胃癌CD44v6 mRNA及其蛋白表达与临床病理特征的关系

目的探讨细胞粘附分子CD44v6 mRNA及其蛋白表达与胃癌临床病理学行为和患者预后的关系. 方法应用高敏感性催化信号放大系统(catalyzed signal amplification,CSA)原位杂交和免疫组化技术,对17例早期胃癌、21例中期胃癌和57例晚期胃癌组织进行CD44v6 mRNA及其蛋白检测,并结合肿瘤的病理学行为和临床随访资料进行分析.结果在胃癌中,CD44v6 mRNA及其蛋白的表达阳性率分别为85.3%和82.1%.CD44v6 mRNA及其蛋白表达阳性率在晚期胃癌明显高于早、中期胃癌(P<0.05).CD44v6 mRNA表达与蛋白表达水平具有一致性,均与胃癌浆膜浸润,淋巴结转移和患者预后呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 CD44v6 mRNA及其蛋白异常表达与胃癌的临床病理生物学行为密切相关,特别是与胃癌细胞的转移潜能和胃癌患者的不良预后密切相关.CD44v6蛋白水平的表达可以间接反映其mRNA转录水平,并可作为预测胃癌转移潜能和患者预后的一个新的生物学指标.     

CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF在胃癌的表达及临床意义

目的:检测胃癌组织中CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF表达情况及其与胃癌临床病理因素的关系,并探讨其表达与胃裸区侵犯的临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化方法测定60例胃癌组织CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF表达情况,并结合患者的临床病理资料进行分析。结果:CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF的表达与胃癌的TNM分期、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关。胃裸区受侵组与未受侵组胃癌组织的CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF的表达无明显差异。结论:CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF的表达与胃癌的浸润转移密切相关,胃裸区是否受侵与胃癌组织的CD44v6、MMP-9、VEGF的表达无关,胃裸区这一解剖结构可能是胃癌预后较差的原因。     

胃癌及相应癌旁组织中VEGF、CD34、CD44v6的检测及临床意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、CD34和CD44v6在胃癌及相应癌旁组织中的表达及其与临床病理意义.方法:应用免疫组化技术检测60例胃癌以及相应癌旁组织中VEGF、CD34和CD44v6的表达.结果:胃癌组织VEGF阳性率为71.67%(43/60)明显低于癌旁组织88.34%(53/60),两组间有显著性差异(P=0.022);VEGF阳性表达与胃癌病理分级、浸润深度、淋巴结转移和临床分期密切相关(P＜0.05).癌旁组织中微血管密度(MVD)明显高于癌组织MVD(P=0.000),有淋巴结转移癌组织中MVD高于无淋巴结转移者(P=0.043),并随浸润深度、临床分期MVD升高(P=0.046,P=0.000).癌旁组织中CD44v6阳性率为48.34%(29/60)低于癌组织的61.67%(37/60),两者无明显差别.CD44v6的阳性率随胃癌浸润的加深而升高,与淋巴结转移和TNM分期呈正相关.VEGF、CD34及CD44v6三指标间两两相关(P＜0.05).结论:VEGF、CD34和CD44v6三者联合检测有助于判断胃癌的浸润、转移及预后情况.     

干细胞标志物CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4在胃癌组织中表达及其临床意义

目的探究在胃癌组织中干细胞标志物CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4表达的临床意义。方法选择重庆两江新区第一人民医院消化内科收治的51例胃癌患者作为研究对象,同时选取门诊治疗的70例患有其他胃部良性、恶性疾病患者,比较胃癌患者与其他胃部良性、恶性疾病患者CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4的表达阳性率;比较癌干细胞标记物CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4的表达与胃癌临床特征之间以及淋巴结状态的关系。表达阳性率,癌干细胞标记物的表达与胃癌临床特征之间比较采用c2检验。结果胃癌组CD133、CD44v6、PSCA、Oct-4阳性率分别为64.71%、68.63%、66.67%、60.78%,与慢性浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡、胃息肉、胃腺瘤比较表达阳性率明显更高,差异有统计学意义(c2值分别为31.583、33.475、30.171、28.751,P值均为0.000)。中+低分化CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4阳性率分别为55.56%、55.56%、55.56%和58.33%,高于高分化的26.67%、33.33%、26.67%和33.33%(c2值分别为3.547、2.092、3.547、2.648,P值分别为0.069、0.142、0.069、0.104);浸润深度T3~T4 CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4阳性率分别为52.94%、70.59%、58.82%和64.71%,高于T1~T2 CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4阳性率23.53%、41.18%、23.53%和35.29%(c2值分别为3.997、4.113、5.667、3.960,P值分别为0.041、0.032、0.014、0.046);肿块最大径≥5 cm CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4阳性率分别为48.57%、57.14%、45.71%和48.57%,高于<5cm CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4阳性率18.75%、25.00%、12.50%和18.75%(c2值分别为4.097、4.554、5.304、4.097,P值分别为0.037、0.024、0.019、0.037)。转移灶CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4的表达阳性率分别为50.00%、50.00%、46.15%和53.85%,原发灶CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4的表达阳性率64.00%、48.00%、40.00%和52.00%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(c2分别为1.018、0.020、0.197和0.017,P值分别为0.376、0.894、0.769和0.913)。结论肿瘤干细胞标志物CD133、CD44v6、PSCA和Oct-4表达,在胃癌的临床诊断中作为分子标记使用,与胃癌的分化程度、浸润深度与肿块最大径有关,但与胃癌的淋巴结转移无关,对胃癌的发病情况有指示作用,具有临床使用价值。     

CD15s抗原、CD44v6和E-上皮钙粘附素表达与胆管癌生物学行为的关系

目的　探讨CD15s抗原、CD44v6和E 上皮钙粘附素 (E cadherin ,ED)表达与胆管癌生物学行为的关系。方法　应用催化信号放大免疫组织化学方法 ,检测 43例胆管癌组织中CD15s抗原、CD44v6和ED表达 ,综合分析了CD15s抗原、CD44v6和ED蛋白表达与胆管癌临床病理因素间的关系。结果　在胆管癌组织中 ,CD15s抗原、CD44v6和ED表达阳性率分别为 6 7 4%、 6 2 8%和 5 3 5 %。CD15s抗原和CD44v6呈高表达及ED呈低表达与胆管癌的TNM分期、分化程度和转移密切相关 (P <0 0 5 )。CD15s表达与CD44v6表达呈正相关 (r =0 49,P <0 0 0 1) ;CD15s抗原和CD44v6表达与ED表达呈负相关 (r =- 0 45 ,r=- 0 5 2 ,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　CD15s抗原、CD44v6和ED异常表达提示胆管癌生物学行为不良。     

结肠癌组织中CD44S和CD44V6基因蛋白的表达及意义

摘要：目的 研究CD44S和CD44V6的表达与结肠癌临床病理特征之间的关系,以明确二者在结肠癌发展和预后中的作用。方法 选取98例结肠癌组织做为实验组,采用免疫组织化学方法,检测组织中CD44S和CD44V6基因蛋白产物表达,与组织学分型、肠壁浸润深度、脉管有无浸润、淋巴结有无转移、预后等相关因素进行实验研究。结果 CD44S和CD44V6的表达与结肠癌组织类型无关,与癌组织浸润肠壁深度、脉管浸润、淋巴结转移、远处转移等密切相关。结论 CD44S和CD44V6异常表达可能参与了结肠癌的发展并可能影响患者的预后。     

进展期胃癌p53表达与微血管密度及生物学行为的关系

目的探讨进展期胃癌生长过程中p53基因表达与微血管密度和生物学行为之间的关系。方法搜集有随访资料的胃癌标本107例,用免疫组化对突变型p53和CD34作了标记,用原位杂交对野生型p53作了检测。结果突变型p53在肿瘤不同侵犯深度、不同生长方式、不同淋巴结转移状态以及预后方面,存在显著差异(P<0.05),突变型p53与微血管密度显著相关(P<0.05),而野生型p53则与突变型p53相反。结论突变型和野生型p53在肿瘤生长过程中的表达不同,说明p53的不同功能状态在肿瘤的发展过程中发挥重要作用。     

肺癌组织中CD44v6和nm23H1基因的表达及临床意义

目的：为了探讨肺癌组织中CD44v6mRNA和nm23H1mRNA表达与临床意义及其相关性。方法：应用原位杂交催化信号放大方法,检测65例肺癌组织中CD44v6mRNA和nm23H1mRNA表达,结合临床病理指标及随该病例进行研究分析。结果：在肺癌中CD44v6mRNA和nm23H1mRNA表达阳性率分别为66．2％和49．2％,CD44v6mRNA高表达和nm23H1mRNA低表达均与肺癌Pathological tumor node meyastasis(PTNM)分期,病理分级和淋巴结转移呈正相关。结论：肺癌CD44v6mRNA表达和nm23H1mRNA表达呈负相关,肺癌中CD44v6mRNA表达和nm23H1mRNA表达密切相关性,两者均可作为预测肺癌转移和评估预后的重要指标。     

HER2阳性乳腺癌中CD44v6的表达与曲妥珠单抗耐药的关系

目的:探讨曲妥珠单抗在治疗HER2阳性的转移性乳腺癌时,产生耐药性与CD44v6表达的相关性。方法:共66例HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者入组。接受曲妥珠单抗治疗的患者37例,其中18例获得了治疗前和治疗后转移性癌组织。采用免疫组化S-P法对治疗前、治疗后的不同乳腺组织进行CD44v6表达的研究。结果:CD44v6在经曲妥珠单抗治疗产生耐药的活检组织中阳性表达程度明显高于治疗前。结论:CD44v6的表达与曲妥珠单抗耐药相关。     

HER2阳性乳腺癌中CD44v6的表达与曲妥珠单抗耐药的关系

目的：探讨曲妥珠单抗在治疗HER2阳性的转移性乳腺癌时,产生耐药性与CD44v6表达的相关性。方法：共66例HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者入组。接受曲妥珠单抗治疗的患者37例,其中18例获得了治疗前和治疗后转移性癌组织。采用免疫组化S-P法对治疗前、治疗后的不同乳腺组织进行CD44v6表达的研究。结果：CD44v6在经曲妥珠单抗治疗产生耐药的活检组织中阳性表达程度明显高于治疗前。结论：CD44v6的表达与曲妥珠单抗耐药相关。     

PSMA、CD44v6在前列腺癌组织中的表达及相关性研究

目的探讨PSMA、CD44v6在前列腺癌中的表达及其与临床特征的关系,为临床预测前列腺癌的转移潜能及预后、指导治疗提供客观有效的指标。方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测PSMA、CD44v6在前列腺癌、前列腺增生及正常前列腺组织中的表达情况。结果PSMA在前列腺癌组织与前列腺增生组织中的表达无显著性差异;肿瘤分化程度低及有淋巴结转移者PSMA表达明显高于分化程度高及无淋巴结转移者。CD44v6在正常前列腺组织及前列腺增生组织中无表达,在前列腺癌组织中的表达较高,并且分化程度低及有淋巴结转移者CD44v6表达明显高于分化程度高及无淋巴结转移者。结论前列腺癌组织中PSMA与CD44v6的表达与肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移有关,且两者的表达在前列腺癌组织中具有相关性。     

宫颈癌中骨桥蛋白和CD44v6的表达及临床意义

目的探讨骨桥蛋白(OPN)和CD44v6在宫颈浸润癌中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测OPN和CD44v6在10例慢性宫颈炎、30例宫颈上皮内瘤样变及50例宫颈浸润癌组织中的表达。结果OPN在以上组织中的阳性表达率分别为10.00%(1/10)、36.67%和60.00%,慢性宫颈炎与宫颈浸润癌之间的表达差异有显著性(P<0.01);CD44v6阳性表达率分别为10.00%(1/10)、43.33%和68.00%,慢性宫颈炎与宫颈浸润癌之间的表达差异有显著性(P<0.01)。宫颈浸润癌组织中OPN和CD44v6表达均与患者年龄、肿瘤病理分级、组织学类型无关(P>0.05),而与淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05)。OPN与CD44v6的表达之间有显著正相关性(r=0.829,P<0.01)。结论OPN、CD44v6可能参与了宫颈癌的发生、发展和转移过程,联合检测它们的表达可作为判断宫颈癌的预后和术后复发的评估指标。     

CD44v6编码蛋白与Thrombodulin／TM在腹水胃癌细胞的鉴别诊断

观察转移相关黏附分子拼接变异体CD44v6在腹水胃癌细胞中的表达率,评价CD44v6是否作为腹水胃癌细胞特异性标志物,探讨胃癌细胞的转移机理.用TM区分腹水中胃癌细胞与间皮细胞.并与Melano-cyte/MC进行了敏感性、特异性对比.从腹水液基薄层细胞涂片中筛查出53例胃癌细胞,28例间皮细胞进行常规细胞石蜡包埋切片,采用鼠抗人CD44v6,TM,MC特异性抗体,对53例胃癌细胞.28例间皮细胞进行了免疫组化检测,应用χ2检验.CD44v6在腹水胃癌细胞中的检出丰为96.2%(51/53),间皮细胞中的检出率为7.14%(2/28);TM,MC在间皮细胞中的检出率分别为96.4%(27/28),92.9%(26/28),胃癌细胞中的检出率为7.55%(4/53)22.6%(12/53);TM,MC对间皮细胞敏感性分别为96.4%(27/28)、92.9%(26/28);TM,MC对间皮细胞特异性为92.5%(49/53)、77.4%(41/53).薄层细胞涂片、石蜡包埋技术能够有效地开展细胞免疫化学检测,并且具有广阔发展前景.CD44v6在胃癌细胞中的检出率明显高于间皮细胞,提示参与了胃癌细胞的浸润转移,可作为胃癌细胞的标志物.TM对间皮细胞检测的敏感性、特异性要高于MC.CD44v6协同TM对于胃癌细胞和间皮细胞的鉴别诊断有重要的意义.     

Elucidation of the mechanism underlying CD44v6-induced transformation of IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells

The transformation abilities of CD44s and CD44v6 in normal intestinal epithelial cells have not yet been reported. Herein, we established both CD44s and CD44v6 overexpressing stable clones from rat IEC-6 cells and demonstrated that the CD44v6 clones had higher saturation density and anchorage independence. Additionally, CD44v6 clones were more resistant to oxaliplatin and irinotecan which might be attributed to a significantly increased B-cell lymphoma 2 level and a reduced DNA damage response in these cells. Moreover, c-Met and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signalings were involved in modulating the saturation density in CD44v6 clones. Interestingly, higher activation of both AKT and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were detected in CD44v6 clones which might account in part for the cell density-independent nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP). To no surprise, increases of both saturation density and anchorage independence in CD44v6 clones were markedly diminished by PI3K, AKT, MEK, and ERK inhibitors as well as YAP knockdown. By contrast, overexpression of a constitutively active YAP robustly increased the aforementioned phenotypes in IEC-6 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that upregulation of CD44v6, but not CD44s, induces the transformation of normal intestinal epithelial cells possibly via activating the c-Met/AKT/YAP pathway which might also explain the important role of CD44v6 in the initiation of various carcinomas.     

CD44v6: a target for antibody-based cancer therapy

The human CD44 gene encodes type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The structural heterogeneity of the gene products is caused primarily by alternative splicing of at least 10 out of 20 exons. Certain CD44 variant isoforms, in particular those containing CD44 variant domain 6 (CD44v6), have been implicated in tumourigenesis, tumour cell invasion and metastasis. Here we will give an overview of immunohistochemically determined CD44v6 expression in human malignancies (primary epithelial and nonepithelial tumours as well as metastases) and normal tissues, and review several examples of the clinical use of CD44v6-specific antibodies. In nonmalignant tissues, CD44v6 expression is essentially restricted to a subset of epithelia. Intense and homogeneous expression of CD44v6 was reported for the majority of squamous cell carcinomas and a proportion of adenocarcinomas of differing origin, but was rarely seen in nonepithelial tumours. This expression pattern has made CD44v6 an attractive target for antibody-guided therapy of various types of epithelium-derived cancers.Abbreviations CD44 type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, cell surface receptor for hyaluronate - CD44s (CD44H) standard form of CD44 - CD44v6 splice variant exon 6 of CD44 - CTC common toxicity criteria - 2F10, VFF4, VFF7, VFF18 (BIWA 1), U36, V6B3, HB-256, Var 3.1 monoclonal antibodies targeting the CD44v6 antigen - SCC squamous cell carcinoma     

Brain metastasis is predetermined in early stages of cutaneous melanoma by CD44v6 expression through epigenetic regulation of the spliceosome

Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) is frequent and has a very poor prognosis with no current predictive factors or therapeutic molecular targets. Our study unravels the molecular alterations of cell‐surface glycoprotein CD44 variants during melanoma progression to MBM. High expression of CD44 splicing variant 6 (CD44v6) in primary melanoma (PRM) and regional lymph node metastases from AJCC Stage IIIC patients significantly predicts MBM development. The expression of CD44v6 also enhances the migration of MBM cells by hyaluronic acid and hepatocyte growth factor exposure. Additionally, CD44v6‐positive MBM migration is reduced by blocking with a CD44v6‐specific monoclonal antibody or knocking down CD44v6 by siRNA. ESRP1 and ESRP2 splicing factors correlate with CD44v6 expression in PRM, and ESRP1 knockdown significantly decreases CD44v6 expression. However, an epigenetic silencing of ESRP1 is observed in metastatic melanoma, specifically in MBM. In advanced melanomas, CD44v6 expression correlates with PTBP1 and U2AF2 splicing factors, and PTBP1 knockdown significantly decreases CD44v6 expression. Overall, these findings open a new avenue for understanding the high affinity of melanoma to progress to MBM, suggesting CD44v6 as a potential MBM‐specific factor with theranostic utility for stratifying patients.