云南紫金牛属3种植物花粉粒形态特征

利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对云南紫金牛属朱砂根、柳叶紫金牛和矮地茶的花粉进行了观察.其中,柳叶紫金牛属首次报道.结果表明:3种紫金牛属植物的花粉为单粒,三角状类圆球型;异极型,两侧对称;赤道面观为三面略凹的类圆球形;极面的顶面观为类三角形,具三孔(沟),为沟孔型,萌发沟为拟沟,多合成合沟,底面观为三面围合的深洞穴状.外壁多具穴状纹饰,表面光滑无附属物.云南紫金牛属花粉粒大小、形态、萌发沟和纹饰类型都较接近,属于单一型花粉.     

国产爵床科芦莉花族植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae芦莉花族Ruellieae芦莉花亚族Ruelliinae 2属7种、假杜鹃亚族Barlerinae 1属3种和马蓝亚族Strobilanthinae 16属34种植物扫描电镜下的花粉形态.芦莉花亚族的地皮消属Pararuellia和喜花草属Eranthemum的花粉均为圆球形,具3孔或3孔沟,外壁为不同的网状结构; 假杜鹃亚族的假杜鹃属Barleria的花粉为长球形,具3孔沟,外壁亦为网状结构;马蓝亚族植物(包含广义的马蓝属Strobilanthes s.l.)花粉形态多样,结构复杂.依据花粉萌发孔和外壁纹饰特征,可将马蓝亚族16属植物和上述两亚族3属植物的花粉形态归纳成3大类型: 1. 具3孔类型.其中又有(1)外壁具网状纹饰者,见于地皮消属; (2)外壁具芽胞状纹饰者,见于黄猄草属Championella; (3)外壁具刺状(棒状)纹饰者,见于南一笼鸡属Paragutzlaffia、叉花草属Diflugossa和假蓝属Pteroptychia.2. 具3孔沟及具3孔沟与假沟类型(肋条带型).其中又有(1)具3孔沟和网状纹饰者,见于喜花草属和假杜鹃属; (2)具刺状(棒状)纹饰者,见于南一笼鸡属、叉花草属和假蓝属; (3)具3孔沟与假沟,外壁纹饰具节隔、肋条带状或网状,网眼纵向排列成行,网眼内有细网纹者,见于耳叶马蓝属Perilepta、马蓝属Pteracanthus(大部分)、金足草属Goldfussia、紫云菜属Strobilanthes(部分)和合页草属Sympagis; (4)具3孔沟与假沟类型,肋条带状,但不具节隔,外壁纹饰网状,网眼不成行或不明显纵向排列,网内无细网纹者,见于尖蕊花属Aechmanthera、板蓝属Baphicacanthus、马蓝属(部分)和糯米香属Semnostachya; (5)具双脊及细网状纹饰者,见于环毛紫云菜Strobilanthes cycla.3. 具(4-)5孔沟及假沟类型(肋条带型),外壁具网状或拟网状纹饰,见于腺背蓝属Adenacanthus.另外兰嵌马蓝属Parachampionella、山一笼鸡属Gutzlaffia和肖笼鸡属Tarphochlamys的花粉有无萌发孔尚不清楚,有待进一步研究.综上所述,芦莉花族植物的花粉形态具有较高的多样性,是重要的分类性状.利用花粉形态特征能较好地区分高级分类群如亚科、族以及亚族,有时也有助于阐明类群之间的相互关系,甚至也能用于区分属、种和阐明其关系.     

国产爵床科鳞花草族1属、穿心莲族2属和爵床族8属植物的花粉形态

报道了中国爵床科Acanthaceae爵床亚科Ruellioideae鳞花草族Lepidagathideae 1属、穿心莲族Andrographideae 2属和爵床族Justicieae 8属共14种植物的花粉形态。根据花粉萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰特征,可将这些植物的花粉归为4个类型: (1)具3孔沟,外壁具网状纹饰。该类型见于色萼花属Chroesthes (采自广西样品)和穿心莲属Andrographis植物。(2)具3孔沟及假沟(肋条带型)类型,外壁具网状纹饰,网眼纵向排列成行,网眼内有细网纹。该类型见于色萼花属(采自云南样品)和鳔冠花属Cystacanthus。(3)具3孔沟,沟两侧各有1条假沟,外壁具网状纹饰。该类型见于瑞丽山壳骨Pseuderanthemum shweliense、狗肝菜属Dicliptera和驳骨草属Gendarussa植物。(4)具2孔沟,沟两侧具斑块。该类型见于山壳骨属Pseuderanthemum 1种、纤穗爵床属Leptostachya、鳄嘴花属Clinacanthus、鸭嘴花属Adhatoda、杜根藤属Calophanoides和野靛棵属Mananthes植物。     

中国菟丝子属植物花粉的扫描电镜观察

本文作者用扫描电镜(SEM)对国产菟丝子属(Cuscuta L.)10种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。具3沟萌发孔的花粉为本属基本类型。根据萌发孔的数目,外壁纹饰等特征,该属花粉可划分为三个类型:(1)具3沟,外壁具穿孔,表面散生小刺状突起;(2)具3—5沟,外壁具网状纹饰,网脊上散生小刺状突起;(3)具3—6沟,外壁具小刺状突起,穿孔偶见。本文观察结果与刘炳仑等曾报道过光学显微镜(LM)下的结果不完全一致。最后,对菟丝子属的花粉形态的演化趋势以及属内亚属间关系进行了讨论。     

中国马鞭草科植物的花粉形态

本文对我国18属91种3变种马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)植物的花粉形态进行了详细地观察研究。其中对15属27种进行了扫描电镜观察。本科为花粉多类型的科之一。根据萌发孔的数目、特征和纹饰特点,本文将马鞭草科分为9个花粉类型:1.具疣3沟花粉类型;2.具刺3沟花粉类型;3.具细网8沟花粉类型;4.具模糊颗粒-细网3沟花粉类型;5.具网3沟花粉类型;6.具散沟(6-8条)花粉类型;7.具3孔花粉类型;3.具细网3沟花粉类型,4.具模糊颗粒一细网3沟花粉类型,5.具网3沟花粉类型,6.具散沟(6-8条)花粉类型,7.具3孔花粉类型,8.具3孔沟花粉类型,9.具3(4)孔沟花粉类型。     

中国鸡矢藤属花粉形态

用扫描电子显微镜对中国鸡矢藤属(Paederia L.)6种1变种植物的花粉进行观察。结果表明:鸡矢藤属植物的花粉均为单粒,辐射对称,小型或中型,极面观3-裂圆形至钝三角形,赤道面观呈长圆球形或近长球形,具3个萌发沟,无内萌发孔。外壁纹饰网状、细网状或穿孔状,孔边缘具小刺状突起或无。臭鸡矢藤(P.foetida)和白毛鸡矢藤(P.pertomentosa)具有花粉二型现象,其中白毛鸡矢藤(P.pertomentosa)是首次报道。花粉二型现象与花柱二型现象可能没有直接的关联性,与前人的观点一致。推测鸡矢藤属外壁纹饰的可能演化趋势为:穿孔、网状、细网状→粗网状;网眼内无棒状突起→网眼内有棒状突起。鸡矢藤属花粉的外壁纹饰变化较大,且无内萌发孔,是茜草科花粉过渡类型的特征。     

中国蓼属叉分蓼组植物花粉形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国蓼属叉分蓼组20种3变种的花粉形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明其花粉形态大多数为近球形至近长球形,少数为扁球形或长球形;花粉大小为20.4～44.0µm×17.0～34.0µm：从萌发孔看,有3沟、3 孔沟、多沟、散沟;外壁纹饰为微刺—穴状、刺状、粗网状、皱块状。据此,该组花粉可划分为5种类型,即叉分蓼型(Aconogonon-type)、钟花蓼型(Campanulatum-type)、大连线冰岛蓼型(Forrestii-type)、西伯利亚蓼(Sibiricum-type)及多穗蓼型(Polystachyum-type),编制了这些花粉类型检索表。叉分蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3沟,外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状,此种类型的植物有14种2变种。钟花蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6散沟,外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状,此种类型的植物有钟花蓼和绒毛钟花蓼。西伯利亚蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3孔沟,外壁纹饰为皱块状,此种类型的植物有西伯利亚蓼。多穗蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6(~8)多沟,外壁纹饰为粗网状,此种类型的植物有松林蓼及多穗蓼。大连线冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具散沟,外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状,此种类型的植物有大铜钱叶蓼及铜钱叶蓼,结果表明叉分蓼组的花粉形态具有重要的分类学意义,研究结果支持将叉分蓼组上升为属的等级,也支持Knorringia的属的地位,大铜钱叶蓼和铜钱叶蓼应移入Koenigia属中,而松林蓼和多穗蓼仍保留在蓼属中。     

中国木犀属花粉形态研究及其系统学意义

观察了中国木犀属4组21种植物的花粉形态。花粉为圆球形或近长球形,外壁表面均具网状纹饰。大多数种类都具有三孔沟的萌发孔,极少四孔沟,或六萌发孔。内孔明显或不明显,有9种植物同时存在具三孔沟和具三沟二种类型的花粉及中间过渡类型(显脉木犀同时存在具三拟孔沟和具四拟孔沟)。很多特点表明,木犀属花粉的萌发孔在木犀科中处于由简单萌发孔向复合萌发孔过渡的阶段。根据网眼从沟间区中央到沟边是否变细,可将本属花粉分为两大类型,与分组有一定的对应关系。综合一些花粉特征,可发现本属花粉形态差异较明显,与一般形态差异有一定的相关性。花粉形态在木犀属具有一定的系统学意义。     

国产爵床科山牵牛属6种、叉柱花属和老鼠簕属各1种植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae山牵牛属Thunbergia(山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae)6种、叉柱花属Staurogyne(瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)和老鼠簕属Acanthus(老鼠簕亚科Acanthoideae)各1种植物在扫描电镜下的花粉形态。山牵牛属植物的花粉粒为圆球形,均具螺旋状萌发孔,外壁纹饰以光滑或颗粒状为主,偶具棒状突起。具螺旋状萌发孔被认为是该科独特而较原始的花粉特征。叉柱花属的花粉粒为圆球形,具3孔沟,外壁平滑。老鼠簕属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟,外壁具细网状纹饰或具小穿孔。花粉形态特征支持传统上将上述3属置于3个不同亚科的处理。     

新疆裸果木亚科植物花粉形态学研究

通过光镜和扫镜电镜对新疆产裸果木亚科３属６种植物的花粉形态进行了观察与观察。结果表明：花粉形态有三种类型,裸果木属为散孔类型,治疝草属为三孔类型,拟漆姑草属为三沟类型。具孔类型中,萌发孔边缘界限有不清楚,孔膜不明显,颗粒状纹饰;具沟类型中,萌发沟上有膜覆盖,具颗粒状纹饰。根据花粉形态,编出分属检索表,并讨论了花粉形态在分类中的作用以及各属之间的亲缘关系。     

茴芹属16种植物的花粉形态及系统学分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对茴芹属16种植物的花粉形态进行了观察,其中12种为首次报道。结果表明,茴芹属16种植物花粉大小为（19.75～33.03）μm×（11.52～17.41）μm,极轴与赤道轴的比值（P/E）为1.40～2.28,体积大小指数（P×E）^1/2为16.71～23.97,属于中型花粉,具三孔沟,萌发孔位置为边萌发孔。花粉粒赤道面观有近矩形、赤道收缩形、椭圆形和近菱形等类型,其中近矩形和赤道收缩形占多数;极面观为三角形或三角圆形。扫描电镜下,其外壁表面纹饰赤道面观为脑纹状,极面观近光滑或为穴纹状。在伞形科芹亚科中,茴芹属植物的花粉具有中等进化、比较进化的形态特征。研究认为,花粉形态可为个别物种的分类处理提供孢粉学证据。     

Pollen of African Spermacoce species (Rubiaceae) Morphology and evolutionary aspects

Pollen morphology of 43 African species of the genus Spermacoce has been investigated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The genus is eurypalynous, which is reflected in the remarkable variation of almost all pollen characters. The average equatorial diameter (E) ranges from 15.8 w m to 115.5 w m. Grains are colporate or pororate. The number of apertures varies from 3 up to more than 25. The majority of species has apertures situated only at the equator (being zonoaperturate), but a few species have pantoaperturate grains. The endoaperture is generally an endocingulum, often with a secondary lolongate or lalongate thinning at the ectocolpus; endocolpi and endopores are also observed. The sexine is usually perforate, but eutectate, foveolate, and (micro)reticulate tecta were also found. Supratectal elements are present as granules, microspines or spines. The inner nexine surface is granular, often with irregular grooves (endocracks). Among native African species, nine pollen types are recognized mainly on the basis of pollen size, aperture morphology and tectum peculiarities. In two of the pantoaperturate types, apertures are in a configuration not yet recorded for the angiosperms in general. Some evolutionary trends are proposed that await verification by further systematic study. Pollen morphological characters have a high taxonomic value in the genus Spermacoce . They provide almost unique identification marks for the species, which enables sharpening of species boundaries. Small groups of related species often share the same pollen type. The genus Borreria , previously separated from Spermacoce on the basis of its fruit morphology only, is not supported by pollen data.     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. （Parnassiaceae） and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type I, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type II, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type III, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassiafaberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type Ⅰ, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type Ⅱ, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type Ⅲ, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassia faberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

Pollen morphology supports the transfer of Wendlandia (Rubiaceae) out of Rondeletieae

Pollen morphology of 27 species, eight subspecies and one variety of Wendlandia was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wendlandia pollen are monads, radiosymmetric, small in size, tricolporate (rarely tetracolporate or bicolporate) and spheroidal (rarely subprolate or suboblate) in equatorial view. The compound aperture consists of ectocolpus, mesoporus and endocolpus. In addition, reticulate sexine and granular nexine were observed. The pollen wall ultrastructure of two Wendlandia spp. was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The exine consists of the tectum, columellae, foot layer and endexine. The endexine is thickened into a costa around the aperture. The intine forms a protruding oncus at the aperture. The palynological characters show a remarkable uniformity among the Wendlandia spp. Differences with Rondeletia, the main genus of tribe Rondeletieae, exist in the exine pattern, the endoaperture and the pollen wall structure. Our observations indicated that the endoaperture type and the structure of the pollen wall of Wendlandia were similar to those of the Gardenieae–Pavetteae–Coffeeae–Octotropideae clade, which provided palynological evidence for a closer relationship of Wendlandia to subfamily Ixoroideae and the transfer of Wendlandia out of Rondeletieae. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164 , 128–141.     

Pollen Morphology of Eight Genera of the Subtribe Mutisiinae Less. sensu Bremer (Compositae) from Asia

The pollen morphology of 28 species and one variety representing eight genera of the subtribe Mutisiinae Less. sensu Bremer (Compositae) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. The pollen grains are usually radically symmetrical, isopolar, and tricolporate. The shape varies from spheroidal to subprolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in polar view. Based on exine sculpturing observed under SEM, the pollen grains can be divided into three types: (i) type Ⅰ, with macrogranulate sculpture; (ii) type Ⅱ, with a finely granulate sculpture; and (iii) type Ⅲ, with spiny sculpture.The palynological data showed that the Macroclinidium Maxim. was remarkably distinguished from those of the other seven genera. The variation of pollen characteristics within the Mutisiinae in Asia is little at species level, but it proves some useful information for studying the relationships among genera and it has an important significance in further understanding the evolutionary history of Mutisiinae.     

Pollen Morphology of Eight Genera of the Subtribe Mutisiinae Less. sensu Bremer （Compositae） from Asia

The pollen morphology of 28 species and one variety representing eight genera of the subtribe Mutisiinae Less. sensu Bremer （Compositae） was investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and light microscopy. The pollen grains are usually radically symmetrical, isopolar, and tricolporate. The shape varies from spheroidal to subprolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in polar view. Based on exine sculpturing observed under SEM, the pollen grains can be divided into three types： （i） type Ⅰ, with macrogranulate sculpture; （ii） type Ⅱ, with a finely granulate sculpture; and （iii） type Ⅲ with spiny sculpture. The palynological data showed that the Macroclinidium Maxim. was remarkably distinguished from those of the other seven genera. The variation of pollen characteristics within the Mutisiinae in Asia is little at species level, but it proves some useful information for studying the relationships among genera and it has an important significance in further understanding the evolutionary history of Mutisiinae.     

Pollen morphology of the tribes Naucleeae and Hymenodictyeae (Rubiaceae – Cinchonoideae) and its phylogenetic significance

The tribe Naucleeae has recently been recircumscribed on the basis of both morphological and molecular [ rbcL , trnT-F , internal transcribed spacer (ITS)] evidence, and has been found to be the sister group of the tribe Hymenodictyeae Razafim. & B. Bremer. In order to find pollen morphological support for this new classification, the pollen and orbicules of 65 species, representing 23 Naucleeae and the two Hymenodictyeae genera, were investigated by scanning electron and light microscopy. Naucleeae pollen is very small (< 20 µm) to small (20–30 µm) and its shape in equatorial view is suboblate to spheroidal or, more rarely, subprolate. Three compound apertures are present, each comprising a long and narrow ectocolpus, a circular to slightly lolongate mesoporus, and an often H-shaped endoaperture. The sexine ornamentation is perforate, rugulate, or (micro)reticulate, and supratectal elements are always absent. Apart from the variation in sexine ornamentation, the tribe is rather stenopalynous. The pollen of Hymenodictyeae is very similar to that of Naucleeae. The H-shaped endoapertures often observed probably form a synapomorphy for the clade comprising Naucleeae and Hymenodictyeae. Our pollen morphological observations are not in conflict with the widened delimitation of Naucleeae. Unambiguous pollen support for the recent subtribal or generic concepts of Naucleeae could not be found because of a lack of variation of pollen characters within the tribe. Orbicules are invariably present in the ten Naucleeae taxa investigated. They are spheroidal and smooth or irregularly folded.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 153 , 329–341.     

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY IN THE SELAGINEAE,MANULEAE (SCROPHULARIACEAE), AND SELECTED GLOBULARIACEAE,AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

The pollen grains of 22 genera and 182 species of Selagineae, Manuleae, and selected Globulariaceae were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy of whole and fractured pollen. Grains of the Selagineae and most Manuleae have trizonicolporate aperatures with long, unconstricted ectocolpi; clearly delimited margos; psilate colpus membranes; lalongate transverse endocolpi extending beyond the boundaries of the ectocolpi; thickened endoaperture margins; semitectate, reticulate to microreticulate exines; and psilate, simplicolumellate muri. In the Globulariaceae, Globularia has spinulose, microperforate exines and undifferentiated ectocolpus margins, and both Globularia and Poskea have granular to spinulose colpus membranes, lolongate endoapertures included within the ectocolpi, and unthickened endoaperture margins. These pollen data support postulated relationships between Selagineae and Manuleae, but pollen grains of Selagineae and Globulariaceae are distinct, and pollen morphology does not correlate with proposals combining these taxa in Globulariaceae or Selaginaceae. Pollen morphology in Glumicalyx is indistinguishable from that in most Manuleae and supports transfer of this genus to the Manuleae from the Digitaleae. Differences in pollen morphology supplement established morphological distinctions between Globularia and Poskea, but the pollen evidence does not support published infrageneric classifications in Globularia or postulated relationships between Selagineae and Gratioleae or Selagineae and Lagotis.     

Investigation on Pollen Morphology of Aconitum L.

Pollen morphology of 62 species in Aconitum L. was investigated with light and scanning electron microscopies. The pollen grains in this genus are 3-colpate and exhibit spinulate surface pattern in all the species. According to the shape of pollen grains in equatorial view Aconiturn L. may be divided into three types. Type Ⅰ pollen grains are wide elliptic; Type Ⅱ are narrow-elliptic and type Ⅲ are rectangular or close to square in shape. The pollen characteristics among species are very similar. The morphological information of the pollen grains shows that species of Aconiturn L. are a natural taxon.