妊娠糖尿病饮食相关危险因素分析（英文）

目的:通过分析妊娠糖尿病患者与正常孕妇的饮食行为,探讨妊娠糖尿病发病饮食相关的危险因素,为孕期妇女提供科学合理膳食指导。方法:采用多阶段连续等比例抽样,选取确诊GDM的孕妇150例为病例组,同期就诊非GDM孕妇150例为对照组,利用24小时膳食回顾法进行饮食行为和一般情况的问卷调查。采用Logistic回归筛选GDM饮食相关危险因素。结果:多因素Logistic回归分析显示,怀孕年龄(OR=1.157)、孕前BMI(OR=1.780)、糖尿病家族史(OR=2.448)、产次(OR=1.157)、总能量、水果摄入量(OR=4.109)、豆类(OR=0.998)与妊娠糖尿病发生相关(OR=0.998)。采用多变量模型具体分析水果的摄入量,同时调整与妊娠糖尿病发生的相关因素结果显示:与水果摄入量小于200 g/d相比,水果的摄入量200~400 g/d,400~600 g/d和超过600 g/d其OR值分别为0.38、2.48、2.63(P0.01)。结论:除高龄、肥胖、糖尿病家族史等妊娠糖尿病高危因素外,饮食行为与GDM存在一定的相关性。针对高危人群早期干预,同时对孕期妇女进行科学合理的饮食指导,调整饮食结构,控制食物摄入量,以减少GDM的发病。     

妊娠糖尿病饮食相关危险因素分析

目的：通过分析妊娠糖尿病患者与正常孕妇的饮食行为,探讨妊娠糖尿病发病饮食相关的危险因素,为孕期妇女提供科学 合理膳食指导。方法：采用多阶段连续等比例抽样,选取确诊GDM的孕妇150 例为病例组,同期就诊非GDM孕妇150 例为对照 组,利用24 小时膳食回顾法进行饮食行为和一般情况的问卷调查。采用Logistic 回归筛选GDM 饮食相关危险因素。结果：多因 素Logistic 回归分析显示,怀孕年龄( OR=1.157)、孕前BMI(OR=1.780)、糖尿病家族史(OR=2.448)、产次(OR=1.157)、总能量、水果 摄入量(OR=4.109)、豆类（OR=0.998）与妊娠糖尿病发生相关（OR=0.998）。采用多变量模型具体分析水果的摄入量,同时调整与妊 娠糖尿病发生的相关因素结果显示：与水果摄入量小于200 g/d 相比,水果的摄入量200 ~ 400 g/d,400 ~ 600 g/d 和超过600 g/d 其OR值分别为0.38、2.48、2.63（P<0.01）。结论：除高龄、肥胖、糖尿病家族史等妊娠糖尿病高危因素外,饮食行为与GDM存在一 定的相关性。针对高危人群早期干预,同时对孕期妇女进行科学合理的饮食指导,调整饮食结构,控制食物摄入量,以减少GDM 的发病。     

非哺乳期乳腺炎发病高危因素的病例-对照研究

目的:分析非哺乳期乳腺炎的临床特点及发病高危因素。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年1月秦皇岛市第一医院乳腺外科就诊,经病理确诊的非哺乳期乳腺炎患者110例(病例组)资料,另选取秦皇岛市第一医院体检中心的健康人群110例作为对照组。比较两组研究对象临床特征,并进行单因素及多因素分析。结果:病例组病人临床分型以肿块型(46.36%)为主,初诊主要症状为单纯肿块39例(35.45%),乳房红肿伴肿块37例(33.64%)。两组在生育次数、肥胖、初育年龄、平均哺乳时间、主动/被动吸烟、乳头内陷、失眠/焦虑、服用避孕药、乳头溢液病史方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析显示乳头内陷(OR=5.29,95%CI 2.12~13.25,P=0.000)、失眠/焦虑(OR=4.20,95%CI 1.68~10.48,P=0.002)为非哺乳期乳腺炎发病高危因素,而生育次数(OR=0.42,95%CI 0.27~0.64,P=0.001)为该病的保护因素。结论:失眠、焦虑及乳头内陷增加该病发病风险,生育次数多可降低该病的发病风险。     

中国西北地区胃粘膜肠上皮化生危险因素调查

目的:明确中国西北地区人群胃粘膜肠上皮化生的危险因素。方法:通过病例对照研究,采用问卷调查表的形式,纳入了从2014年8月到2015年4月西京医院门诊就诊的具有胃镜检查报告单和/或胃粘膜病理检查报告单的患者。幽门螺杆菌的检测采用13C-/14C-尿素呼气试验或者快速尿素酶试验。结果:本研究共纳入了1800例患者,其中胃粘膜肠上皮化生患者261例。胃粘膜肠上皮化生的危险因素为年龄艹60岁(OR,2.317;95%CI 1.668-3.220;P0.001)、幽门螺杆菌感染(OR,2.911;95%CI2.339-3.623;P0.001)、吸烟(OR,2.322;95%CI 1.553-3.470;P0.001)、胃癌家族史(OR,2.229;95%CI 1.444-3.439;P0.001)、高盐饮食(OR,1.557;95%CI 1.118-2.168;P=0.009)、辛辣刺激饮食(OR,1.551;95%CI 1.121-2.147;P=0.008)、胆汁反流(OR,1.851;95%CI 1.135-3.021;P=0.014)。结论:我国西北地区胃粘膜肠上皮化生的危险因素为年龄艹60岁、幽门螺杆菌感染、吸烟、胃癌家族史、高盐饮食、辛辣饮食和胆汁反流。     

PR间期在糖尿病视网膜病变早期诊断中的价值

目的:探讨PR间期在糖尿病视网膜病变早期诊断中的价值。方法:选取2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者578例,依据眼底照相结果,将研究对象分为无视网膜病变(NDR)组345例、单纯型视网膜病变组(BDR)组191例、增殖型视网膜病变组(PDR)组42例。比较各组一般资料及PR间期长度,进行统计分析。结果:所有患者的PR间期均值为162.76±20.10 ms。PDR组和BDR组患者PR间期的平均长度显著高于NDR组(P0.001)。Logistic回归分析结果显示PR间期每延长1 ms,T2DM患者患得DR的风险增加2.7%倍(OR=1.027,95%CI:1.016~1.038,P0.001);PR163 ms是PR≤163 ms的T2DM患者患得DR风险的2.727倍(OR=2.72795%CI:1.936~3.842,P0.001)。结论:心电图PR间期与糖尿病视网膜病变有显著的相关性,可以作为一个简单、无创的辅助检查用于早期筛查糖尿病视网膜病变。     

单胎妊娠早产胎膜早破呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素分析

目的:探讨单胎妊娠早产胎膜早破发生新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)的危险因素。方法:选择2017年5月至2019年5月在我院产科分娩的2810例产妇为研究对象,其中97例(3.45%)符合未足月胎膜早破(Preterm premature rupture of membranes,pPROM)标准,包括53例RDS。收集以下信息:PROM潜伏期、出生时胎龄、脐动脉搏动指数(Umbilical artery pulsatility index,UAPI)、大脑中动脉搏动指数(Middle cerebral artery pulsation index,MCAPI)、胎儿窘迫、产前使用类固醇、新生儿实验室参数、性别、体重、Apgar评分、分娩类型、妊娠高血压疾病、妊娠期糖耐量异常或糖尿病等信息,通过Logistic回归分析研究变量对RDS的影响。结果:Logistic回归分析结果显示,以下变量与RDS密切相关:新生儿性别女性(OR=0.517;95%CI:0.312-0.107;P=0.042),产前使用类固醇(OR=0.467;95%CI:0.355-0.698;P0.001),异常UAPI(OR=2.830;95%CI:1.783-6.234;P=0.002),异常MCA PI(OR=2.136;95%CI:1.120-4.017;P=0.032),胎儿窘迫(OR=2.420;95%CI:1.287-4.824;P=0.017),母体HGB(OR=0.689;95%CI:0.511-1.013;P=0.221),新生儿HGB(OR=0.752;95%CI:0.645-0.891;P0.001),新生儿RBC(OR=0.311;95%CI:0.201-0.565;P0.001)。结论:单胎妊娠早产胎膜早破发生RDS危险因素主要是性别、胎儿胎盘循环异常和胎儿窘迫。     

江苏北部某村农民高血压的危险因素及控制情况分析

目的:研究江苏北部某村农民高血压的危险因素及控制情况,为农村高血压疾病的防控提供更多的参考依据。方法:选择2018年1月~2018年12月江苏北部某村124名农民高血压患者作为观察组,124名非高血压人群作为对照组,通过应用单因素和多因素分析方法分析其高血压发病的主要危险因素,并统计其血压控制情况。结果:单因素分析结果显示超重或肥胖(OR=6.038,P<0.001)、高盐饮食(OR=6.167,P<0.001)、高油饮食(OR=9.626,P=0.002)、家族史(OR=8.008,P<0.001)、缺乏体育锻炼(OR=4.202,P<0.001)、吸烟(OR=3.067,P<0.001)等因素与该村农民高血压发生显著相关。多因素分析结果显示超重或肥胖(Exp(B)=3.931,P<0.001)、家族史(Exp(B)=6.212,P<0.001)、高盐饮食(Exp(B)=2.257,P<0.001)、缺乏体育锻炼(Exp(B)=3.393,P=0.007)、吸烟(Exp(B)=2.513,P=0.018)是该村农民高血压发生的危险因素。124例高血压患者的血压控制率为47.58%(59/124),不同性别和年龄段农民高血压患者的血压控制率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:高血压发病是遗传因素和生活习惯共同作用的结果,超重或肥胖、高盐饮食、缺乏体育锻炼、吸烟是农村地区高血压发病的危险因素。农村高血压的控制情况一般,需引起重视。     

新疆维吾尔族人寻常型银屑病与HLA-Cw*0602等位基因的关联研究

目的:寻找新疆维吾尔族人银屑病与HLA-Cw*0602等位基因的相关性.方法:运用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)法,检测新疆维吾尔族人200例寻常型银屑病患者和200例健康对照的HLA-Cw*0602等位基因频率,分析携带该基因的银屑病患者与其家族史的相互关系.结果:①病例组HLA-Cw*0602等位基因频率较对照组显著升高(73%vs24%,X2＝108.551,OR=10.171,95%可信区间6.410～16.140,P＝0.000),且无性别差异;②携带HLA-Cw*0602等位基因的银屑病患者发病年龄早于不具有该等位基因的患者(80.2%vs28.6%,X2=10.256,OR=0.950,95%可信区间0.920～0.981,P=0.001);③有银屑病家族史患者携带HLA-Cw*0602等位基因的频率与无银屑病家族史的患者无显著意义(X2=0.000,OR=0.986,95%可信区间0.252～3.860,P=1.000).结论:新疆维吾尔族银屑病患者与HLA-Cw*0602等位基因高度关联,且携带该等位基因的银屑病患者易发生早发型(发病年龄≤40岁)银屑病,但不能确定有家族倾向性.     

念珠菌血症的危险因素和预后分析

目的了解念珠菌血症的临床特点、分布及预后危险因素。方法回顾性调查2012年1月至2014年5月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院所有血培养念珠菌阳性的患者资料,分析其临床特征、治疗和预后等,采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法进行预后单因素分析,采用多元Logistic回归进行预后多因素分析。结果 97例念珠菌血症患者入选,其中男性64例,女性33例,平均年龄（59.6±16.8）岁。包括白色念珠菌51例（52.6%）,非白色念珠菌46例（47.4%）,非白色念珠菌中热带念珠菌17例（17.5%）、近平滑念珠菌12例（12.4%）、光滑念珠菌7例（7.2%）、无名念珠菌4例（4.1%）、其他念珠菌6例（6.2%）。念珠菌培养阳性后30 d内死亡37例,30 d病死率为38.1%。Logistic多因素回归分析显示：年龄（OR=1.104,95%CI：1.041~1.170,P=0.001）、血液系统肿瘤（OR=63.256,95%CI：2.898~1380.833,P=0.008）、APACHEⅡ评分（OR=1.176,95%CI：1.053~1.313,P=0.004）、感染性休克（OR=12.032,95%CI：2.389~60.587,P=0.003）及合并细菌性血流感染（OR=26.016,95%CI：4.002~169.127,P=0.001）是其死亡的独立危险因素;而拔除或更换深静脉置管（OR=0.118,95%CI：0.025~0.559,P=0.007）是念珠菌血症死亡的独立保护性因素。结论念珠菌血症患者分布科室范围广、基础疾病重、侵入性操作多。年龄、高APACHEⅡ评分、感染性休克及合并细菌血流感染是影响念珠菌血症死亡的独立危险因素,拔除或更换深静脉置管是念珠菌血症死亡的独立保护性因素。     

糖尿病对乳腺癌患者预后影响的Meta 分析

目的：评价中国地区糖尿病对乳腺癌患者预后的影响，为临床工作提供依据。方法：检索万方、中国知网、维普、Medline、 Pubmed、Embase数据库有关糖尿病对乳腺癌患者预后影响的文章，收集数据，进行meta 分析，以合并OR 值作为效应指标。结果： meta 分析共纳入11 篇文献，总共有28589 个病例；合并糖尿病对乳腺癌患者5 年无病生存率有影响[OR=2.48，95%CI （1.81~3.40）；I2=0%，P(Q)=0.42]；合并糖尿病对乳腺癌患者5 年总生存率有影响[OR=2.40，95%CI（1.75~3.29）；I2=81.67%，P(Q)<0. 01]。结论：糖尿病对乳腺癌患者预后有影响，造成生存率降低。     

孕妇孕前体重指数与妊娠期糖代谢异常发病相关性的研究

目的：探讨孕前体重指数与妊娠期糖代谢异常发病及其临床特点的关系。方法：采用病例一对照研究的方法,对孕期在我院进行健康保健确诊为糖代谢异常并已完成分娩的孕妇130例作为病例组,同时随机抽取同期分娩的260例糖代谢正常孕妇作为对照组。用Logistic回归模型对孕前体重指数进行单因素分析;计算其相对危险度。结果：病例组孕妇孕前BMI指数大于25者占80．77％,明显高于对照组的（19．23％）,差别有统计学意义（X2=30．469,P〈0．05）。logistic回归结果显示相对于BMI小于25者。BMI〉25组发生糖代谢异常的相对危险度是3．90,95％CI为2．23—6．41。结论：孕妇孕前体重指数是妊娠期糖代谢异常的独立危险因素,因此孕前控制体重指数是降低孕期糖代谢异常发生的关键因素。     

Relationship between Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Subsequent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Objective

This nationwide population-based study aims to explore the relationship between polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

Data from 1998–2012 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were used for this study. ICD9-CM codes 256.4X and 648.X were used separately for the diagnoses of PCOS and GDM, which were further confirmed by records of blood tests or ultrasonography to ensure the accuracy of the diagnoses. Women diagnosed at < 15 or > 45 years of age, and those diagnosed with overt diabetes mellitus or GDM prior to PCOS were excluded. During pregnancy, each woman with a previous diagnosis of PCOS was age-matched to 10 women without PCOS. Odds ratios (ORs) for risk of GDM were calculated by logistic regression analysis with adjustment for economic status and co-morbidities.

Results

Among 7,629 eligible women with a valid PCOS diagnosis, 3,109 (42.87%) had subsequent pregnancies. GDM occurred frequently among women with a history of PCOS as compared to those without PCOS (20.46% vs. 10.54%, p<0.0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that PCOS was associated with GDM (adjusted OR = 2.15; 95% CI:1.96–2.37). Among 3,109 affected patients, 1,160 (37.31%) had used medications for PCOS and 261 (8.39%) were treated with an oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA). There was no significant difference in development of GDM between the medication and no medication sub-groups (p>0.05). If not used after conception, OHAs did not reduce the risk of GDM (adjusted OR = 1.20; 95% CI:0.88–1.62).

Conclusions

A history of PCOS is a significant and independent risk factor for development of GDM. Medication for PCOS or pre-pregnancy use of OHAs does not reduce the risk of GDM. When at-risk women become pregnant, they require closer surveillance for maternal and fetal well-being, and should follow a strict diet and adhere to weight gain control to avoid obstetric complications due to GDM.     

Maternal Serum Heme-Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Concentrations in Early Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) concentrations have been recently reported to be elevated in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, no study has examined the association between HO-1 concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

In a case-control study, nested within a prospective cohort of pregnant women (186 GDM cases and 191 women who remained eu-glycemic through pregnancy), we assessed the association of maternal serum HO-1 concentrations, measured in samples collected at 16 weeks gestation, on average, with subsequent risk of GDM. Maternal serum HO-1 concentrations were determined using ELISA. We fitted multivariate logistic regression models to derive estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Median serum HO-1 concentrations in early pregnancy were lower in women who subsequently developed GDM compared with those who did not (1.60 vs. 1.80 ng/mL, p-value = 0.002). After adjusting for maternal age, race, family history of T2DM and pre-pregnancy body mass index, women with HO-1≥3.05 ng/mL (highest decile) experienced a 74% reduction of GDM risk (95% CI; 0.09–0.77) compared with women whose concentrations were<1.23 ng/mL (lowest quartile).

Conclusion

Serum HO-1 concentrations were inversely associated with subsequent GDM risk. These findings underscore the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of GDM. Additional studies are warranted to confirm the clinical utility of serum HO-1 in diagnosis of GDM, particularly in the early pregnancy.     

孕妇维生素D缺乏与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性分析

目的:调查孕妇妊娠早期维生素D水平及其影响因素,探讨维生素D缺乏与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性。方法:选取2012年7月至2013年4月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院产科正规产检并分娩的非孕前糖尿病孕妇,在其建卡初检时采用电化学发光免疫技术测定血清25(OH)D3水平;妊娠24-28周行糖筛查及糖耐量试验,诊断是否为妊娠期糖尿病GDM。收集并整理孕妇年龄,孕前体重指数BMI、维生素D测定孕周与测定季节、孕期维生素D补充情况等信息。结果:1000例孕妇中,GDM发病率为11.5%,维生素D缺乏比例占67.4%;其中,约有54%孕妇常规补充复合维生素,约含维生素400 IU/天,10%孕妇常规补充维生素D。GDM孕妇25(OH)D3水平显著低于正常对照组(P=0.007)。维生素D缺乏孕妇发生GDM的风险是维生素D水平较高组的1.944倍,且在秋冬季更易发生GDM。可以考虑在孕14-16周进行维生素D水平的早期测定。结论:孕妇维生素D缺乏十分普遍。妊娠早期孕妇低维生素D水平可能增加孕妇胰岛素抵抗及孕期发生GDM的发生风险。     

Joint and Independent Associations of Gestational Weight Gain and Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index with Outcomes of Pregnancy in Chinese Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective

To explore the joint and independent effects of gestational weight gain (GWG) and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on pregnancy outcomes in a population of Chinese Han women and to evaluate pregnant women’s adherence to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain guidelines.

Methods

This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of 48,867 primiparous women from mainland China who had a full-term singleton birth between January 1, 2011 and December 30, 2011. The independent associations of pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and categories of combined pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG with outcomes of interest were examined using an adjusted multivariate regression model. In addition, women with pre-pregnancy hypertension were excluded from the analysis of the relationship between GWG and delivery of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, and women with gestational diabetes (GDM) were excluded from the analysis of the relationship between GWG and delivery of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants.

Results

Only 36.8% of the women had a weight gain that was within the recommended range; 25% and 38.2% had weight gains that were below and above the recommended range, respectively. The contribution of GWG to the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes was modest. Women with excessive GWG had an increased likelihood of gestational hypertension (adjusted OR 2.55; 95% CI = 1.92–2.80), postpartum hemorrhage (adjusted OR 1.30; 95% CI = 1.17–1.45), cesarean section (adjusted OR 1.31; 95% CI = 1.18–1.36) and delivery of an LGA infant (adjusted OR 2.1; 95% CI = 1.76–2.26) compared with women with normal weight gain. Conversely, the incidence of GDM (adjusted OR 1.64; 95% CI = 1.20–1.85) and SGA infants (adjusted OR 1.51; 95% CI = 1.32–1.72) was increased in the group of women with inadequate GWG. Moreover, in the obese women, excessive GWG was associated with an apparent increased risk of delivering an LGA infant. In the women who were underweight, poor weight gain was associated with an increased likelihood of delivering an SGA infant. After excluding the mothers with GDM or gestational hypertension, the ORs for delivery of LGA and SGA infants decreased for women with high GWG and increased for women with low GWG.

Conclusions

GWG above the recommended range is common in this population and is associated with multiple unfavorable outcomes independent of pre-pregnancy BMI. Obese women may benefit from avoiding weight gain above the range recommended by the 2009 IOM. Underweight women should avoid low GWG to prevent delivering an SGA infant. Pregnant women should therefore be monitored to comply with the IOM recommendations and should have a balanced weight gain that is within a range based on their pre-pregnancy BMI.     

Early Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in IVF-Conceived Pregnancies

ObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study aimed to identify early and reliable GDM predictors that would enable implementation of preventive and management measures.MethodsThe participants were a 28-week prospective cohort of in vitro fertilization (IVF)-conceived pregnant women (≤39 years, body mass index [BMI] 18.5-38 kg/m²) without a known history of diabetes mellitus. Fasting blood samples were analyzed at baseline (pre-IVF) and 12 weeks’ gestation for reproductive hormones, glucose, serum insulin, lipids, thyroid function, adiponectin, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. At 28 weeks, a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was used to screen for GDM.ResultsFor the overall group at baseline, 22% had BMI ≥30 kg/m², 45% had polycystic ovary syndrome, 16% had hemoglobin A1C of 5.7% to 6.1%, and 14% had a past history of GDM. At 28 weeks of gestation (n = 158), 34 women had developed GDM and 124 had not. Significant baseline predictors of GDM onset included greater BMI (29.0 vs 25.8 kg/m²), older age (34 vs 32 years), higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio (1.2 vs 1.0), hemoglobin A1C (5.5 vs 5.2%), insulin (10.6 vs 7.1 μIU/mL), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (2.2 vs 1.7), total cholesterol (199 vs 171 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (123 vs 105 mg/dL), and lower triglyceride levels (74 vs 76 mg/dL). Significant 12-week GDM predictors included greater maternal weight gain (delta: 3.4 vs 1.5 kg) and higher levels of insulin (11.3 vs 7.6 μIU/mL), triglycerides (178 vs 120 mg/dL), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (2.3 vs 1.5). Twelve-week BMI is a predictor of GDM following adjustment for polycystic ovary syndrome status and maternal age.ConclusionWhile preconception maternal BMI, age, and follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio are predictors of subsequent development of GDM, early IVF-conceived gestational weight gain is the best predictor of GDM onset.     

Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Offspring Body Mass Index from 1 to 4 Years

ObjectiveUsing the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the association between GDM and offspring body mass index (BMI) gains in early childhood in China remains unclear. We aimed to assess the association between GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG criteria and BMI gain and the risk for overweight/obesity in offspring from 1 to 4 years.MethodsThis prospective cohort study was based on the healthcare records data from the Medical Birth Registry in Xiamen, China. We included 10,412 mother-child pairs tested for GDM using IADPSG criteria.ResultsA total of 1,786 (17.2%) offspring were exposed to GDM. The offspring exposed to GDM had higher mean BMI Z-score (difference, 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02 to 0.12) and risk for overweight/obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.40) compared to those unexposed to GDM from 1 to 4 years of age. However, after adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (Model 2), these associations attenuated towards the null (difference in BMI Z-score, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.07; OR for overweight/obesity, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.25).ConclusionThe associations between GDM diagnosed using IADPSG criteria and BMI Z-score and the risk for overweight/obesity in offspring at the age of 1 to 4 years were largely explained by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Reducing the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in China should focus on maternal weight status before pregnancy, in addition to glycemia during pregnancy.     

The prevalence and predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Hungary

There are conflicting results regarding the frequency of gestational diabetes (GDM) in Hungary. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of GDM and to clarify the association between selected maternal characteristics and GDM risk. In a population-based screening program of GDM in Tolna County, Hungary, 75 g OGTTs were offered to all pregnant women between 24-28 weeks of gestation and evaluated according to WHO criteria in 2000 (WHO GDM). Women were also classified based on the IADPSG criteria (IADPSG GDM). Selected risk factors were recorded by district nurses. OGTT results were available for 1,835 (81.2%) pregnancies out of 2,261. Altogether 159 (8.7%) were diagnosed as WHO GDM and 304 (16.6%) as IADPSG GDM. Gestational diabetes was related to older age, higher BMI, and an increasing number of deliveries (all p<0.005). The risk of IADPSG GDM monotonously increased with age, -pre-pregnancy BMI and number of deliveries. The risk of WHO GDM increased linearly with age, however, women with the highest BMI (≥ 29.2 kg/m2) had decreased risk compared to women with a BMI of 26.1-29.1 kg/m2 (p<0.05). There was an inverse U-shaped association between GDM risk and number of deliveries with the highest risk observed in those with 3 deliveries (p quadratic term=0.008). We found a high prevalence of GDM in this Caucasian Hungarian population. Our results suggest that pre-pregnancy BMI and previous deliveries elevate the risk of WHO GDM only to a certain level, above which the risk decreases.     

Maternal Subclinical Hypothyroidsm and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveThe association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is controversial. This review evaluates whether the risk of GDM is different in pregnant women with SCH compared to euthyroid pregnant women.MethodsA computerized search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted from their inceptions to July 2013 and was complemented with the perusal of the reference sections of the retrieved articles. Prespecified criteria were applied to assess eligibility, and standard meta-analytic methodology was employed for evidence synthesis.ResultsSix cohort studies, reporting data on 35,350 pregnant women (1,216 women with SCH), were identified. The risk of GDM in pregnant women with SCH was found to be substantially higher compared to euthyroid pregnant women (5 studies, pooled unadjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.75, I²: 41%, Harbord test P = .44). Similarly, the risk of GDM was estimated to be significantly higher in pregnant women with SCH when using adjusted estimates (3 studies, pooled adjusted OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07-1.79, I²: 0%). Neither finding remained significant in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionA modestly increased risk of GDM might be present in pregnant women with SCH compared to euthyroid pregnant women. Assuming a 5% baseline risk of GDM and that SCH increases the risk of GDM by 50% (in odds) compared to a euthyroid population, then there would be 1 extra case of GDM in every 43 pregnant women with SCH. This preliminary finding warrants further investigation. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:703-714)     

The rs2237892 Polymorphism in KCNQ1 Influences Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Glucose Levels: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis

Objective

Recent genetic studies have shown that potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member1 (KCNQ1) gene is related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, studies for the rs2237892 polymorphism in KCNQ1 and GDM remain conflicting in Asians. Furthermore, associations of this polymorphism with glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) have not been described in Chinese pregnant women. The present study aimed to provide evidence for the associations of rs2237892 in KCNQ1 with GDM and glucose levels, and to systematically evaluate the effect of rs2237892 on GDM in Asians.

Methods

A case-control study on 562 women with GDM and 453 controls was conducted in Beijing, China. The association of rs2237892 with risk of GDM was analyzed using logistic regression. The associations with quantitative glucose levels were assessed using linear regression models. A meta-analysis including the present case-control study and four previously published reports in Asians was conducted.

Results

The rs2237892 polymorphism in KCNQ1 was associated with GDM (OR (95%CI) =1.99(1.26-3.15)). Additionally, the polymorphism was associated with levels of 1h and 2h glucose during OGTT. The pre-pregnancy BMI, age and genotypes of KCNQ1 polymorphism were independent risk factors of GDM. Subsequently, we performed a meta-analysis in Asians. In total, C-allele carriers of rs2237892 polymorphism had a 50% higher risk for GDM (OR (95%CI) =1.50(1.15-1.78)).

Conclusion

The study demonstrated for the first time that the KCNQ1 rs2237892 polymorphism was associated with GDM and glucose levels in Chinese women. The study provides systematic evidence for the association between this polymorphism and GDM in Asians.