有无心脏外科支持的经皮冠状动脉介入术病例特点及转归的比较分析

目的:分析有无心脏外科支持的经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)病例的特点及转归差异。方法:回顾性分析2308例行PCI术患者的病例资料,根据心脏外科支持情况分为支持组(2031例)、无支持组(277例),比较两组患者的基线资料、PCI术相关指标及主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的发生情况。结果:与支持组比较,无支持组患者的医疗费用明显增加,急诊PCI、危险因素中AMI病史、PCI史、疾病诊断中STEMI的比例明显降低,LVEF明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。支持组以三支及以上冠脉病变以及B、C型复杂病变形态多见,支架置入数、左主干病变比例明显增多,靶血管IVUS比例检查比例、术中总并发症发生率明显降低,与无支持组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组PCI术后MACE的发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:有无心脏外科支持的PCI患者的临床特点存在较大差异,无心脏外科支持的PCI患者以急诊手术为主,且靶血管病变相对较轻。对于低风险病例实施PCI手术是安全可行的,具有较高成功率,预后尚可。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗后的OCT研究

目的:通过光学相干断层成像技术(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)观察冠脉慢性完全闭塞病变(Coronary Total Occlusion,CTO)与非闭塞性病变在植入药物洗脱支架(Sirolimus-eluting Stents,SES)后的血管反应(新生内膜覆盖情况和支架小梁贴壁情况)。方法:共入选64位患者,分成CTO组、富含脂质斑块(Lipid-rich Plaque,LRP)组与非富含脂质斑块(non-LRP)组。分别于术前、术后即刻、6月随访时行OCT检查。结果:术后即刻,CTO组与LRP组支架贴壁不良的发生率要高于non-LRP组(3.03%%,2.58%%vs.0.64%,P=0.0219);组织脱垂、支架内血栓的发生率从高到低依次为LRP组、CTO组、non-LRP组(14.99%vs.11.00%vs.6.41%,P0.001;3.81%vs.2.39%vs.1.07%,P=0.0119)。6月随访时,三组比较(CTO组vs.LRP组vs.non-LRP组),CTO组贴壁不良发生率(5.0%vs.1.04%vs.0.4%,P=0.002)、伴有支架小梁裸露的截面数(23.4%vs.8.2%vs.6.6%,P0.001)以及伴有支架小梁突出的截面数(30.8%vs.9.6%vs.9.6%,P0.001)较高。结论:植入SES后不同的血管反应和冠脉原始病变特征有关。CTO病变与LRP病变在植入支架即刻更易于发生贴壁不良、组织脱垂和支架内血栓。6个月随访时,CTO病变的血管内皮化和愈合延迟,且贴壁不良的发生率较高。     

常规心电图与冠脉造影术在冠心病诊断中的效果分析

目的:探讨常规心电图(ECG)与冠脉造影术(CAG)在冠心病诊断中的效果。方法:选取100例冠心病患者,入院后先行CAG,后经ECG检查,通过CAG检查的冠脉狭窄程度、冠脉病变支数与ECG检查结果的对比两种检查方法对冠心病诊断结果,评价ECG与CAG在冠心病诊断中的临床价值。结果:CAG诊断冠心病的阳性诊断率82.0%,ECG诊断冠心病阳性诊断率为79.0%,两组阳性诊断率相比,无统计学差异(P0.05)。ECG对三组冠心病患者的灵敏度分别为65.0%,92.6%,96.9%,冠脉狭窄程度50%-70%时,灵敏度低于其他两组(P0.05)。经CAG诊断为冠脉单支病变、双支病变、三支病变患者,采用ECG诊断时,组间灵敏度相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:ECG多支病变冠心病患者容易出现漏诊、误诊情况,CAG与ECG诊断灵敏度相当,可直观反映冠脉病变情况。     

冠状动脉血管内超声对冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的诊断及冠脉支架置入术的指导价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨冠状动脉血管内超声（IVUS）对冠心病（CHD）患者冠状动脉病变的诊断及冠脉支架置入术（PCI）的指导价值。方法：选择2017年1月至2019年1月我院收治的200例CHD患者,其中急性冠脉综合征（ACS）115例,慢性心肌缺血综合征（CIS）85例;经冠脉造影证实单支病变患者62例（单支组）,双支病变患者81例（双支组）,三支及以上病变患者57例（多支组）。比较不同冠脉病变支数、病变程度CHD患者斑块性质、管腔面积、外弹力膜面积、斑块面积、斑块负荷、狭窄率。随机将115例ACS患者分为观察组（58例）和对照组（57例）,比较两组PCI手术支架置入率、达标率以及手术前后管腔面积、斑块面积、斑块负荷、狭窄率。PCI术后随访12个月,比较两组术后再狭窄和主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生情况。结果：200例患者共检出415块斑块,ACS组颈动脉斑块性质以低回声斑居多,CIS组以等、高回声斑居多（P＜0.05）,ACS组管腔面积小于CIS组,斑块面积、斑块负荷、狭窄率高于CIS组（P＜0.05）。多支组斑块性质以低回声斑居多,双支组以等回声斑居多,单支组以高回声斑居多（P＜0.05）。管腔面积随着冠脉病变支数的增加而降低,斑块面积、斑块负荷、狭窄率随着冠脉病变支数的增加而升高（P＜0.05）。观察组支架置入率、达标率、术后管腔面积高于对照组,斑块面积、斑块负荷、狭窄率低于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组PCI术后12个月再狭窄率、MACE发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：冠状动脉IVUS可较为准确地评估冠脉病变程度,相较于传统的冠状动脉造影,基于冠状动脉IVUS指导PCI手术可提高手术效果。     

双源CT冠脉成像在冠脉粥样硬化性狭窄诊断中的价值研究

目的:分析双源CT冠脉成像在冠脉粥样硬化性狭窄诊断中的价值。方法:以2014年5月至2016年5月我院初诊为"冠心病"的100例患者为研究对象,所有患者均行冠状动脉造影(CAG)和双源CT(DSCT)检查,比较两种检查方法在冠脉粥样硬化性显著性狭窄患者和不同冠脉血管(右冠脉、左冠脉主干、左前降支和回旋支)狭窄中的检查结果。结果:常规CAG检查共发现35例患者存在冠状动脉显著性狭窄,检出率为35%。DSCT共检出冠状动脉显著性狭窄患者45例,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100.0%,84.61%,77.78%和100.0%。一致性分析结果显示两种检测方法结果存在较强一致性,kappa=0.794(P0.05)。100例患者中,常规CAG检查共发现显著性狭窄血管47条。DSCT共检出显著性狭窄血管39条,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为93.62%、92.92%、63.77%和99.10%。一致性分析结果显示两种检测方法存在较强一致性,kappa=0.719(P0.05)。右冠脉、左冠脉主干、左前降支和回旋支中,检查特异度和阴性预测值以左冠脉主干最高,敏感度和阳性预测值以左前降支最高。DSCT检查对于冠脉血管的完全闭塞、重度狭窄、中度狭窄和轻度狭窄的显示率高于CAG检查,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:DSCT检查在冠脉粥样硬化显著性狭窄患者和狭窄冠脉血管(右冠脉、左冠脉主干、左前降支和回旋支)中具有较高的诊断价值。     

二尖瓣返流患者PCI术后的短期随访研究

目的:研究PCI治疗缺血性二尖瓣返流患者的临床疗效。方法:入选2015年3月至2016年8月在第二军医大学附属长海医院心血管内科确诊为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病并植入支架(不包括急诊PCI、风湿性心脏病、心梗病史)的患者100例,将其分为无返流、轻度返流及中重度返流三组,对行PCI患者的术前与术后三月复查心脏彩超结果进行对比。结果:三组之间LVEF差异明显(62.57±2.76%vs 60.47±6.75%vs 48.54±9.96,p0.001);但各组之间的病变血管分布及支架植入个数比较差异并无明显统计学意义(P0.05);PCI术后二尖瓣返流改善值为(-0.43±0.51 mL vs 0.58±1.65 mL vs 4.27±5.12 mL,p0.001);LVEF变化值分别为(-0.13±3.05%vs 1.52±4.13%vs 6.23±6.87%,p0.001)。中重度返流患者PCI血运重建后返流量相对于轻度返流和无返流的患者明显减少(4.27±5.12 mL vs 0.58±1.65 mL,p0.001;4.27±5.12 mL vs-0.43±0.51 mL,p0.001),轻度返流组术后二尖瓣返流及LVEF较无返流组无明显改变(p0.05)。结论:LVEF和二尖瓣返流程度密切相关,而PCI对于重度缺血性二尖瓣返流疗效较好,但并未发现冠脉病变分布上及支架植入个数的差异。     

128排256层螺旋CT血管造影术在评估非ST段抬高心肌梗死危险程度中的应用

目的:探讨128排256层螺旋计算机断层扫描(CT)血管造影术在评估非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)危险程度中的应用。方法:选取2017年7月至2018年2月本院NSTEMI患者152例,所有患者均给予128排256层螺旋CT血管造影术、冠脉造影(CAG)检查,分析CT血管造影术对NSTEMI冠脉狭窄及其危险程度的评估价值。结果:在检查NSTEMI无、轻度、中度、重度冠脉狭窄方面,CAG检查分别为18例、30例、62例、42例,CT血管造影术分别为19例、31例、62例、40例;以CAG为对照,CT血管造影术评估NSTEMI冠脉狭窄的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为98.51%、94.44%、98.03%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);以CAG为对照,CT血管造影术评估NSTEMI轻度、中度、重度冠脉狭窄的符合率分别为为86.67%、90.32%、90.48%,Kappa值为0.765,两种检查具有良好的的相关性。结论:128排256层螺旋CT血管造影术可有效评估NSTEMI的冠脉狭窄及其危险程度,可作为一种早期评估NSTEMI病情的无创、简易、准确筛查方法,值得临床作进一步推广。     

高龄（80-89 岁）非ST 段抬高心肌梗死早期 介入治疗的疗效观察

目的:研究调查高龄(80-89岁)非ST段抬高心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)患者行早期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的有效性。方法:回顾分析2008年8月-2009年10月期间我院住院的66例80-89岁NSTEMI患者,冠状动脉造影检查后45例行PCI术,5例因为左主干病变或者严重的三支病变行冠脉搭桥(CABG)术,其余16例做保守治疗。发病到行介入治疗时间<72h。结果:45例行PCI术中42例成功,再血管化的成功率为63.6%,失败的3例PCI术病人中2例因导丝或球囊未能通过病变,1例为顽固性室速。共植入支架80枚,术后梗死相关动脉血流均达到TIMI2-3级。术后死亡2例(心源性休克、颅内出血各1例),死亡率为4.8%。住院期间出血并发症较高,有4(9.5%)例(穿刺部位血肿2例,消化道、颅内出血各1例)。住院期间无再发心肌梗死,偶发心绞痛2例。结论:穿刺尽管高龄(80-89岁)非ST段抬高心肌梗死冠脉早期介入主要出血事件较多,但可改善住院期间的预后。     

高龄冠状动脉CTO患者PCI治疗的可行性及安全性

目的:探讨高龄冠状动脉慢性闭塞性病变(CTO)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的可行性和安全性。方法:连续入选2007年07月至2012年07月南京市第一医院年龄≥80岁,因冠状动脉CTO病变行PCI治疗的患者,回顾性分析和比较患者的基线特征、病变特征、手术经过和手术相关并发症。结果:共有69例高龄CTO患者,平均年龄为82.17±2.70岁,男性57例(82.6%)。14例患者同时存在2支CTO病变血管,21例患者闭塞近端钙化,24例患者闭塞近端迂曲,5例患者为原支架内闭塞。30例经桡动脉途径行PCI治疗。51例患者手术成功,手术成功率为73.91%。有7例患者发生冠脉穿孔,其中1例出现心脏压塞并院内死亡。结论:即使通过适当选择患者,80岁以上高龄患者PCI治疗冠状动脉CTO病变的手术成功率可以接受,但手术风险较高,需在有经验的心导管中心谨慎开展。     

冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后支架内再狭窄的相关危险因素分析

目的:探究冠心病(CHD)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后支架内再狭窄(ISR)的相关危险因素。方法:选取2014年6月～2017年6月期间我院收治的行PCI的CHD患者200例为研究对象,术后随访一年再行冠脉造影检测,根据患者是否发生ISR分为观察组(38例,发生ISR)和对照组(162例,未发生ISR),收集并比较两组患者基线资料及生化指标,采用多因素logistic回归分析CHD患者PCI术后发生ISR的危险因素。结果:观察组吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病的人数占比、病程及支架直径均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组脂蛋白(a)[LP(a)]、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及尿酸(UA)水平显著高于对照组,总胆红素(TBIL)水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,吸烟、糖尿病、支架直径(小)以及高水平LP(a)、低水平UA为CHD患者行PCI术后发生ISR的危险因素。结论:CHD患者行PCI术后发生ISR的危险因素有吸烟、糖尿病、支架直径以及高水平LP(a)、低水平UA,因此在PCI术中应尽可能选用较大的支架,同时戒烟、控制血糖有利于预防ISR的发生,定期检测血清LP(a)、UA水平变化,并采取有效的医疗与保健措施能够减少ISR的发生风险。     

Would SYNTAX have been a positive trial if XIENCE V had been used instead of TAXUS?: A meta-analysis of a first-generation vs. a second-generation drug-eluting stent system

Treatment options for coronary revascularisation include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In the ‘synergy between PCI with TAXUS and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX)’ trial, PCI and CABG using state-of-the-art techniques (using paclitaxel-eluting stents and arterial grafts, respectively) were compared in the treatment of complex coronary artery disease. In Syntax, PCI was inferior to CABG at one year, entirely due to an increased repeat intervention rate. We hypothesised that the use of a superior drug-eluting stent system could reduce the need for repeat intervention. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:451-3.)     

Intravascular-ultrasound-guided percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty/provisional stent implantation strategy: impact on long-term clinical follow-up

Two hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients with 438 native coronary artery stenoses were enrolled prospectively in a study of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with provisional stenting: (1) aggressive lesion-site media-to-media balloon-sizing; (2) IVUS-assessment of residual lumen dimensions to identify optimal PTCA results (minimum lumen area = 65% of the average of the proximal and distal reference lumen areas or = 6.0 mm(2) and no major dissection); and (3) liberal stent crossover. Overall, 206 stenoses in 134 patients (47%) were treated with PTCA alone. Reasons for crossover were flow-limiting or lumen-compromising dissections in 28% of patients and suboptimal IVUS minimum lumen area in 72% of patients. At one year, 8% of stenoses in the PTCA group and 16% in the stent crossover group required revascularization. In approximately half of the patients treated using an IVUS-guided aggressive PTCA strategy, stent implantation could be avoided without sacrificing an increase in acute complications or worse clinical outcome.     

Restenosis begets restenosis: implications for stent selection

Background. Identifying the risk for restenosis is of critical importance in the stent selection process of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore, we sought to determine if a history of clinical recurrence (CR) after PCI increases the risk of CR after treatment of a de novo lesion in another coronary artery. Methods. We retrospectively analysed all 12,763 patients who underwent PCI between 1993 and 2004 and selected patients with two or more interventions in two different native vessels. These patients were divided into two groups: patients without CR, and patients with CR after the first PCI. Clinical recurrence was defined as revascular-isation of the target vessel by either PCI or CABG within one year. Results. A total of 1010 patients with two or more interventions in two different native vessels were identified: 727 patients without and 283 patients with CR after the first PCI. Baseline patient characteristics and conventional risk factors were comparable between the two groups. Patients with a history of CR had a higher risk of CR after a second intervention in a second vessel (OR=3.4, 95% CI=2.3 to 4.9). A total of 112 patients also had a third intervention in a third native vessel: 12 patients with two CR, 30 patients with one CR and 70 patients with no CR after the first two interventions. CR rates in these patients were 50, 17 and 3%, respectively (p<;0.001). Conclusion. Patients with a history of CR have a markedly increased risk of developing CR after a second or third PCI in a different coronary artery. Therefore, in the decision-making process on whether to use a bare metal stent or drug-eluting stent, the history of CR is a simple and powerful aid. (Neth Heart J 2008;16:376-81.)     

血管内超声在冠状动脉疾病诊断和介入治疗中的应用

冠状动脉造影是目前公认的诊断冠状动脉病变和指导冠脉介入的金标准。然而,随着介入手术的发展,冠脉造影在评价冠脉病变方面存在的缺陷逐渐显露出来,已不能完全满足临床医生的需要。血管内超声以其优越的图像质量和空间分辨率在冠心病介入领域发挥独特的作用。作为冠脉造影的有效补充,血管内超声不仅能提供管腔和血管的直径信息,还能告知术者斑块负荷、斑块构成和血管重塑等,明确冠状动脉临界病变的性质、严重性和稳定性。此外,血管内超声还可以判断病变是否可以延迟血运重建,指导经皮冠状动脉介入的治疗策略和评估支架植入效果,有效地预防手术并发症。本文从血管内超声的概况,在冠状动脉疾病诊断和介入治疗等方面的应用进展进行了综述。     

Drug-eluting stents: from bench to bed

The introduction of stents to clinical practice in 1987 was the major breakthrough in the field of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The use of stenting has drastically improved the outcomes of traditional PCI. First stents were approved for bailout and treatment of dissections, reducing dramatically the need for emergent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as a result of vessel closure during PCI. Later stents were proven to reduce the restenosis rate of PCI from 30%-40% with balloon angioplasty to 15%-20% with stents, primarily by eliminating elastic recoil and vascular remodeling as shown by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies. These outcomes have led to a wide acceptance of stenting as the strategy of choice for more than 80% of all PCI procedures performed. The current review focuses on the following topics: (1) strategies in drug selection to reduce neointimal proliferation, (2) stent designs and polymer selection as a platform for drug-eluting stents, (3) review of major preclinical and clinical experimental work performed in the field, and (4) a discussion of the potential and limitations of the technology.     

Advances in percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: current antegrade dissection and reentry techniques and updated algorithm

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO) is considered relatively complex with low success rates and high complication rates. Treating a CTO with PCI using the hybrid algorithm increases success rates with acceptable complication rates. An essential part of the hybrid algorithm is antegrade dissection and reentry (ADR). In PCI of a non-CTO coronary lesion, the guidewire over which the stent is advanced and placed stays within the true lumen of the coronary artery. ADR techniques make it possible to cross the lesion through the wall of the coronary artery, the subintimal space, thus creating a small bypass within the architecture of the coronary artery and restoring antegrade blood flow. ADR increases success rates, especially in more difficult CTO procedures. In the last decade, new materials and techniques have been introduced in quick succession, which are summarised in this review. Consequently an updated ADR algorithm is presented, which can support the CTO operator during an ADR procedure.

     

Impact of Coronary Artery Curvature on the Longitudinal Stent Foreshortening: Real-World Observations

Longitudinal stent foreshortening is a known phenomenon, however, the impact of coronary artery curvature on longitudinal stent foreshortening remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of coronary artery curvature on the longitudinal stent foreshortening in the real-world scenarios. A total of 86 consecutive patients underwent coronary stent implantation were included in the present study. The degree of coronary artery curvature was defined as the length of the coronary artery curvature divided by the straight length. Longitudinal stent foreshortening was defined as the stent length after implantation divided by the stent length before implantation. The mean longitudinal foreshortening rate of coronary stents was about 94% in curved coronary arteries. Longitudinal stent foreshortening rate was positively correlated with the degree of coronary artery curvature (r = –0.86, P < 0.01). Coronary artery curvature is associated with significant longitudinal foreshortening of coronary stents, thus longitudinal foreshortening should be considered on deciding the stent length in curved coronary artery and a longer stent is usually needed in curved coronary artery.     

血清白细胞介素-18、氧化低密度脂蛋白与急性心肌梗死患者急诊PCI术后支架内再狭窄的关系

目的:探讨血清白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)与急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后支架内再狭窄的关系。方法:75例急性心梗急诊介入术后8～12个月内接受冠状动脉造影复查,其中9例有再狭窄作为再狭窄组,66例无再狭窄作为对照组。2组术后均接受阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、他汀类等药物治疗。取2组患者PCI术前、术后冠状动脉造影复查时血清标本,采用酶联免疫吸附法(EL ISA)检测血清IL-18、ox-LDL水平。结果:①再狭窄组PCI术后IL-18、ox-LDL水平较术前均明显升高[(2.37±0.22):(0.85±0.19)mg/L、(6.99±0.98):(2.38±1.06)mg/L],均P<0.01;对照组PCI后IL-18、ox-LDL水平较术前明显下降[(0.48±0.11):(1.23±0.09)mg/L、(1.39±0.54):(4.45±0.87)mg/L],P<0.05。②再狭窄组和对照组PCI术前IL-18、ox-LDL水平差异无统计学意义,再狭窄组PCI术后IL-18、ox-LDL水平显著高于对照组(均P<0.01)。④再狭窄组和对照组术前、术后IL-18和o...     

Intravascular ultrasound observations of atherosclerotic lesion formation and restenosis in patients with diabetes mellitus

Coronary artery disease is more aggressive in diabetic patients than in nondiabetics; they have more diffuse disease, higher mortality rates and worse clinical outcomes after coronary interventions. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) produces transmural tomographic images of the coronary arteries in vivo. Recent IVUS studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms of stenosis formation and restenosis in both nondiabetic and diabetic patients. Arterial remodeling is defined as a change in arterial area. During atherogenesis, an increase in arterial area usually accompanies plaque accumulation to delay lumen compromise. Stenosis formation is related to: (a) the rate of plaque accumulation versus the rate of positive remodeling; and (b) the limits and ultimate failure of positive remodeling. However, there is a marked variability in remodeling. IVUS studies have suggested that remodeling may be impaired in some diabetic patients during atherogenesis. Following non-stent catheter-based interventions, serial (post-intervention and follow-up) IVUS studies have shown that the change in lumen area correlates better with the change in arterial area (remodeling) than with the change in plaque area (neointimal hyperplasia). In some patients, a positive remodeling response mitigates against the increase in plaque area to limit late lumen loss and restenosis. Neointimal hyperplasia is exaggerated in diabetic patients. Despite this, there is a reduced frequency of positive remodeling, potentially similar to the impaired positive remodeling in some diabetic patients during atherogenesis. Failed or inadequate arterial remodeling may contribute to the pathogenesis and natural history of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in diabetic patients.