of 16 morphological characters within and between populations were analyzed not only separately but also synthetically by Duncan's multiple range test, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Of the 16 characters examined, characters concerning plant size (height and diameter of stem, size of involucre, etc.) and involucral bract (length of involucral bract and recurved part of involucral bract) are suggested to be important to recognize natural groups. Five groups are recognized by a complex pattern of the morphological characters. They can be defined multivariately as natural groups having indegenous habitat and distribution range, and considered as subspecies of S. nipponica.     

细莴苣属的分类学修订

在标本观察和野外调查的基础上,对细莴苣属Stenoseris植物进行了分类学修订,共确认了3种.有3个名称,即Stenoseris leptanthaShih,S.taliensis(Franch.)Shih和S.tenuisShih处理为新异名.此外,重新编制了细莴苣属分种检索表,并较为详细地记录了每种的分布地点.     

Phylogeography and refugia of the Japanese endemic alpine plant, Phyllodoce nipponica Makino (Ericaceae)

Aim  This study aims to elucidate the phylogeography of the Japanese endemic alpine plant, Phyllodoce nipponica Makino (Ericaceae) and to infer the location of refugia of alpine plants in Japan during climatic oscillations.
Location  Alpine zone in the Japanese archipelago.
Methods  We determined the chloroplast (cp) DNA haplotypes of 155 individuals (22 populations) based on sequence data from the trnL-F and trnT-L intergenic spacers and the trnL intron, whose phylogenetic relationships were analysed using the program tcs . To examine the genetic structure, analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was carried out and the population differentiation was shown by the parameters G _ST and N _ST.
Results  The haplotype composition and the results of amova showed that populations in the Japanese Central Mountain Region (JCMR) and in the westernmost region were highly divergent (18.8%). The diversity within populations was very high in the JCMR ( h _S = 0.421); less variation was found within populations located in other regions at lower elevations.
Main conclusions  Phyllodoce nipponica survived climatic changes during the Quaternary in the JCMR and the westernmost region. Most of the distribution range was colonized during only one range expansion. The source location from which the range expansion occurred was unclear.     

Genetic diversity in the Centaurea cineraria group (Compositae) in Sicily using isozymes

Abstract

The genetic diversity of seven taxa endemic to Sicily, C. cineraria, C. busambarensis, C. ucriae subsp. ucriae, C. ucriae subsp. umbrosa, C. todari, C. erycina and C. saccensis, from 11 localities was investigated using isozymes. Eight loci from five enzyme systems (IDH, MDH, PGD, PGM and PGI) were examined. A total of 19 alleles were identified, some rare and two of them exclusive to different populations. The allelic frequencies and the genetic variability values for each population were calculated. On the whole, the genetic diversity, i.e., average polymorphism (P) = 0.41, average number of alleles per locus (A) = 1.75, Nei's gene diversity (H) = 0.18, is moderate, with the highest genetic variability found in the populations of C. todari. The dendrogram shows two major groups: the first consists of all Sicilian populations except those of C. todari; the second of C. cineraria from the region of Campania and C. todari.     

Taxonomic Study on Genera of Tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) from China

The Present paper is a preliminary result of study on three genera, Dubyaea, Syncalathium and Soroseris of the tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) in China. The genus Dubyaea in China so far known consists of 14 species, of which six are described here as new: D. pteroponda Shih, D. lanceolate Shih, D. muliensis Shih, D. panduriformis Shih, D. cymiformis Shih and D. jinyangensis Shih. In addition, one new combination, i.e.D. bhotanica (Hutch.) Shih, is made. There are six species in the genus Syncalathium in Chinese flora, of which one species is described here as new. This is S. orbiculariforme Shih. A new combination, S. pilosum (Hand.-Mazz.) Shih, is made in the paper. The genus Soroseris comprises nine species, of which three are described here as new, S. teres Shih, S. chrysocephala Shih and S. qinghaiensis Shih. Three new combinations, i.e.S. trichocarpa (Franch.) Shih, S. hirsuta (Anth.) Shih, and S.erysimoides (Hand.-Mazz.) Shih are made in the present paper.     

忍冬属植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系研究

应用RAPD标记技术对甘肃省境内的23种忍冬属(Lonicera Linn．)植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系进行了探讨。从34个随机引物中共选出9个多态性和重复性较好且谱带清晰的引物,这9个引物扩增出的DNA片段大多在300～3000bp之间,所形成的多态性位点数差距较大。POPGENE 1．31软件分析结果表明：甘肃省忍冬属植物具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,其多态性比率为71．93％,Shannon多样性指数与Nei指数分别为0．3230和0．2086。Nei‘s遗传距离和UPGMA分析结果显示,23种忍冬明显地聚为2大类,其下又有较多分支,即隶属于同一亚组或相近亚组的不同种基本归为一类,其种间关系与传统的形态学分类结果基本一致。但也有个别种的归属及种间关系稍有变化,如形态学上差异较大的毛药忍冬和毛花忍冬在本研究中聚在一起。这可能与不同的分类水平有关。     

Allozymic variation and divergence in three species of Antirrhinum L. (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae)

An allozymic study of three wild species of Antirrhinum L. A. lopesiamum Rothm., A. mollissimum Roihni. and A. microphyllum Rothm. is described. All are members of subsection Kickiella Rothm., and are narrow-range endemics of the Iberian Peninsula. The variability of the different loci, as well as the number and mobility of the alleles, differ among the three species, a demonstration of the usefulness of allozymes for the systematics of the genus. The finding of alleles unique to each species indicates high divergence among species suggesting ancient diversification, and supports the hypothesis of a geographical model of speciation. All three species show high levels of within-species variability, mainly partitioned within populations, while between populations genetic differentiation is low. Correlations between population size, sample size and genetic variability, and the usefulness of allozymic data for conservation purposes, are discussed.     

Electrophoretic studies on the Anisakis simplex complex (Ascaridida:Anisakidae) from the Mediterranean and North-East Atlantic

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and 1986. Electrophoretic studies on the Anisakis simplex complex (Ascaridida: Anisakidae) from the Mediterranean and North-East Atlantic. International Journal for Parasitology 16: 633–640. The genetic variation of the sibling species Anisakis simplex A and A. simplex B was investigated by electrophoretic analysis of 22 gene-enzyme systems. The two species are reproductively isolated and no gene flow takes place between them. Three loci, Sod, Adk-2 and Lap-1, show distinct alleles in A. simplex A and A. simplex B, allowing their reliable identification both at the larval and adult stages. A fourth locus, Got, appears to be diagnostic at the 95% level. The value of Nei's genetic distance found between A. simplex A and A. simplex B is 0.28. Parameters of genetic variability (He, P, A) are given for both species. The geographic distribution of A. simplex A and A. simplex B appears to be mainly Mediterranean for the former, and mainly North Atlantic for the latter. Several paratenic hosts (fish and squid) and one cetacean definitive host are identified for each of the two species. The names A. pegreffii and A. simplex are tentatively proposed for A. simplex A and A. simplex B respectively.     

Chemical races in the red alga Laurencia nipponica (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales)

Genetic variation in the synthesis of halogenated secondary metabolites in the Japanese marine red alga Laurencia nipponica Yamada (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) has been investigated in laboratory crossing experiments and chemical analyses, F₁ tetrasporophytes and F₁ gametophytes resulting from crosses within chemical races produced major metabolites characteristic of these races. F₁ tetrasporophytes derived from reciprocal interracial crosses produced: (i) both parental types of secondary metabolites; (ii) either of the parental types; or (iii) a further major compound in addition to both parental types or in addition to either of the parental types. The latter cases suggest that hybrid-specific products were formed by the combined enzymatic complements of the parents, as F₁ gametophytes derived from these interracial F₁ tetrasporophytes yielded one or other of their parental products in an approximate 1:1 ratio. The population structure was analyzed at localities in Hokkaido, where two of the chemical races occur sympatrically. At Usujiri (Minami-kayabe), where the prepacifenol race and the laureatin race were sym-patric, hybrid gametophytes (recombination type) were found in high frequency in addition to hybrid tetra sporophytes, which strongly suggests that a new, pre-pacifenol/laureatm race is beginning to be produced by natural hybridization and recombination. By contrast, at Oshoro Bay, where the laurencin race and the epi-lauraliene race grew together, the interracial hybrids were rare: only a few tetrasporophytes (probably F₁ generation) were found, suggesting that racial integrity may be retained by habitat segregation and/or the absence of recombination-type gametophytes.     

大孔吸附树脂富集穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷工艺研究

以穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷的洗脱率、精制度为指标,考察大孔吸附树脂对穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷的吸附性能和洗脱参数。实验结果表明:经ZTC澄清剂澄清后的穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷提取液40 mL(6.57 mg/mL)上大孔树脂柱(R25 mm×H100 mm,干重6.0 g),用蒸馏水80 mL、50%乙醇100 mL依次洗脱。穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷富集于50%乙醇洗脱液部位,洗脱率达80%以上,干燥后总固物中穿龙薯蓣水溶性皂苷纯度可达26.1%,达到较好的纯化目的。     

Origin of the serpentine-endemic herb Layia discoidea from the widespread L. glandulosa (Compositae)

Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA sequences uphold Gottlieb et al.'s hypothesis that Layia discoidea, a morphologically unusual, serpentine-endemic herb of narrow distribution in central California, "budded off" recently (less than one million years ago) from a nearby lineage of the widespread L. glandulosa, which occurs on sandy soils across much of far western North America. Although L. discoidea and L. glandulosa retain complete interfertility, nuclear rDNA data for the two species are almost free of evolutionary noise, without evidence of gene flow between them; allopatric divergence of L. discoidea cannot be ruled out. Molecular data are consistent with a hypothesis of accelerated morphological evolution of L. discoidea and Gottlieb et al.'s suggestion that the closest relatives of L. discoidea are populations of L. glandulosa with yellow, rather than white, ray corollas, in accord with Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey's evidence of a gene for yellow ray coloration in the rayless L. discoidea.     

三个黄颡鱼群体遗传多样性及亲缘关系的微卫星标记分析

利用微卫星标记技术对3个黄颡鱼群体(W S、TE和QF)的遗传多样性及亲缘关系进行研究。通过筛选的30个引物对3个黄颡鱼群体基因组DNA的扩增,获得了19个有效引物,其中有6个微卫星位点具有多态性,并计算出了3个黄颡鱼群体间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离,TE和QF群体间的遗传相似系数最大(0.8736),遗传距离最小(0.1790);W S和QF群体间的遗传相似系数最小(0.7284),遗传距离最大(0.2768)。同时运用聚类分析(UPGMA)的方法建立了3个黄颡鱼群体的系统发生树。     

Thermal insulation and accumulation of heat in the downy inflorescences of Saussurea medusa (Asteraceae) at high elevation in Yunnan,China

Himalayan snowball plants, which are considered to be an extreme form of downy plants, have very dense trichomes on well-developed bracts that surround the inflorescences. It has been postulated that the downy inflorescences of these plants might serve to keep the interior of inflorescences warmer than the outside and, thus, to protect reproductive cells from low temperatures in their Himalayan habitat. In the present study, we examined the downy inflorescences of Saussurea medusa Maxim. in native habitats in the high alpine zone of the Henduan Mountains in Yunnan, China, and we analyzed the temperature within inflorescences after absorbance of light energy. S. medusa is pollinated by bumblebees and we found that its inflorescences accumulated heat not on the inside, but, rather, on the upper surfaces. The thick hollow stems and the overlapping bracts with obvious epinasty might serve not only to retain heat, but also as an insulator to protect the inside against overheating, with apparent local warming of flowers that are located at the tops of plants, which are cone-shaped. We made a model that mimicked the warming of inflorescences, providing support for the hypothesis that the downy bracts of S. medusa have two functions: thermal insulation to protect the inside of flowers and the accumulation of heat on the upper surfaces of the inflorescence. Such a system might be effective in attracting pollinators and also in protecting tissues from extreme variations in temperature. Electronic Publication     

Consequences of floral complexity for bumblebee-mediated geitonogamous self-pollination in Salvia nipponica Miq. (Labiatae)

Abstract.— I address how floral complexity influences geitonogamous self-pollination through manipulation of pollinator behavior in Salvia nipponica . The pivoting stamens of S. nipponica hinder nectar-collecting bumblebees from crawling into flowers, increasing the probing time per flower. I predicted that longer probing times would reduce the relative cost of moving between plants, causing bees to leave plants earlier. To test this prediction, I simplified S. nipponica flowers by removing the stamens from all open flowers within a 75-m² quadrat. Bumblebees probed these flowers more quickly than intact flowers, but the stamen removal affected neither the frequency of flower revisitation nor the flight distance between plants. In response to the decrease in the probing time per flower, bees probed more flowers on these plants. Therefore, in S. nipponica , floral complexity reduces the opportunity for geitonogamous self-pollination. Stamen removal also increased bee visitation per flower, suggesting that this sort of complexity deters visitation. To keep complex flowers attractive, therefore, selection might increase floral rewards or longevity. Floral complexity might evolve in an integrative manner with the rest of the floral phenotype.     

我国雪莲植物的种类、生境分布及化学成分的研究进展

本文对雪莲花的原植物种类、生境分布、生长习性做了分析整理,并对新疆雪莲、水母雪莲、雪兔子等六种雪莲植物化学成分研究进展进行了综述。从比较已有的实验结果中发现不同种雪莲在其特定生境下的化学成分既有属的同一性又存在种的特征性差异。这不仅为植物化学分类提供了证据,也为细胞大量培养选用品质优秀的原植物材料提供了资料     

水母雪莲红色细胞系类黄酮含量和相关基因表达

水母雪莲为中国传统名贵中药,具有散寒除湿、活血通经、抗炎、镇痛等功效,其主要药用成分为类黄酮化合物。以水母雪莲白色系愈伤组织和经低温、高糖、强光诱导得到的红色系为材料,比较不同细胞系中类黄酮活性成分、结构基因和转录因子表达的差异。结果表明,红色系中总黄酮含量为白色系的3.60倍;重要的药用成分为芦丁,其含量达到干重的0.25%,是白色系的2.40倍;红色系中花青苷含量极高,矢车菊素3-O-己糖苷和矢车菊素3-O-琥珀酰己糖苷的含量分别达到干重的0.12%和0.19%;红色系中CHS、F3'H、FNS、FLS、DFR和ANS基因的表达均明显高于白色系;红色系中转录因子MYB、bHLH和WD40的表达也均明显高于白色系,其中MYB的表达量为白色系的19.70倍,说明红色系中转录因子的高水平表达增强了结构基因的表达,进而提高了类黄酮的合成。红色系中bHLH和WD40表达水平相似,而与MYB的表达水平相差很大,推测可能在水母雪莲中bHLH和WD40两种转录因子形成二元复合体后,和MYB共同调控类黄酮合成途径中结构基因的表达。     

Non-gradual variation in colour morphs of the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio: genetic and geographical isolation suggest a role for selection in maintaining polymorphism

The relative roles that geographical isolation and selection play in driving population divergence remain one of the central questions in evolutionary biology. We approached this question by investigating genetic and morphological variation among populations of the strawberry poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio, in the Bocas del Toro archipelago, Panama. We found significant population genetic structure and isolation by distance based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Snout vent length (SVL), coloration and the extent and size of dorsal black spots showed large variation among the studied populations. Differences in SVL correlated with genetic distance, whereas black spot patterns and other coloration parameters did not. Indeed, the latter characters were observed to be dramatically different between contiguous populations located on the same island. These results imply that neutral divergence among populations may account for the genetic patterns based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and SVL. However, selective pressures need to be invoked in order to explain the extraordinary variation in spot size and coverage, and coloration. We discuss the possibility that the observed variation in colour morphs is a consequence of a combination of local variation in both natural selection on an aposematic signal towards visual predators and sexual selection generated by colour morph-specific mate preferences.     

利用叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列初步探讨菊科风毛菊属的系统发育

风毛菊属Saussurea DC.是菊科物种分化十分剧烈和分类处理十分困难的一个属。该属的单系起源性质、属下分类系统以及一些独特形态物种的系统位置尚不清楚,有待进一步验证。本文测定了代表该属5个亚属37种植物43个样品和川木香属Dolomiaea DC.的１种样品的叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列,并调取菜蓟族Cardueae Cass.与风毛菊属具有一定亲缘关系的13属的该序列,一起进行了分支分析,重点验证该属的属下形态分类系统以及形态特殊、青藏高原地区特有的雪兔子亚属subgen. Eriocoryne     

云南金钱槭形态变异与遗传变异的相关性研究

对我国特有珍稀濒危保护植物云南金钱槭的形态变异水平、遗传变异模式以及两者之间的相关性进行了研究。形态学性状分析结果表明 :各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从大到小排列为 :文山居群 (WSh)、屏边居群 (PB)、黑龙潭居群 (HL T)、蒙自居群 (MZ) ;文山居群与屏边、黑龙潭、蒙自居群间已产生显著或极显著水平的形态差异 ,而后三者间的差异未达显著水平。RAPD分析检测到 10 3个位点 ,其中多态位点 84个 ,云南金钱槭物种水平的多态位点比率为 81.5 5 % ,与其它珍稀濒危植物相比该种的遗传多样性水平不低。 AMOVA和 N ei基因多样性指数分析显示 ,尽管大部分遗传变异仍存在于居群内 (分别为5 7.86 %、5 7.33% ) ,但居群间的遗传变异已达较高水平 (分别为 4 2 .14 %、4 2 .6 7% )。相关分析结果显示 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异与海拔、土壤有机质等生态因子有着显著或极显著水平的相关性 ,但与遗传变异的相关性未达显著水平 ,说明云南金钱槭的形态变异虽然具有一定的遗传基础 ,但可塑性及环境压力对形态变异的产生作用更大一些。基于形态性状和 RAPD数据的聚类分析则进一步说明 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异受到环境因子的强烈影响而与遗传背景的关系不显著