Calcofluor White M2R荧光染色法识别家蚕微孢子虫

本研究探讨应用荧光染色试剂Calcofluor White M2R染色鉴别家蚕微孢子虫Nosema bombycis。结果表明：在荧光显微镜下可见家蚕微孢子虫孢子被染上强烈的青蓝色荧光, 而寄主组织碎片、病毒、细菌等不被染色。该法是一种快速有效鉴别微孢子虫的方法。     

蜜蜂微孢子虫在中国的自然种系构成初探

蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema apis及Nosema ceranae)是微孢子虫的典型代表之一,由它寄生蜜蜂所产生的疾病,称为蜜蜂微孢子虫病。通过目前国际上普遍使用的克隆16srRNA基因(16srDNA)的片段并测序的方法来进行蜜蜂微孢子虫在我国主要养蜂地区的分布情况。结果表明,在我国主要养蜂地区,造成大量西方蜜蜂患蜜蜂微孢子虫病的是东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae,至今为止未发现过去我们广泛认定的西方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema apis。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫传染病学分析

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病是一种由东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae)引起的蜜蜂传染病,已经蔓延到全球。蜜蜂感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫后会导致早衰、哺育能力下降、生产力和繁殖能力降低,严重时可直接导致蜂群瓦解。本文从传染病学角度出发,对近10年东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病原学、流行病学和防治方法等方面进行总结,以此提高对微孢子虫的认识,为微孢子虫防治提供新思路。     

应用荧光染色法检测寄主昆虫体表病原真菌孢子及其附着孢

采用蝗虫翅膀作为侵染组织,探讨了荧光染色剂Calcofluor White M2R在观测寄主体表绿僵菌孢子及其附着孢形成中的应用。结果表明,在荧光显微镜下,清晰可见蝗虫翅膀上发蓝色荧光的绿僵菌孢子、芽管及附着孢,而蝗虫翅膀未被染色,避免了干扰观察目标物。该方法可以准确观察病原真菌孢子在昆虫体表组织的萌发及附着孢形成。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中微小RNA的鉴定与分析

【目的】丰富东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)信息,并为深入探究miRNA在病原孢子和病原侵染中的功能提供理论和实验依据。【方法】基于已获得的small RNA-seq数据,利用生物信息学软件对东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的纯净孢子中的miRNA进行鉴定和分析。采用茎环反转录PCR(stem-loop RT-PCR)检测已鉴定的miRNA的表达;通过分子克隆与Sanger测序验证miRNA的序列。使用TargetFinder软件预测这些miRNA的靶基因,并对靶基因进行数据库注释。根据miRNA与靶基因的靶向结合关系构建调控网络,再利用Cytoscape软件进行可视化。【结果】在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中共鉴定到10个miRNA;这些miRNA的长度分布介于21~25 nt,首位碱基表现出U偏向性,每一位碱基的偏向性差异明显。Stem-loop RT-PCR检测结果表明这10个miRNA均真实表达;Sanger测序结果证实了随机选取的其中2个miRNA的序列真实性。共预测出249个靶基因,其中分别有249, 118, 136和3个靶基因可注释到Nr,Swiss-Prot, KOG和eggNOG数据库。此外,分别有134和71个靶基因可分别注释到GO数据库的30个功能条目和KEGG数据库的54条通路。【结论】本研究揭示了东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中miRNA的存在和表达;这些miRNA通过调控潜在靶基因的表达参与孢子的生命活动。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染意大利蜜蜂工蜂过程的nce-miR-23928及其靶基因表达谱

【背景】东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae)专性侵染成年蜜蜂中肠上皮细胞而导致的微孢子虫病给养蜂业造成严重损失。【目的】检测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫nce-miR-23928及其靶基因在侵染意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂过程的表达谱,为深入探究nce-miR-23928在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染中的功能及调控机制提供依据。【方法】通过RNAhybrid、miRanda和TargetScan软件预测nce-miR-23928的靶基因。使用BLAST工具将上述靶基因比对到基因本体论(geneontology,GO)、京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)、Nr和Swiss-Prot数据库以获得相应注释。采用实时荧光定量PCR(realtimequantitativePCR,RT-qPCR)技术检测nce-miR-23928及其靶基因在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染意蜂工蜂过程中的相对表达量。【结果】相较于接种后1 d (1 day post infection, 1 dpi),nce-...     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染意大利蜜蜂工蜂过程中nce-miR-10660及其靶基因表达谱

【目的】本研究旨在为探究nce-miR-10660调控东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae侵染的作用机制提供理论和实验依据。【方法】采用Stem-loop RT-PCR对前期鉴定到的东方蜜蜂微孢子虫nce-miR-10660进行表达验证,再通过Sanger测序验证nce-miR-10660的序列。利用相关生物信息学软件预测和分析nce-miR-10660的靶基因。通过RT-qPCR检测nce-miR-10660及其靶基因在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂过程中中肠中的表达谱。【结果】Stem-loop RT-PCR和Sanger测序结果分别证实了nce-miR-10660在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫孢子中的表达和真实存在。靶向预测结果显示nce-miR-10660共靶向RRDRP和RCDP 42等9个基因;分别有2和6个靶基因可被分别注释到KEGG数据库中的4条通路和GO数据库中的23个条目。RT-qPCR结果显示,相较于东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染后1 d时意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠中nce-miR-10660的表达量,东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染后2 d时意...     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫腺苷酸激酶的生物信息学与基因表达特征

本研究旨在解析东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的腺苷酸激酶（Adenylat kinase, ADK）NcADK的理化性质和分子特性,并检测NcADK基因在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂过程中的表达特征,以期丰富NcADK相关信息,并为进一步的功能研究提供依据。利用相关生物信息学软件预测和分析NcADK的理化性质、信号肽、磷酸化位点、二级结构和三级结构。使用MEME软件和Batch CD-Search工具分别预测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和其它7种微孢子ADK蛋白的保守基序和保守结构域。通过Mega 11.0软件基于ADK氨基酸序列构建进化树。采用RT-qPCR检测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染过程中NcADK的相对表达量。结果表明,NcADK的CDS含有540个核苷酸,可编码179个氨基酸;NcADK的分子量约为20.66 kDa,分子式为C903H1488N258O278S8,脂肪系数为100.61,平均亲水系数为-0.502,等电点为6.83,含29个负电荷氨基酸和29个正电荷氨基酸;NcADK可同时定位于细胞质、线粒体、细胞核、囊泡和过氧化物酶体;NcADK含20个磷酸化位点,不含典型的信号肽;NcADK含88个α-螺旋,24条延长链,17个β-转角,50个无规则卷曲,与模板A0A0F9WEU7.1.A之间的序列同源性为100%;在东方蜜蜂微孢子虫、东方赤孢子虫Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis、肠脑炎微孢子虫Encephalitozoon intestinalis、按蚊微孢子虫Anncaliia algerae和角膜条孢虫Vittaforma corneae ADK中均鉴定到1个相同的结构域和5个相同的保守基序;东方蜜蜂微孢子虫与蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema apis的ADK在进化树上聚为一支。相较于接种后1 d（1 day post inoculation, 1 dpi）,NcADK的表达量在2 dpi上调但无显著差异(P>0.05）,在3 dpi 和4 dpi均显著上调（P>0.05）。研究结果明确了NcADK的理化性质和分子特性,并揭示NcADK是潜在的亲水性蛋白和胞内蛋白,不同微孢子虫的ADK具有较强的保守性,东方蜜蜂微孢子虫及其姐妹种蜜蜂微孢子虫的ADK具有高同源性,NcADK在3 dpi和4 dpi被激活表达。     

蜜蜂及熊蜂微孢子虫rRNA基因研究

核糖体RNA(rRNA)是一种理想的进化计时器,已广泛地应用于研究微生物的系统发育和进化关系。蜜蜂和熊蜂都被微孢子虫感染,关于蜜蜂和熊蜂微孢子虫rRNA基因研究主要有rRNA基因序列的测定分析、二级结构的研究和用rRNA基因检测诊断微孢子虫等。这些对蜜蜂和熊蜂微孢子虫系统发育的研究和微孢子虫的防治等具有重要的推动作用。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫LCFAL 2基因的分子特性及系统进化分析

本研究旨在解析东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的长链脂肪酸辅酶A连接酶(long chain fatty acid COA ligase)基因LCFAL 2的分子特性,鉴定东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和其他物种的LCFAL 2蛋白的保守基序和结构域并进行系统进化分析,以期丰富东方蜜蜂微孢子虫LCFAL 2的信息,为深入开展相关功能研究提供基础。通过Expasy网站上的相关软件预测和分析LCFAL 2的理化性质、跨膜螺旋域、信号肽、磷酸化位点、二级结构和三级结构。使用MEME软件预测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和其他物种LCFAL 2蛋白的保守基序。采用TBtools软件预测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和其他物种LCFAL 2的结构域。通过Mega 11.0软件构建东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和其他物种的LCFAL 2的系统进化树。结果表明,东方蜜蜂微孢子虫LCFAL 2含有1 836个核苷酸,可编码611个氨基酸,分子式为C₃₁₄₅H₄₉₈₅N₈₁₃O₉₀₄S₂₃,分子量约为69.39 kDa,脂溶系数为96.8...     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳配合荧光增白剂显色检测木霉几丁质酶同工酶谱

为提高木霉几丁质酶检测方法的准确性和灵敏度,建立一种快速检测几丁质酶同工酶的方法。采用活性凝胶电泳、变性凝胶电泳、原位显色凝胶电泳结合荧光增白剂（Calcofluor white M2R）显色从绿色木霉LTR-2发酵产物中检测几丁质酶同工酶。活性凝胶电泳在粗酶液浓缩5倍时显示两条活性谱带,变性凝胶电泳在浓缩10倍时显示一条活性谱带,原位显色凝胶电泳在浓缩20倍时显示两条不清晰的活性谱带,SDS-PAGE显示这两条活性谱带的分子量分别为65kDa和42kDa。结果表明活性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Calcofluor white M2R显色相结合的方法在几丁质酶上样量为0.47U时具有较好的分辨能力,是检测木霉几丁质酶同工酶的有效的方法。     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的基因结构优化及新基因鉴定

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae是一种寄生于蜜蜂中肠上皮细胞的单细胞真菌,对蜜蜂的健康危害严重,给世界各国的养蜂业造成较大损失。本研究基于前期获得的N.ceranae孢子的转录组数据对其已注释基因进行结构优化,并对未注释基因进行预测和分析。通过将测序得到的clean reads比对参考基因组和转录本重构,共对10个N.ceranae的已注释基因的5'端或3'端进行了延长。利用Cuffcompare软件将重构转录本与参考基因组进行比对,共鉴定出27个新基因,随机挑选9个新基因进行RT-PCR验证,均能扩增出符合预期的目的片段,表明预测出的新基因真实存在。有6个新基因能够注释到GO数据库和6个基因注释到KEGG数据库。进一步分析结果显示上述新基因注释到细胞等10个GO条目上,它们可能在N.ceranae的生命活动中具有重要功能。研究结果为N.ceranae的基因结构和功能注释信息的完善提供了有益补充,也为新基因的功能研究打下了基础。     

Increased survival of the honey bee Apis mellifera infected with the microsporidian Nosema ceranae by effective gene silencing

This study examined the control of nosemosis caused by Nosema ceranae, one of the hard-to-control diseases of honey bees, using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for RNAi application targeted the mitosome-related genes of N. ceranae. Among the various mitosome-related genes, NCER_100882, NCER_101456, NCER_100157, and NCER_100686 exhibited relatively low homologies with the orthologs of Apis mellifera. Four gene-specific dsRNAs were prepared against the target genes and applied to the infected A. mellifera to analyze Nosema proliferation and honey bee survival. Two dsRNAs specifics to NCER_101456 and NCER_100157 showed high inhibitory effects on spore production by exhibiting only 62% and 67%, respectively, compared with the control. In addition, these dsRNA treatments significantly rescued the honey bees from the fatal nosemosis. It was confirmed that the inhibition of Nosema spore proliferation and the increase in the survival rate of honey bees were resulted from a decrease in the expression level of each target gene by dsRNA treatment. However, dsRNA mixture treatment was no more effective than single treatments in the rescue from the nosemosis. It is expected that the four newly identified mitosome-related target genes in this study can be effectively used for nosemosis control using RNAi technology.     

A comparison of the highly selective fluorescence staining of fungi in tissue sections with Uvitex 2B and Calcofluor White M2R

Summary The selective fluorescence staining of two fungi,Candida albicans andBlastomyces dermatitides, with Uvitex 2B and Calcofluor White M2R was studied in deparaffinized and frozen sections of mouse kidney and lung. Both fluorochromes emitted maximally at about 430nm, independent of the mounting media (Kaiser's gelatin or Entellan). In addition to fungi, both fluorochromes also stained elastic fibres. The fluorescence intensity remained unchanged after storage of sections for more than 6 months in conventional slide boxes. the two fluorochromes showed the following differences: Calcofluor faded 1.25 times faster than Uvitex when illuminated with ultraviolet light. Calcofluor showed a greater affinity for tissues in general, and red cells and renal tubular casts in particular. Counterstaining of deparaffinized sections with Hemalum and Eosin reduced the fungi fluorescence and suppressed the general background fluorescence. However, it led to an intensification of Eosin staining and the fluorescence of red cells in Calcofluorstained sections but not in Uvitex-stained ones. Similarly, the background fluorescence in frozen sections was reduced by Evans Blue, although elastic fibres still fluoresced after staining with Calcofluor. The degree of staining selectivity, and thus the contrast produced within a histological specimen, was greater with Uvitex 2B than with Calcofluor White M2R.     

Detection of Legionella spp. by fluorescent in situ hybridization in dental unit waterlines

AIMS: To confirm the presence of viable Legionella spp. in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and compare this method with culture approach and also to validate the utility of an enrichment to increase FISH sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water samples from 40 dental units were analysed. Three different techniques for detecting Legionella spp. were compared: (i) culture approach, (ii) direct FISH and (iii) FISH with a previous R2A medium enrichment (R2A/FISH). The FISH detection was confirmed by PCR. The use of the direct FISH does not improve significantly the detection of legionellae when compared with the culture. On the contrary, when R2A/FISH was performed, sensitivity was, respectively, two- and threefold higher than that with the direct FISH and culture approach. Using R2A/FISH, 63% of water samples analysed showed a contamination by legionellae. CONCLUSIONS: Legionellae detection by direct FISH and R2A/FISH in dental unit water is possible but is more rapid and more sensitive (R2A/FISH) than the culture approach. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: R2A/FISH showed that several pathogens present in DUWL are viable but may not be culturable. Unlike PCR, R2A/FISH is designed to detect only metabolically active cells and therefore provides more pertinent information on infectious risk.     

重组GFP干酪乳杆菌的构建及其在小鼠肠道内的定植分布

【目的】研究重组干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)在小鼠肠道内定植能力及分布规律。【方法】利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因作为报告基因,构建pgsA基因与GFP的融合基因载体pLA-GFP,电转化到乳酸杆菌中,得到阳性重组菌。将重组菌以每只109mL-1的量,口服接种SPF级BALB/c小鼠,分别于口服后的1.5h、3h、12h、1d、3d、5d、6d、7d之后取其十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠的肠道冲洗液,通过平板菌落计数法检测肠道内的重组干酪乳杆菌。【结果】Western blot结果显示约69kDa的融合蛋白在乳酸菌中得到了正确的表达;重组菌在蓝紫光激发下,发出绿色荧光。小鼠口服重组菌后能在肠道黏膜的不同部位以一定的比例存活并附着在肠黏膜表面,口服6d后达到定植高峰期,7d后在十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠定植率分别占第1天的16.49%、25.08%、47.71%、41.03%。【结论】GFP在干酪乳杆菌中得到了稳定的表达,且在小鼠肠道内具有良好的定植能力,定植规律回肠盲肠空肠十二指肠,这为研究乳酸杆菌作为口服疫苗抗原递送载体及其对小鼠肠道免疫机理提供试验基础。     

Evaluation of the bitterness of green tea catechins by a cell-based assay with the human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R39

Catechins have a broad range of physiological functions and act as the main taste ingredient of green tea. Although catechins show a strong bitterness, the bitter taste receptor for catechins has not been fully understood. The objective of this study was to identify the receptor for the major green tea catechins such as (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg). By the cell-based assay using cultured cells expressing human bitter taste receptor, a clear response of hTAS2R39-expressing cells was observed to 300 μM of either ECg or EGCg, which elicit a strong bitterness in humans. The response of hTAS2R39-expressing cells to ECg was the strongest among the tested catechins, followed by EGCg. Because the cellular response to EC and EGC is much weaker than those of ECg and EGCg, galloyl groups was strongly supposed to be involved in the bitter intensity. This finding is similar to the observations of taste intensity obtained from a human sensory study. Our results suggest the participation of hTAS2R39 in the detection of catechins in humans, indicating the possibility that bitterness of tea catechins can be evaluated by using cells expressing hTAS2R39.