TLR3和TLR4基因多态性与EV71感染手足口病严重性及易感性的关系研究

手足口病(Hand-foot-and-mouth disease,HFMD)是5岁以下婴幼儿常见的病毒性肠道传染病,该病主要由人肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)型及柯萨奇A组16型(Coxsackievirus A16,CV-A16)引起,但关于TLR3、TLR4基因多态性与EV71感染手足口病的报道较少。为探讨EV71感染手足口病患儿TLR3和TLR4基因多态性与EV71感染手足口病严重性及易感性的关系,本研究选择2016年8月至2017年8月就诊于安徽医科大学第一附属医院的EV71感染手足口病患儿166例,其中重症组76例,轻症组90例,并选择同期来院体检的健康者120例作为对照组。收集患者入院时的年龄、性别、发热天数等基线资料,采集血液检测白细胞计数(White blood cell count,WBC)、丙氨酸转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Glutamate transaminase,AST)、酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、干扰素-γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)水平;分离外周血单个核细胞提取DNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA情况;聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增TLR3c.1377C/T和TLR4-896A/G,限制性内切酶Tap I(TthHB8 I)、Nco I分别酶切TLR3、TLR4 PCR扩增产物,凝胶成像系统记录实验结果,对扩增产物进行测序,分析其基因多态性结果。结果显示,对照组与EV71感染组TLR3c.1377C/T位点的基因型分布与C、T等位基因频率均无显著统计学意义(P0.05);EV71感染组中重症组TT基因型较轻症组显著升高(P0.05);重症组T等位基因频率显著高于轻症组(P0.05),C等位基因频率显著低于轻症组(P0.05);EV71感染组中,TLR3c.1377C/T位点不同基因型患儿在年龄、性别及ALT、AST、CKMB水平上无显著差异(P0.05);TLR3c.1377C/T位点TT型患儿的发热时间及WBC、CRP水平显著高于CT和CC型,CT型患儿的发热时间及WBC、CRP水平显著高于CC型(P0.05);CC型患儿的IFN-γ水平显著高于CT和TT型(P0.05);TLR4-896A/G基因电泳条带为140bp的特异性扩增产物,为野生型Asp/Asp基因型,对照组和EV71感染组均未出现A→G的突变。本研究得出结论,TLR3c.1377C/T位点有CC、TT、CT三个基因型,且携带T等位基因EV71感染手足口病患儿进展为重症的风险较高;TLR4-896A/G基因无突变,与EV71感染手足口病患儿疾病严重性和易感性无关。     

白介素18启动子区基因多态性与儿童EV71感染相关性研究

目的:研究白介素18基因启动子多态性与儿童EV71感染遗传易感性的关系.方法:收集EV71感染患儿177例,单纯HFMD组127例,HFMD并脑炎组50例,提取外周血DNA,用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应(SSP-PCR)技术及基因测序法检测IL-18启动子区-137G/C、-607A/C位点的基因多态性.结果:EV71感染患儿与健康儿童IL-18-607基因型以CA为主,AA、CC次之,EV71感染患儿AA基因型、A等位基因分布频率显著高于健康儿童.EV71感染HFMD并脑炎组患儿AA基因型分布显著高于单纯HFMD组患儿,差异有统计学意义.EV71感染患儿与健康儿童IL-18-137基因型以CC为主,CG次之,GG占少数.该位点基因型及等位基因在EV71感染组与健康儿童、单纯HFMD与HFMD并脑炎组的分布无显著差异.结论:IL-18基因多态性与EV71感染相关,IL-18-607AA基因型、A等位基因携带儿童更易感染EV71病毒,且AA基因型患儿易并发脑炎,-607AA基因型可能为EV71感染的易感基因型.-137C/G位点基因多态性与EV71感染无相关性.     

MMP-9-1562位点T等位基因与儿童EV71重症脑炎易感性关系的研究

目的:研究基因MMP-9-1562位点基因多态性与肠道病毒71型(EV71)脑炎的关系,探讨不同基因型对EV71脑炎患病风险及病情程度的影响.方法:运用限制性片段长度多态性-聚合酶链反应(PCR-RFLP)检测EV71感染阳性病毒性脑炎患儿及正常对照组儿童基因组MMP-9-1562位点碱基变异情况.结果:EV71脑炎重症组MMP-9-1562位点T等位基因频率分布明显高于EV71脑炎轻症组(16％VS7.5％,OR 2.362,95％CI 1.170-4.768,P＜0.05).MMP-9-1562位点T等位基因携带者感染EV71后可明显增加神经系统并发症的发生率.EV71脑炎患儿MMP-9-1562位点T等位基因频率分布与正常对照儿童比较无明显差异.结论:MMP-9-1562位点T等位基因携带者在感染EV71后易发展为重症中枢神经系统感染;MMP-9-1562位点T等位基因可增加EV71感染后神经系统并发症的发生率;MMP-9-1562位点单核苷酸多态性与EV71脑炎的发病率无关.     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1基因多态性与癌易感性的Meta分析

探讨单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)2518 A/G基因多态性与癌易感性的关联情况。计算机检索相关数据库,收集自建库至2016年12月国内外已发表的有关MCP-1-2518 A/G基因多态性与肿瘤易感性关联的研究。共纳入30项病例对照研究(包括5 602例患癌患者和6 500例健康对照人群)。采用Stata 12.0软件进行统计学分析。Cochran Q检验和I2检验对各研究进行异质性检验,计算合并比值比(OR值)及其95%可信区间(95%CI)以评价关联性,Begg's test和Egger's test评估发表偏倚,并进行Meta回归、敏感性分析。Meta分析结果提示MCP-1-2518 A/G多态性与癌患病风险无明显相关性。但根据肿瘤类型的亚组分析发现,MCP-1基因多态性与肝癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌和非小细胞肺癌的发病风险显著相关(p0.05)。根据种族进行的亚组分析发现,携GG基因型的白种人群患癌风险增加(GG vs.AG/AA:OR=1.81,95%CI=1.10~2.96),而MCP-1-2518 A/G多态性与亚洲人群患癌风险无相关性(p0.05)。多态性与癌易感性的关联在基于对照组来源、研究样本量和低质量研究的亚组分析中显著,而根据对照组是否符合HWE遗传平衡和基因检测方法的亚组分析,这种关系不显著。Meta回归分析表明,种族差异和纳入研究的质量可能是各研究间异质性存在的主要来源。综上所述,MCP-1-2518 A/G多态性可能与癌易感性相关,GG基因型可增加白种人群患癌风险,MCP-1基因A2518G位点有望作为癌早期诊断和预后判定的重要分子标志物。     

新疆哈萨克族脑梗塞与ICAM-1 基因G241R 多态性的关系

目的:探讨新疆哈萨克族脑梗死与细胞黏附分子1(ICAM-1)G241R基因多态性的关系。方法:采用多聚酶链式反应法及限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术,对新疆哈萨克族100例脑梗死患者及110例健康者(对照组)进行ICAM-1基因G241R多态性检测,比较不同基因型与哈萨克族脑梗塞发病风险的关系。结果:脑梗塞患者ICAM-1基因G41R多态性的基因型频率和等位基因频率与健康对照组相比无明显差异。结论:ICAM-1基因G214R多态性可能不是新疆哈萨克族脑梗塞发病的遗传学危险因素。     

西安地区EV71-VP1基因分析

目的:通过在原核表达系统初步构建EV71-VP1,对西安地区肠道病毒71型(EV71)的外壳蛋白VP1基因进行分析.方法:采集西安地区手足口病患儿的疱液、咽部分泌物进行病毒分离和RT-PCR检测;通过逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1基因,构建重组表达质粒PQE30/VP1,转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,对VP1基因进行遗传学分析.结果:对肠道病毒71型(EV71)西安地方株VP1基因测序.并将其与阜阳株(序列号为EU913471)相比较,表明我国西安地区EV71分离株与阜阳株有较大差别,核苷酸差异约为4%.结论:西安地方株VPl基因与阜阳株相比,其核苷酸差异较为明显.这将为西安地区EV71的分子流行病学研究以及EV71所致疾病的预防和控制,打下良好的基础.     

肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1在Pichia pastoris酵母中的表达

利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT PCR)扩增肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1基因,经序列测定证实后,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K/VP1,转化Pichiapastoris酵母宿主菌GS115,甲醇诱导表达。SDS PAGE分析显示:表达产物的分子量约为34kD,与天然VP1大小一致。凝胶薄层扫描分析显示:目的蛋白表达量占培养上清总蛋白的60%以上。ELISA实验表明,重组蛋白VP1具有较好的抗原性。使用饱和硫酸铵分级沉淀法初步纯化的表达产物,能够较特异性地与EV71感染者血清中的抗体产生反应,而且与抗柯萨奇病毒A16特异性抗体不产生反应。通过利用表达产物作为抗原,对156份血清的检测初步证实,重组蛋白VP1可以作为检测EV71感染的的检测用抗原。     

肠道病毒71型北京分离株VP4基因序列及蛋白抗原性分析

为探讨肠道病毒71型(EV71)VP4基因序列与手足口病(HFMD)不同临床类型之间的关系,分析重组蛋白EV71 VP4的抗原性,并初步探讨其与柯萨奇病毒A16(CA16)重组蛋白VP4是否存在交叉反应性,对2007~2009年从北京患HFMD儿童标本分离到的10株EV71的VP4基因进行克隆测序,运用生物学软件对测序结果进行比较分析,并选择其中1株与1株同期分离的CA16的VP4分别进行原核表达;用表达产物对189份正常体检的成人及来首都儿科研究所就医的非HFMD患儿血清中的IgG进行Western Blot检测,并分析14份确诊为EV71感染和12份CA16感染患者急性期血清中的IgM抗体。分析表明这10株EV71 VP4基因核苷酸同源性为94.20%~100.00%,所推导的氨基酸序列则完全相同,从重症与轻症患儿分离的毒株之间VP4的核苷酸序列未见一致性的差异,基于EV71 VP4基因核苷酸序列的进化树分析表明2007~2009年北京地区所流行的毒株均属于C4亚型;本研究中EV71和CA16的VP4核苷酸序列的同源性为69.60%,所推导的氨基酸序列的同源性为78.60%,在运用Western Blot检测189份血清中的VP4特异性IgG时,EV71 VP4的血清阳性率为38.10%,说明其具有良好的抗原性,CA16 VP4的血清阳性率为58.20%,两者差别具有显著统计学意义(2χ=15.30,P<0.01),提示EV71 VP4与CA16 VP4没有交叉反应性;在用表达的VP4检测已确诊为相应病毒的特异性IgM时,两者皆为阴性,提示感染后机体对VP1和VP4产生不同的反应。     

2007―2008年肠道病毒71型北京地区分离株的VP4基因序列分析

为了解2007 ― 2008 年北京地区流行的肠道病毒71 型( EV71) 是否存在基因序列变异及其与病毒毒力的关系, 我们选择2007 年分离的3 株EV71( 其中1 株分离自重症手足口病患儿的咽拭子标本, 其余2 株分离自普通手足口病患儿咽拭子标本) 和2008 年分离的5 株EV71( 其中3 株分离自重症手足口病患儿的咽拭子或鼻拭子标本, 2 株分离自普通手足口病患儿的疱疹液标本) , 提取基因组RNA, 经反转录-聚合酶链反应( RT-PCR) 扩增得到VP4 基因片段, 并进行核苷酸序列测定, 使用生物信息软件与GenBank 中的EV71 VP4 基因进行序列及病毒型别分析。结果表明, 所测得的8 株EV71 VP4 基因全长均为207 bp, 编码69 个氨基酸, 理论相对分子质量( Mr) 为7 ×10³。8 株EV71 病毒VP4 基因的核苷酸同源性在94% ～100% , 与GenBank 中其他EV71 病毒株VP4 的核苷酸同源性为82% ～100% , 与阜阳、深圳和台湾等地区流行的EV71 VP4 的核苷酸同源性比其他地区高。除了与印度报道的VP4 编码的氨基酸在第7 和54 位不同外( 印度株: 7 位蛋氨酸, 54位苏氨酸; 其余株7 位苏氨酸,54 位丙氨酸) , 这8 株EV71 VP4 编码的氨基酸序列之间以及与其他EV71 VP4编码的氨基酸同源性均为100%。8 株EV71 病毒VP4 与文献报道的3 株重症感染病毒株VP4 ( BrCr、MS 和NCKU9822) 核苷酸有较大差别, 而8 株病毒株中从重症感染( BJ97、BJ110B、BJ110Y 和BJ4243) 与轻症感染( BJ25、BJ47、BJ65 和BJ67) 分离到的毒株之间VP4 基因序列未见明显改变, 只有几个核苷酸存在差别。VP4 核苷酸序列的进化树分析表明, 这8 株EV71 均属于C4 亚型, 显示2007 ― 2008 年北京地区流行的EV71的VP4 基因相当保守, 分离自伴有神经系统感染的重症手足口病和普通手足口病患儿的EV71 的VP4 基因之间在核苷酸水平未出现同样的变异。结果提示, 近2 年来北京地区所流行的EV71 属C4 亚型。     

DGAT-1基因K232A突变位点对甘肃地区中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性状的影响

为探索二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT-1)基因多态性与奶牛泌乳性状的相关性,以232头甘肃地区中国荷斯坦牛为实验材料,利用PCR-SSCP技术并结合测序研究DGAT-1基因K232A位点遗传多态性,采用混合动物模型分析DGAT-1基因K232A突变位点对305 d产奶量、305 d乳脂量和305 d乳蛋白量的影响。结果表明:DGAT-1基因K232A位点共存在KK、KA和AA三种基因型,频率分别为0.5086、0.3750和0.1164,等位基因K和A的频率分别为0.6961和0.3039,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.3336,实验群体在这一位点上处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。该位点突变对305 d产奶量的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01),对305 d乳脂量和305 d乳蛋白量的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05)。最小二乘法分析表明,AA和KA型305 d产奶量极显著高于KK型(P<0.01),KK型乳脂量显著高于AA和KA型(P<0.05),AA型乳蛋白量显著高于KK型(P<0.05);A等位基因是提高产奶量和乳蛋白量的优势基因,而K等位基因是高乳脂量的优势基因。DGAT-1基因K232A位点突变对甘肃地区中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性状有较大的遗传效应,可用于其泌乳性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

Characterization of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Nanchang, China in 2010

Recent outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection and EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China have affected millions and potentially lead to life-threatening complications in newborns. Furthermore, these outbreaks represent a significant global public health issue in the world. Understanding the epidemiology of HFMD and EV71 infection and their transmission patterns in China is essential for controlling outbreaks. However, no studies on the outbreaks of HFMD and EV71 infection in China during 2010 have been reported. In this report, we carried out an epidemiological analysis to study an outbreak of HFMD and EV71 infection in 2010 in the city of Nanchang in the Jiangxi province of People's Republic of China. From April 7 to May 11, 2010, a total of 109 HFMD cases were reported, and in this report the HFMD cases were studied by both epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The epidemiological study indicates that children aged younger than 8 years old represented more than 90% of the reported cases, with the age group of 1-3 years containing the highest number of cases. Laboratory studies detected a high prevalence of EV71 amongst the cases in our study, suggesting EV71 as a common enterovirus found in HFMD cases in Nanchang. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence of the VP1 region of four EV71 isolates indicated that the Nanchang strains belong to the C4 subgenotype commonly found in China during outbreaks in 2008 but contain distinct variations from these strains. Our study for the first time characterizes the epidemiology of HFMD and EV71 infection in China in 2010 and furthermore, provides the first direct evidence of the genotype of EV71 circulating in Nanchang, China. Our study should facilitate the development of public health measures for the control and prevention of HFMD and EV71 infection in at-risk individuals in China.     

Clinical Efficacy of Therapy with Recombinant Human Interferon α1b in Hand,Foot, and Mouth Disease with Enterovirus 71 Infection

A rapid expansion of HFMD with enterovirus 71 infection outbreaks has occurred and caused deaths in recent years in China, but no vaccine or antiviral drug is currently available for EV71 infection. This study aims to provide treatment programs for HFMD patients. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial and evaluated clinical efficacy of therapy with rHuIFN-α1b in HFMD patients with EV71 infection. There were statistical differences in outcomes including the fever clearance time, healing time of typical skin or oral mucosa lesions, and EV71 viral load of the HFMD patients among ultrasonic aerosol inhalation group, intramuscular injection group and control group. rHuIFN-α1b therapy reduced the fever clearance time, healing time of typical skin or oral mucosa lesions, and EV71 viral load in children with HFMD.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-TRC-14005153     

细菌脂多糖对肠道病毒71型感染影响的初步研究

肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71, EV71)感染常导致婴幼儿手足口病(hand, foot and mouth disease, HFMD),细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)在多种肠道病毒感染过程中起重要作用。本研究旨在探讨细菌LPS对EV71感染的影响。将EV71与LPS共孵育,测定病毒被热处理后残留病毒的活力,以及病毒感染过程中病毒基因拷贝数的变化。结果显示,热处理后病毒活力逐渐丧失,而经LPS处理的病毒活力丧失的速度减缓,且残留病毒活力与LPS浓度呈正相关;LPS处理后的病毒在黏附、侵入、胞内复制及释放过程中基因拷贝数较对照组均降低;免疫印迹分析表明LPS与抗VP1单克隆抗体可竞争性结合EV71,且粪便中的EV71可被抗大肠埃希菌抗体识别。上述结果提示,LPS可增强EV71热稳定性,抑制EV71感染过程,且LPS可能与EV71结合。     

Generation and characterization of a protective mouse monoclonal antibody against human enterovirus 71

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has emerged as a major threat to children; however, no effective antiviral treatment or vaccine is currently available. Antibody-based treatment shows promises to control this growing public health problem of EV71 infection, and a few potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting viral capsid protein have been well described. Here, we generated an EV71-specific mouse mAb 2G8 that conferred full protection against lethal EV71 challenge in a suckling mouse model. 2G8 belonged to IgM isotype and neutralized EV71 at the attachment stage. Biochemical assays mapped the binding epitope of 2G8 to the SP70 peptide, which spanning amino acid residues 208–222 on the VP1 protein. Alanine scanning mutagenesis defined the essential roles of multiple residues, including Y208, T210, G212, K215, K218, L220, E221, and Y222, for 2G8 binding. Then, a panel of single mutation was individually introduced into the EV71 infectious clone by reverse genetics, and three mutant viruses, K215A, K218A, and L220A, were successfully recovered and characterized. Biochemical and neutralization assays revealed that K218A mutant partially escaped 2G8 neutralization, while L220A completely abolished 2G8 binding and neutralization. In particular, neutralization assays with human sera demonstrated that K218A and L220A substitutions are also critical for antibody neutralization in natural infection population. These findings not only generate a protective mAb candidate with therapeutic potential but also provide insights into antibody-mediated EV71 neutralization mechanism.     

Hand foot and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 in Malaysia

Hand foot and mouth disease is a febrile sickness complex characterized by cutaneous eruption (exanthem) on the palms and soles with simultaneous occurrence of muco-cutanous vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (enanthem) affecting the mouth.The illness is caused by a number of enteroviruses with coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 as the main causative agents.Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) belongs to the species Human enterovirus A under the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae.EV71 has been associated with an array of clinical diseases including hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD),aseptic meningitis,encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like acute flaccid paralysis.A large outbreak of HFMD due to highly neurovirulent EV71 emerged in Malaysia in 1997,and caused 41deaths amongst young children.In late 2000,a recurrence of an outbreak of HFMD occurred in Malaysia with S fatalities in peninsular Malaysia.Outbreak of HFMD due to EV71 recurred in 2003 with an unknown number of cases and mortalities.A similar outbreak of HFMD with 2 recorded deaths in young children occurred in peninsular Malaysia in late 2005 and this was followed by a larger outbreak in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) with 6 reported fatalities in the early part of 2006.The current on-going outbreak of HFMD started in peninsular Malaysia in epidemiological week 12 of 2010.As with other HFMD outbreaks in Malaysia,both EV71 and CA16 were the main aetiological viruses isolated.In similarity with the HFMD outbreak in 2005,the isolation of CA16 preceded the appearance of EV71.Based on the VP 1 gene nucleotide sequences,4 sub-genogroups of EV71 (C1,C2,B3 and B4) co-circulated and caused the outbreak of hand,foot and mouth disease in peninsular Malaysia in 1997.Two sub-genogroups (C1 and B4) were noted to cause the outbreak in 2000 in both peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.EV71 of sub-genogroup B5 with smaller contribution from sub-genogroup C1 caused the outbreak in 2003.In the 2005 outbreak,besides the EV71 strains of sub-genogroup C1,EV71 strains belonging to sub-genogroup B5 were isolated but formed a cluster which was distinct from the EV71 strains from the sub-genogroup B5 isolated in 2003.The four EV71 strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients with hand,foot and mouth disease in the Sarawak outbreak in early 2006 also belonged to sub-genogroup B5.Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene suggests that the EV71 strains causing the outbreak in Sarawak could have originated from peninsular Malaysia.Epidemiological and molecular data since 1997 show the recurrence of HFMD due to EV71 in Malaysia every 2 to 4 years.In each of the past outbreaks,more than one sub-genogroup of the virus co-circulate.     

Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against EV71 screened from mice immunized with yeast-produced virus-like particles

Periodic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) occur in children under 5 years old, and can cause death in some cases. The C4 strain of enterovirus 71(EV71) is the main pathogen that causes HFMD in China. Although no drugs against EV71 are available, some studies have shown that candidate vaccines or viral capsid proteins can produce anti-EV71 immunity. In this study, female BABL/c mice(6–8 weeks old) were immunized with virus-like particles(VLPs) of EV71 produced in yeast to screen for anti-EV71 antibodies. Two hybridomas that could produce neutralizing antibodies against EV71 were obtained. Both neutralizing m Abs(D4 and G12) were confirmed to bind the VP1 capsid protein of EV71, and could protect 95% cells from 100 TCID50 EV71 infection at 25 μg/m L solution(lowest concentration). Those two neutralizing m Abs identified in the study may be promising candidates in development for m Abs to treat EV71 infection, and utilized as suitable reagents for use in diagnostic tests and biological studies.     

肠道病毒71型安徽、河南株的分离与VP1序列进化分析

旨在研究手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型分离株的病毒基因型特征。采集手足口病患者的粪便标本,进行病毒分离和逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)特异性扩增进行鉴定,同时选取其中9株EV71分离株,对其抗原决定簇部位VP1区进行核酸序列测定,并参考EV71 A、B、C各基因型的参考株和以往中国EV71的分离株进行同源分析和构建系统发生树。结果显示,所分析的9株病毒株均为C4亚型,3株安徽株H7、H8和H9的VP1序列相似度很高(≥98.8%,其中H7、H9的相似度为100.0%),4株河南株H3、H4、H5和H6相似度较高(≥98.4%,H3、H4和H5≥99.6%,其中H3、H4的相似度为100.0%),它们同河南株H1、H5的相似度也较高(≥97.2%),河南株H2虽然与其他河南株具有较高的序列相似度,但进化分析表明,其与安徽株同源性较高。结果表明,安徽株H7、H8和H9株变异速率明显加快,这可能导致了手足口病在安徽省的率先爆发与大流行,河南株H2最初可能由安徽传入河南。     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in schizophrenia: -2518A/G genetic variant and protein levels in Armenian population

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has been proposed as a contributory factor in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to explore the possible association of the MCP-1-2518A/G genetic polymorphism and plasma levels of MCP-1 in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. The MCP-1-2518A/G (rs1024611) polymorphism and blood levels of MCP-1 in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and healthy subjects were evaluated and compared. One hundred and three chronic patients with paranoid schizophrenia treated with neuroleptics and 105 healthy subjects were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and their MCP-1 plasma levels were measured by a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When comparisons were made between patients and controls, the frequency of the MCP-1-2518*G minor allele (35% vs 23%, p=0.009, OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.1-2.04) and also of the MCP-1-2518*G carriers (60% vs 40%, p=0.003, OR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.13-2.01) were higher in patients. The mean value of the MCP-1 plasma level in patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than in controls. Interestingly, the patients with the GG genotype had the highest MCP-1 level (711.4 ± 211.4 pg/ml), followed by those with the AG genotype (472.1 ± 135.8 pg/ml) and AA (372.4 ± 180.2 pg/ml) homozygotes. In conclusion, we report here the association of the -2518A/G genetic polymorphism and increased plasma levels of MCP-1 with schizophrenia and nominate -2518*G minor allele as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Armenian population.     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-2518 G/A polymorphism,plasma levels,and premature stable coronary artery disease

Background We examined the -2518G/A polymorphism of the MCP-1 gene, its plasma levels, and premature stable CAD in a Chinese population. Methods The study comprised 132 patients with premature stable CAD (cases) and 153 controls. Genotypes were determined by ligase detection reaction-polymerase chain reaction sequencing and grouping. Plasma MCP-1 level was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results No differences were found between genotype distribution and allele frequencies of MCP-1 gene -2518 G/A polymorphism (AA:18.1%; AG:51.5%; GG:30.3% in cases; AA:16.3%; AG:52.9%; GG:30.7% in controls; P = 0.918). The G allele prevalence was 0.561 in cases and 0.572 in controls (P = 0.786). No significant difference was found in plasma MCP-1 level between cases and controls [(47.50 ± 26.65) vs. (41.05 ± 15.71) pg/ml, P = 0.272)] or among the 3 genotypes [AA, (43.49 ± 10.50) pg/ml; AG, (46.09 ± 25.08) pg/ml; GG, (40.03 ± 18.13) pg/ml; P = 0.381]. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the lack of association between MCP-1-2518 G/A single nucleotide polymorphism and premature stable CAD after adjustment for confounding parameters. Conclusions The MCP-1-2518 G/A single nucleotide polymorphism does not affect plasma levels of MCP-1 or susceptibility to premature stable CAD in a Chinese population.     

Characterization of full-length enterovirus 71 strains from severe and mild disease patients in northeastern China

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been a leading cause of childhood infection in China since 2008. Epidemic and molecular characteristics of HFMD have been examined in many areas of China, including the central and southern regions. However, clinical and genetic characterization of EV71 in the northeastern region of China is scarce. In this study, a series of analyses were performed on seven full-length EV71 sequences from HFMD patients who had either severe or mild disease. We have determined that these seven circulating EV71 viruses from Changchun, China are actually complex recombinant viruses involving multiple type A human enterovirus (HEV). Classified as EV71 subtype C4 (EV71 C4), these Changchun EV71 viruses contain genetic recombination events between the CA4, CA5, EV71B4 and EV71C1 strains. Most of the structural protein region (P1) of these viruses resembled that of the prototype EV71 C1 strains. The non-structural protein domains (P2 and P3) showed a high degree of similarity with CA4, CA5 and EV71 B4 in different regions. The 5'UTR had unclassified recombination,while partial 3D region of these viruses showed a high degree of similarity to CA16. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length or partial sequences of isolates from severe or mild disease patients in Changchun always formed a single cluster in various phylogenetic analyses of different genomic regions, suggesting that all seven strains originated from one single common ancestor. There was no correlation between viral genomic sequence and virulence. Thus, we found that circulating recombinant forms of EV71 are prevalent among HFMD patients in Northeastern China. The existence of a unique cluster of EV71 related viruses in Northeast China has important implications for vaccine development that would address the increasing prevalence of HFMD.