携带人二氢叶酸还原酶基因慢病毒表达载体构建及鉴定

目的:构建携带人二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)基因的慢病毒表达载体pWPI。方法:采用PCR方法扩增二氢叶酸还原酶cDNA全长,与EZ-T克隆载体连接,HindIII及BamHI-HF限制性内切酶双酶切回收的PCR片段并补平其缺口。慢病毒系统载体使用pWPI系统,采用PmeI酶切载体后回收片段,将其磷酸化,T4酶连接载体与目的基因。表达载体鉴定均采用核苷酸序列测定,重组质粒采用脂质体转染293T包装细胞后获得包装的病毒颗粒。结果:成功扩增二氢叶酸还原酶全长并连接入pWPI载体构建成重组表达载体DHFR-pWPI,重组质粒测序结果显与DHFR基因的同源性达100%,按标准生产程序转染293T后有DHFR基因的表达。结论:成功采用慢病毒载体系统构建了二氢叶酸还原酶重组慢病毒转基因,为探讨DHFR在肿瘤多药耐药过程中的分子机理奠定基础。     

ZO-1 基因的慢病毒载体构建

目的：相邻两心肌纤维的连接处称心肌闰盘,它在心肌的机电活动中扮演重要角色。目前有关闰盘相关基因Cx43 的研究已 被广泛关注,而在不同心肌病理状态下,其变化及功能都与另一闰盘相关基因ZO-1 有极为密切的联系。目前有关ZO-1 的研究比 较少,此次欲将猪ZO-1 基因克隆到慢病毒表达载体并进行鉴定,为进一步研究其功能奠定基础。方法：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR） 扩增猪ZO-1 基因,并克隆到慢病毒表达载体,通过转化、抽提质粒、双酶切和测序鉴定构建的Lenti-EF1α-EGFP-TRE-ZO-1 重组 载体。结果：猪ZO-1 基因片段重组到慢病毒载体;PCR和双酶切鉴定,电泳结果显示均能得到与理论大小相符的片段;经测序证 实成功构建Lenti-EF1α-EGFP-TRE-ZO-1 慢病毒表达载体。结论：通过一系列实验证实Lenti-EF1α-EGFP-TRE-ZO-1 慢病毒表达 载体构建成功,可利用其感染相关细胞或注入动物体内,为后续的体外及在体研究奠定基础,明确其在不同心肌病理状态下所发 挥的独特作用。     

EGFL7 基因RNAi慢病毒表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的：构建人类表皮生长因子域7（EGFL7）基因RNA干扰（RNAi）重组慢病毒表达载体。方法：参照小分子干扰RNA 的设 计原则,应用OligoDesigner 3.0 软件设计三条靶向人EGFL7 基因的RNA干扰序列（hEGFL7-RNAi）,并将其分别插入含有绿色 荧光蛋白（GFP）的慢病毒载体pLV3 中,获得重组质粒,与包装质粒pRsv-REV、pMDlg-pRRE 和pMD2G共同转染293T细胞,包 装产生重组慢病毒,培养72 h后,应用qRT-PCR 检测慢病毒感染人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）后靶基因mRNA 的水平,以评价 其基因沉默效果。结果：筛选出3 条人EGFL7 基因的RNAi 序列,分别包装出重组慢病毒,其滴度分别为1× 108、2× 108和5× 108TU/mL,将其转染入HUVEC 后,EGFL7mRNA表达均受到明显抑制(P<0.05)。结论：成功筛选出三条针对人EGFL7基因的 RNAi有效靶序列,并成功构建重组慢病毒表达载体,证明该序列可沉默HUVECs 中EGFL7 基因的表达。     

ZO-1基因的慢病毒载体构建

目的：相邻两心肌纤维的连接处称心肌闰盘,它在心肌的机电活动中扮演重要角色。目前有关闰盘相关基因Cx43的研究已被广泛关注,而在不同心肌病理状态下,其变化及功能都与另一闰盘相关基因ZO-1有极为密切的联系。目前有关ZO-1的研究比较少,此次欲将猪ZO-1基因克隆到慢病毒表达载体并进行鉴定,为进一步研究其功能奠定基础。方法：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增猪ZO-1基因,并克隆到慢病毒表达载体,通过转化、抽提质粒、双酶切和测序鉴定构建的Lenti-EFlct—EGFP-TRE—ZO-1重组载体。结果：猪ZO-1基因片段重组到慢病毒载体;PCR和双酶切鉴定,电泳结果显示均能得到与理论大小相符的片段;经测序证实成功构建Lenti-EF1α—EGFP—TRE-ZO-1慢病毒表达载体。结论：通过一系列实验证实Lend．EF1α—EGFP—TRE—ZO—1慢病毒表达载体构建成功,可利用其感染相关细胞或注入动物体内,为后续的体外及在体研究奠定基础,明确其在不同心肌病理状态下所发挥的独特作用。     

FasL基因重组慢病毒载体感染SD大鼠树突状细胞的研究

目的 探讨FasL基因重组慢病毒载体感染SD大鼠树突状细胞的效率和FasI 蛋白的表达情况,为进一步研究转FasL基因在同种异体器官移植中诱导免疫耐受和保护移植物打下基础.方法 将培养一周的细胞重铺于六孔板中,每孔细胞数量为5×105,24 h后观察,细胞适合感染,按照MOI=10感染细胞,使用GFP阳性对照质粒作对照实验,感染24 h后,培养皿中添加1 ml新鲜培养基,每隔1 d加细胞因子继续培养,荧光显微镜观察荧光强度和数量,添加病毒液后10 d收集细胞进行实时定量检测和WB检测.结果 FasL基困重组慢病毒载体感染DC 8 d后,细胞开始出现荧光,10 d感染效率为100%;实时定量PCR检测瞬时转染后目的 基因的表达显示以细胞的1.00%为参照,Cell＋FasL质粒为167.03%;免疫印迹检测转染后FasL蛋白的表达显示以细胞的1.00%为参照,细胞＋FasL质粒为34.15%.结论 FasL基因重组慢病毒载体成功感染DC,实时定量PCR及Western印迹证实感染的Dc表达FasL明显提高.为进一步研究转FasL摹因在同种异体器官移植中诱导免疫耐受和保护移植物打下基础.     

EEF1A2基因慢病毒表达载体的构建及慢病毒表达系统的建立

利用PCR方法合成EEF1A2的基因全长,经NotⅠ和NsiⅠ酶切后克隆到慢病毒载体pGLV5-EF1a-EGFP/Puro上。构建的重组质粒pGLV5/EEF1A2经PCR、酶切及测序鉴定正确后,利用慢病毒表达系统(pGLV5 Lentiviral Expression Systems),将重组质粒与包装系统质粒(pVSV-G,pGag/Pol,pRev)4质粒共转染293T细胞,收集培养上清并感染人胰腺癌SW1990细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选出稳定过表达细胞株EEF1A2/SW1990。Real-time PCR和West-ern blot检测结果显示EEF1A2在EEF1A2/SW1990细胞中表达较原代细胞明显增高(P<0.05),MTT结果显示EEF1A2/SW1990细胞的增殖能力亦较原代细胞显著增强(P<0.05)。成功构建了EEF1A2基因的慢病毒载体质粒pGLV5-EEF1A2及其慢病毒表达系统,并筛选出稳定过表达EEF1A2的人胰腺癌细胞株EEF1A2/SW1990。     

慢病毒载体构建及结构优化

慢病毒载体目前是基因治疗中研究较多的载体,与通常使用的逆转录病毒载体和腺病毒载体比较,它有感染非分裂期细胞及容纳外源性目的基因片段大等优点。对其结构的优化主要集中在提高生物安全性,提高转基因表达、转基因表达的调控及载体靶向性等方面。本文介绍了慢病毒载体构建及结构优化方面的研究进展作一综述。     

携带三种报告基因慢病毒载体的构建及其实验研究

慢病毒是逆转录病毒科的一个属.它具有可以感染分裂期及非分裂期细胞、容纳外源性目的基因片段大、目的基因表达时间较长、免疫反应小等诸多优点,因此成为运载目的基因的理想载体而得到广泛的应用.构建了带有3种报告基因即红色荧光蛋白(mCherry)、荧光素酶基因(luciferase)及绿色荧光蛋白(eGFP)的慢病毒载体,其中...     

hNoc4L基因重组慢病毒表达载体的构建与鉴定

核糖体前体的形成和核运输需要多种核仁复合物的参与,hNoc4L是酿酒酵母S.cerevisiae的核仁复合物相关蛋白4的同源蛋白,并含有保守的Noc结构域,但其功能未知。为了构建hNoc4L基因过表达的慢病毒载体,本实验通过将EF1α启动子替换原shRNA慢病毒载体pll3.7的U6启动子,成功构建了慢病毒表达载体pll3.7-EF1,并进一步得到了hNoc4L基因过表达的慢病毒载体。利用慢病毒包装系统对不同物种的细胞进行感染,以此检测该重组慢病毒载体的包装效率,并通过构建的hNoc4L过表达的RAW264.7稳定细胞系检测了该载体的免疫原性和稳定转染能力。结果表明成功构建了高效、长期稳定表达和免疫原性低的hNoc4L特异性表达的慢病毒载体,为进一步研究hNoc4L蛋白在哺乳动物核糖体生物发生中的调控作用奠定了基础。     

利用Gateway技术构建慢病毒载体及其在鸡囊胚细胞中的表达

目的:建立慢病毒载体介导的外源基因在动物中表达的模式。方法:通过PCR扩增出带EGFP基因和特异性结合位点的DNA序列,并应用Gateway技术构建了带EGFP基因的pLenti6/v5-DEST慢病毒载体。利用磷酸钙介导慢病毒4质粒系统在包装细胞中转染,收集并浓缩产生的病毒颗粒,通过感染293FT细胞测定慢病毒滴度。结果:通过PCR扩增后测序分析,表明慢病毒载体构建正确。病毒滴度测定结果为2×107TU/mL。并用慢病毒对鸡囊胚细胞进行感染,获得了较强的表达效果。结论:慢病毒载体系统所产生的病毒颗粒对动物细胞具有较强的感染能力,为慢病毒载体在转基因家禽研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

Structure-based design of potent Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists not relying on phosphotyrosine mimics

Development of Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists is considered to be an effective and non-cytotoxic strategy to develop new antiproliferative agents because of their potential to shut down the Ras signaling pathway. We developed a concise route for the efficient synthesis of G1TE analogs on solid phase. Using this route, a series of cyclic peptides that do not rely on phosphotyrosine or its mimics were designed and synthesized based upon the phage library-derived cyclopeptide, G1TE. Considering that Gly7 plays prominent roles for G1TE binding to the Grb2-SH2 domain, we introduced different amino acids in the 7th position. The D-Ala7-containing peptide 3 demonstrates improved binding affinity by adopting favorable conformation for protein binding. This can be rationalized by molecular modeling. The optimization at the Leu2 position was also studied, and the resulting cyclopeptides exhibited remarkably improved binding affinity. Based upon these global modifications, a highly potent peptide ligand 9 was discovered with a Kd = 17 nM, evaluated by Biacore binding assay. This new analog is one of the most potent non-phosphorus-containing Grb2-SH2 antagonists reported to date. This potent peptidomimetic provides a new template for the development of non-pTyr containing Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists and acts as a chemotherapeutic lead for the treatment of erbB2-related cancer.     

Structural and energetic aspects of Grb2-SH2 domain-swapping

The SH2 domain of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) has been the focus of numerous studies, primarily because of the important roles it plays in signal transduction. More recently, it has emerged as a useful protein to study the consequences of ligand preorganization upon energetics and structure in protein-ligand interactions. The Grb2-SH2 domain is known to form a domain-swapped dimer, and as part of our investigations toward correlating structure and energetics in biological systems, we examined the effects that domain-swapping dimerization of the Grb2-SH2 domain had upon ligand binding affinities. Isothermal titration calorimetry was performed using Grb2-SH2 in both its monomeric and domain-swapped dimeric forms and a phosphorylated tripeptide AcNH-pTyr-Val-Asn-NH(2) that is similar to the Shc sequence recognized by Grb2-SH2 in vivo. The two binding sites of domain-swapped dimer exhibited a 4- and a 13-fold reduction in ligand affinity compared to monomer. Crystal structures of peptide-bound and uncomplexed forms of Grb2-SH2 domain-swapped dimer were obtained and reveal that the orientation of residues V122, V123, and R142 may influence the conformation of W121, an amino acid that is believed to play an important role in Grb2-SH2 ligand sequence specificity. These findings suggest that domain-swapping of Grb2-SH2 not only results in a lower affinity for a Shc-derived ligand, but it may also affect ligand specificity.     

Potentiating effect of distant sites in non-phosphorylated cyclic peptide antagonists of the Grb2-SH2 domain

Without the presence of a phosphotyrosyl group, a phage library derived non-phosphorylated cyclic peptide ligand of Grb2-SH2 domain attributed its high affinity and specificity to well-defined and highly favored interactions of its structural elements with the binding pocket of the protein. We have disclosed a significant compensatory role of the Glu(2-) sidechain for the absence of the phosphate functionality on Tyr(0) in the peptide ligand, cyclo(CH(2)CO-Glu(2-)-Leu-Tyr(0)-Glu-Asn-Val-Gly-Met(5+)-Tyr-Cys)-amide (termed G1TE). In this study, we report the importance of hydrophobic residue at the Tyr+5 site in G1TE. Both acidic and basic amino acid substitutes are disfavored at this position, and replacement of Met with beta-tert-butyl-Ala was found to improve the antagonist properties. Besides, the polarity of the cyclization linkage was implicated as important in stabilizing the favored binding conformation. Oxidation of the thioether linkage into sulfoxide facilitated the binding to Grb2-SH2 markedly. Simultaneous modification of the three distant sites within G1TE provided the best agent with an IC(50) of 220 nM, which is among the most potent non-phosphorous- and non-phosphotyrosine-mimic containing Grb2-SH2 domain inhibitors yet reported. This potent peptidomimetic provides a novel template for the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of erbB2-related cancer. Biological assays on G1TE(Gla(2-)) in which the original residue of Glu(2-) was substituted by gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) indicated that it could inhibit the interaction between activated GF receptor and Grb2 protein in cell homogenates of MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells at the 2 microM level. More significantly, both G1TE(Gla(2-)) alone and the conjugate of G1TE(Gla(2-)) with a peptide carrier can effectively inhibit intracellular association of erbB2 and Grb2 in the same cell lines with IC(50) of 50 and 2 microM, respectively.     

Binding affinity difference induced by the stereochemistry of the sulfoxide bridge of the cyclic peptide inhibitors of Grb2-SH2 domain: NMR studies for the structural origin

The SAR study on a phage library-derived non-phosphorylated cyclic peptide ligand of Grb2-SH2 domain indicates that the configuration of the cyclization linkage is crucial for assuming the active binding conformation. When the thioether linkage was oxidized to the two chiral sulfoxides, the R-configured sulfoxide-cyclized peptide displayed 10-30 times more potency than the corresponding S-configured one in binding affinity to the Grb2-SH2 domain. In this paper, the solution structures of such a pair of sulfoxide-bridged cyclic peptide diastereoisomers, i.e., cyclo[CH(2)CO-Gla(1)-L-Y-E-N-V-G-NPG-Y-(R/S)C(O)(10)]-amide, were determined by NMR and molecular dynamics simulation. Results indicate that the consensus sequence of Y(3)-E(4)-N(5)-V(6) in both diastereoisomers adopt a beta-turn conformation; however, the R-configured peptide forms an extended structure with a circular backbone conformation, while the S-configured isomer forms a compact structure with key residues buried inside the molecule. The average root-mean-square deviations were found to be 0.756 and 0.804 A, respectively. It is apparent that the chiral S-->O group played a key role in the solution structures of the sulfoxide-bridged cyclic peptides. The R-sulfoxide group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the C-terminal amide, conferring a more rigid conformation with all residues protruding outside except for Leu2, in which the Gla1 and Tyr3 share an overlapping function as previous SAR studies proposed. Additionally, the extended structure endows a more hydrophilic binding surface of the R-configured peptide to facilitate its capture by its targeted protein. In comparison, the S-configured sulfoxide was embedded inside the ligand peptide leading to a compact structure, in which the essential residues of Gla1, Tyr3, and Asn5 form multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds resulting in an unfavorable conformational change and a substantial loss of the interaction with the protein. The solution structures disclosed by our NMR and molecular dynamics simulation studies provide a molecular basis for understanding how the chirality of the cyclization linkage remarkably discriminates in terms of the binding affinity, thus advancing the rational design of potent non-phosphorylated inhibitors of Grb2-SH2 domain as antitumor agents.     

Calorimetric investigation of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptide ligand binding to the human Grb7-SH2 domain

Grb7 is a member of the Grb7 family of proteins, which also includes Grb10 and Grb14. All three proteins have been found to be overexpressed in certain cancers and cancer cell lines. In particular, Grb7 (along with the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB2) is overexpressed in 20-30% of breast cancers. In general, growth factor receptor bound (Grb) proteins bind to activated membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; e.g., the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) through their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. In particular, Grb7 binds to erbB2 (a.k.a. EGFR2) and may be involved in cell signaling pathways that promote the formation of metastases and inflammatory responses. In previous studies, we reported the solution structure and the backbone relaxation behavior of the Grb7-SH2/erbB2 peptide complex. In this study, isothermal titration calorimetry studies have been completed by measuring the thermodynamic binding parameters of several phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptides representative of natural Grb7 receptor ligands as well as ligands developed through combinatorial peptide screening methods. The entirety of these calorimetric studies is interpreted in an effort to describe the specific ligand binding characteristics of the Grb7 protein.     

Solution structure of the human Grb14-SH2 domain and comparison with the structures of the human Grb7-SH2/erbB2 peptide complex and human Grb10-SH2 domain

Grb14 is an adapter protein that is known to be overexpressed in estrogen receptor positive breast cancers, and in a number of prostate cancer cell lines. Grb14 has been demonstrated to bind to a number of activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and to modulate signals transduced through these receptors. The RTKs to which Grb14 binds include the insulin receptor (IR), the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and the tunica endothelial kinase (Tek/Tie2) receptor. Grb14 has been shown to bind to these activated RTKs through its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, with the exception of the insulin receptor, where the primary binding interaction is via a small domain adjacent to the SH2 domain (the BPS or PIR domain). Grb14 is a member of the Grb7 family of proteins, which also includes Grb7 and Grb10. We have solved the solution structure of the human Grb14-SH2 domain and compared it with the recently determined Grb7-SH2 and Grb10-SH2 domain structures.     

Conformation of an Shc-derived phosphotyrosine-containing peptide complexed with the Grb2 SH2 domain

We have determined the structure of an Shc-derivedphosphotyrosine-containing peptide complexed with Grb2 SH2 based on intra-and intermolecular NOE correlations observed by a series of isotope-filteredNMR experiments using a PFG z-filter. In contrast to an extendedconformation of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides bound to Src, Syp andPLC SH2s, the Shc-derived peptide formed a turn at the +1 and +2positions next to the phosphotyrosine residue. Trp¹²¹, locatedat the EF1 site of Grb2 SH2, blocked the peptide binding in an extendedconformation. The present study confirms that eachphosphotyrosine-containing peptide binds to the cognate SH2 with a specificconformation, which gives the structural basis for the binding specificitybetween SH2s and target proteins.     

Interaction of the non-phosphorylated peptide G7-18NATE with Grb7-SH2 domain requires phosphate for enhanced affinity and specificity

Src‐homology (SH2) domains are an attractive target for the inhibition of specific signalling pathways but pose the challenge of developing a truly specific inhibitor. The G7‐18NATE cyclic peptide is reported to specifically inhibit the growth factor receptor bound protein 7 (Grb7) adapter protein, implicated in the progression of several cancer types, via interactions with its SH2 domain. G7‐18NATE effectively inhibits the interaction of Grb7 with ErbB3 and focal adhesion kinase in cell lysates and, with the addition of a cell permeability sequence, inhibits the growth and migration of a number of breast cancer cell lines. It is thus a promising lead in the development of therapeutics targeted to Grb7. Here we investigate the degree to which G7‐18NATE is specific for the Grb7‐SH2 domain compared with closely related SH2 domains including those of Grb10, Grb14, and Grb2 using surface plasmon resonance. We demonstrate that G7‐18NATE binds with micromolar binding affinity to Grb7‐SH2 domain (K_D = 4–6 μm ) compared with 50–200 times lower affinity for Grb10, Grb14, and Grb2 but that this specificity depends critically on the presence of phosphate in millimolar concentrations. Other differences in buffer composition, including use of Tris or 2‐(N‐Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid or varying the pH, do not impact on the interaction. This suggests that under cellular conditions, G7‐18NATE binds with highest affinity to Grb7. In addition, our findings demonstrate that the basis of specificity of G7‐18NATE binding to the Grb7‐SH2 domain is via other than intrinsic structural features of the protein, representing an unexpected mode of molecular recognition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solution structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain complexed with a high-affinity inhibitor

The solution structure of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) SH2 domain complexed with a high-affinity inhibitor containing a non-phosphorus phosphate mimetic within a macrocyclic platform was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Unambiguous assignments of the bound inhibitor and intermolecular NOEs between the Grb2 SH2 domain and the inhibitor was accomplished using perdeuterated Grb2 SH2 protein. The well-defined solution structure of the complex was obtained and compared to those by X-ray crystallography. Since the crystal structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain formed a domain-swapped dimer and several inhibitors were bound to a hinge region, there were appreciable differences between the solution and crystal structures. Based on the binding interactions between the inhibitor and the Grb2 SH2 domain in solution, we proposed a design of second-generation inhibitors that could be expected to have higher affinity.