FOXO1在胰岛β细胞中的表达及对增殖凋亡功能的影响

胰岛功能受损的分子机制研究是揭示2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病机制的核心问题．FOXO1是胰岛素信号下游的重要靶转录因子,参与胰岛的发育,但在分化成熟的胰岛β细胞中的功能尚未阐明．本研究采用免疫组化方法结合激光共聚焦技术观察FOXO1在胰岛的表达及细胞定位;通过基因介导的转移技术和siRNA干预技术,在培养的大鼠胰腺癌β细胞系（INS-1E）中特异高表达组成性活性的FOXO1(FOXO1-AAA)或抑制其表达水平,观察FOXO1表达水平的改变对β细胞增殖、凋亡的影响．免疫组化结果显示,FOXO1在正常胰腺组织中仅特异地表达在胰岛内．采用胰岛素与FOXO1的免疫荧光双标结合共聚焦观察进一步揭示,FOXO1主要表达在胰岛的β细胞中．Western印迹显示,腺病毒介导的基因转移技术在体外培养的INS-1E细胞中过表达FOXO1-AAA或其特异的siRNA均能有效地上调或抑制其表达水平3H-TdR掺入实验结果显示,降低FOXO1的表达显著促进细胞增殖;反之,高表达FOXO1显著抑制细胞增殖．与之相应,MTT检测结果显示,降低FOXO1的表达对细胞存活有显著促进作用,高表达FOXO1对细胞存活有显著抑制作用．进一步采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,结果显示降低FOXO1的表达使β细胞凋亡率降低,反之高表达FOXO1使β细胞凋亡率增加．研究结果证实,胰岛β细胞中的FOXO1参与β细胞的存活、增殖、凋亡的调节．病理性高表达FOXO1可能通过阻止β细胞增殖、促进β细胞凋亡从而减少β细胞的数量,在T2DM发生中可能起重要作用．     

siRNA干涉PIM-3表达对胶质瘤细胞增殖和糖代谢的影响

目的:利用小干扰RNA(siRNA)在胶质瘤细胞干涉PIM-3的表达,观察细胞增殖能力和代谢的变化,并探讨相关机制。方法:转染PIM-3 siRNA入胶质瘤细胞U87-MG和U251,利用MTT实验和平板克隆实验检测细胞增殖能力的变化,利用流式细胞仪测定细胞糖摄取能力,并通过Western印迹检测葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1的表达变化。结果:利用siRNA干涉了PIM-3在胶质瘤细胞中的表达;PIM-3表达降低后,细胞增殖能力下降,葡萄糖摄取能力减弱,GLUT1蛋白表达降低。结论:PIM-3对胶质瘤细胞的增殖和代谢重编程具有调控作用,并主要通过影响细胞的糖代谢来实现。     

竹节参皂苷Ⅳa通过Akt/mTOR通路保护胰岛β细胞损伤

目的:研究竹节参皂苷Ⅳa(CHS)对高糖诱导的胰岛β细胞损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法:采用高糖建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型,分为正常组、模型组、CHS给药低、中和高剂量组(25、50和100μM)。MTT法检测CHS对胰岛细胞存活率的影响,胰岛素释放实验检测CHS对胰岛β细胞功能的影响,试剂盒检测Caspase 3和细胞色素c的水平,蛋白印迹法检测Bax、Bcl-2、Akt、m TORC1、S6K蛋白表达和磷酸化水平变化。结果:与正常组比较,高糖使INS-1细胞存活率降低,胰岛素释放减少,同时Caspase-3,细胞色素c,Bax蛋白表达增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;与模型组比较,CHS可以明显逆转这一趋势(P 0.05)。此外,CHS可剂量依赖性的促进Akt,m TORC1和S6K磷酸化水平,进一步研究发现,CHS保护胰岛INS-1细胞的作用及对m TORC1和S6K磷酸化的作用被si Akt抵消。结论:CHS可以对抗胰岛β细胞的糖毒性,降低胰岛INS-1细胞凋亡,增加胰岛素释放水平,其作用机制可能与激活Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

大鼠胰腺发育中原癌基因c-met的表达及蛋白定位

目的:研究原癌基因c-met在大鼠胰腺发育不同阶段的表达及定位.方法:采用RT-PCR技术检测c-met基因在大鼠胰腺不同发育时期:孕15.5天(E15.5)和孕18.5天、新生、生后14天(P14)、P21及成年胰腺的表达.并用免疫组化技术对该基因编码的蛋白-肝细胞生长因子受体c-MET蛋白在胰腺发育不同阶段的定位进行分析.结果:c-met基因在E15.5、E18.5较成年特异性高表达.免疫组化结果显示该基因编码的蛋白c-MET在新生后的胰腺大量定位与胰岛细胞.结论:提示c-met可能在胰腺发育过程中起到调控作用,参与胰腺发育中新生后胰岛结构重塑过程.     

lncRNA TUG1在胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究

目的:关于lncRNA TUG1在体内外胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究。方法:通过qRT-PCR检测lncRNA TUG1在小鼠胰腺,脑,肌肉等不同组织的表达。体外干扰MIN6胰岛素瘤细胞系lncRNA TUG1后,通过MTT法和流式细胞计数检测对β细胞增殖和周期影响;通过GSIS检测β细胞不同糖浓度刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平;采用qRT-PCR检测β细胞Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2的变化;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,采用ELISA法检测对血清胰岛素的影响,采用免疫组化检测对胰岛形态的影响。结果:lncRNA TUG1在胰腺组织中高度表达。干扰lncRNA TUG1后可致β细胞增殖活力受到抑制,糖刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平下降,Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2减少;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,血清胰岛素减少,胰岛面积减小。结论:干扰lncRNA TUG1后在体内外均可导致胰腺β细胞分泌胰岛素减少,提示lncRNA TUG1可在体内外影响β细胞的胰岛素分泌,lncRNA TUG1是调节胰岛β细胞功能的因素之一。     

CDC对胰岛13细胞中COX-2表达及PGE2生成的影响

目的观察12／15脂氧合酶抑制剂CDC对大鼠胰岛B细胞中环加氧酶2（COX-2）的表达及前列腺素E2（PGE2）生成的影响,并初步探讨其机制。方法体外培养大鼠胰岛β细胞系INS-1细胞,加入细胞因子IL-1β诱导COX-2蛋白的表达,然后采用Western印迹的方法观察12／15脂氧合酶抑制剂cin-naminyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate（CDC）对COX-2蛋白表达的影响;借助萤光素酶报告基因技术检测CDC对COX-2启动子转录活性的影响,最后用放射免疫法了解CDC对胰岛B细胞中PGE2生成的抑制作用。结果细胞因子IL-1p能够在大鼠胰岛β细胞系INS-1中诱导COX-2基因的表达,而12／15脂氧合酶抑制剂CDC能够呈剂量依赖抑制IL-1p所诱导的COX-2蛋白的表达。结论12／15脂氧合酶抑制剂能够明显抑制炎性因子IL-1β所诱导的胰岛β细胞中COX-2的表达和炎性介质PGE2的生成。     

PKR通过SUMO化修饰调控胰岛β细胞P53功能上调

目的:探讨PKR通过SUMO化修饰上调P53功能,阐明胰岛β细胞增殖抑制的分子机制。方法:转染wt-PKR质粒并结合BEPP刺激,诱导PKR在胰岛β细胞特异性激活。免疫印迹和免疫共沉淀技术检测P53及P53-SUMO-1蛋白结合水平变化;并给予SUMO化抑制剂Spectomycin B1,分析其相关分子机制。结果:免疫印迹和实时定量PCR检测表明:PKR特异激活能诱导P53蛋白水平而不是mRNA水平上调;免疫共沉淀分析显示:PKR促进了SUMO-1与P53蛋白结合水平的增加;而Spectomycin B1能抑制PKR诱导的P53蛋白水平及其与SUMO结合的增加。结论:PKR能通过促进P53的SUMO化修饰,上调其功能,诱导胰岛β细胞增殖抑制,可能参与2型糖尿病的发生和病程发展。     

FoxO1在胰岛β细胞代谢灵活性受损及失代偿进程中的作用

葡萄糖及脂肪酸是胰岛β细胞的关键代谢底物,葡萄糖刺激胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素是维持机体血糖稳态平衡的关键。胰岛素抵抗发生时,β细胞对能量代谢底物的选择失调,加速胰岛β细胞由代偿到胰岛β细胞失代偿的进程,是肥胖胰岛素抵抗最终发展为2型糖尿病的始动因素。核转录因子FoxO1属于Fox家族成员,在胰腺内广泛表达,在β细胞的代谢,发育,增殖过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。鉴于FoxO1在维持胰岛β细胞功能中的关键作用,现着重对FoxO1在胰岛β细胞代谢灵活性受损及失代偿过程发生中的作用调节进行阐述。为其作为调控胰岛β细胞功能的关键靶点提供参考。     

β榄香烯对人脑胶质瘤SHG44细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的:探讨中药提取物β-榄香烯对胶质瘤SHG44细胞增殖抑制作用及对Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响,并进一步探讨发生的机制。方法:用不同浓度的β-榄香烯对体外培养的SHG44细胞进行干预,分别采用MTT、流式细胞仪检测法,观察β-榄香烯对SHG44细胞增殖的抑制和凋亡诱导作用,并通过Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bax与Bcl-2蛋白表达情况。结果:经β-榄香烯处理SHG44细胞后,MTT结果其发现SHG44细胞生长受药物浓度和时间的影响,细胞生长明显被抑制,且(P0.05),流式细胞术显示,β-榄香烯诱导SHG44细胞后,细胞凋亡指数伴随药物作用时间的延长凋亡显著增加;Western blot结果发现,β-榄香烯对SHG44细胞的诱导后,使促凋亡蛋白Bax和抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2与对照组相比发生了显著改变,且实验组Bax蛋白表达明显高于对照组,而抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达伴随β-榄香烯的作用时间的增加,表达也逐渐减少。结论:β-榄香烯能显著抑制胶质瘤SHG44细胞的增殖,促进其凋亡;其机制可能与调控Bcl-2和Bax表达有关。     

竹节参皂苷IVa通过Akt/mTOR通路保护胰岛β细胞损伤

摘要 目的：研究竹节参皂苷IVa（CHS）对高糖诱导的胰岛β细胞损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法：采用高糖建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型,分为正常组、模型组、CHS给药低、中和高剂量组（25、50 和100 μM）。MTT法检测CHS对胰岛细胞存活率的影响,胰岛素释放实验检测CHS对胰岛β细胞功能的影响,试剂盒检测Caspase 3和细胞色素c的水平,蛋白印迹法检测Bax、Bcl-2、Akt、mTORC1、S6K蛋白表达和磷酸化水平变化。结果：与正常组比较,高糖使INS-1细胞存活率降低,胰岛素释放减少,同时Caspase-3,细胞色素c,Bax蛋白表达增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;与模型组比较,CHS可以明显逆转这一趋势（P <0.05）。此外,CHS可剂量依赖性的促进Akt,mTORC1和S6K磷酸化水平,进一步研究发现,CHS保护胰岛INS-1细胞的作用及对mTORC1和S6K磷酸化的作用被siAkt抵消。结论：CHS可以对抗胰岛β细胞的糖毒性,降低胰岛INS-1细胞凋亡,增加胰岛素释放水平,其作用机制可能与激活Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

β-cell death and proliferation after intermittent hypoxia: Role of oxidative stress

Intermittent hypoxia (IH), such as occurs in sleep apnea, induces increased oxidative stress and is associated with altered glucose homeostasis. Because pancreatic β cells are very sensitive to oxidative stress we tested whether they could be affected by IH. The effects of IH exposure (24 h/day, 5.7 and 21% O₂ alternation) in mice on β-cell proliferation and β-cell death were tested using Ki67 staining and TUNEL staining, respectively. To assess the role of oxidative stress in these processes, transgenic mice with β-cell-specific overexpression of the antioxidant protein MnSOD were exposed to IH. After 4 days of IH exposure, β-cell proliferation was increased almost fourfold. Coinciding with the increase in proliferation, the subcellular localization of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D2 was increased in the nucleus. In addition, β-cell death was increased approximately fourfold. MnSOD transgene did not alter the effects of IH on β-cell proliferation, but completely abrogated the IH effects on cell death. Thus, IH exposure that mimics sleep apnea can lead to increased β-cell proliferation and cell death. Furthermore, the cell death response seems to be due to oxidative stress.     

Lentinan protects against pancreatic β-cell failure in chronic ethanol consumption-induced diabetic mice via enhancing β-cell antioxidant capacity

Chronic ethanol consumption is a well-established independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, increasing studies have confirmed that excessive heavy ethanol exerts direct harmful effect on pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which may be a mechanism of pancreatic β-cell failure in T2DM. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Lentinan (LNT), an active ingredient purified from the bodies of Lentinus edodes, on pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction caused by ethanol and the possible mechanisms implicated. Functional studies reveal that LNT attenuates chronic ethanol consumption-induced impaired glucose metabolism in vivo. In addition, LNT ameliorates chronic ethanol consumption-induced β-cell dysfunction, which is characterized by reduced insulin synthesis, defected insulin secretion and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic assays suggest that LNT enhances β-cell antioxidant capacity and ameliorates ethanol-induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway. Our results demonstrated that LNT prevents ethanol-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, and therefore may be a potential pharmacological agent for preventing pancreatic β-cell failure associated with T2DM and stress-induced diabetes.     

mTORC2 Signaling: A Path for Pancreatic β Cell's Growth and Function

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved pathway that senses signals from nutrients and growth factors to regulate cell growth, metabolism and survival. mTOR acts in two biochemically and functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2), which differ in terms of regulatory mechanisms, substrate specificity and functional outputs. While mTORC1 signaling has been extensively studied in islet/β-cell biology, recent findings demonstrate a distinct role for mTORC2 in the regulation of pancreatic β-cell function and mass. mTORC2, a key component of the growth factor receptor signaling, is declined in β cells under diabetogenic conditions and in pancreatic islets from patients with type 2 diabetes. β cell-selective mTORC2 inactivation leads to glucose intolerance and acceleration of diabetes as a result of reduced β-cell mass, proliferation and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Thereby, many mTORC2 targets, such as AKT, PKC, FOXO1, MST1 and cell cycle regulators, play an important role in β-cell survival and function. This indicates mTORC2 as important pathway for the maintenance of β-cell homeostasis, particularly to sustain proper β-cell compensatory response in the presence of nutrient overload and metabolic demand. This review summarizes recent emerging advances on the contribution of mTORC2 and its associated signaling on the regulation of glucose metabolism and functional β-cell mass under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in type 2 diabetes.     

Antihyperglycemic effect of ginsenoside Rh2 by inducing islet β-cell regeneration in mice

The present study was designed to determine the antihyperglycemic function of ginsenoside Rh2 (GS-Rh2) by the regeneration of β-cells in mice that underwent 70% partial pancreatectomy (PPx), and to explore the mechanisms of GS-Rh2-induced β-cell proliferation. Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to PPx or a sham operation. Within 14 days post-PPx, mice that underwent PPx received GS-Rh2 (1?mg/kg body weight) or saline injection. GS-Rh2-treated mice exhibited an improved glycemia and glucose tolerance, an increased serum insulin levels, and β-cell hyperplasia. Meanwhile, increased β-cell proliferation percentages and decreased β-cell apoptosis percentages were also observed in GS-Rh2-treated mice. Further studies on the Akt/Foxo1/PDX-1 signaling pathway revealed that GS-Rh2 probably induced β-cell proliferation via activation of Akt and PDX-1 and inactivation of Foxo1. Studies on the abundance and activity of cell cycle proteins suggested that GS-Rh2-induced β-cell proliferation may ultimately be achieved through the regulation of cell cycle proteins. These findings demonstrate that GS-Rh2 administration could inhibit the tendency of apoptosis, and reverse the impaired β-cell growth potential by modulating Akt/Foxo1/PDX-1 signaling pathway and regulating cell cycle proteins. Induction of islet β-cell proliferation by GS-Rh2 suggests its therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes.     

cMyc is a principal upstream driver of beta-cell proliferation in rat insulinoma cell lines and is an effective mediator of human beta-cell replication

Adult human β-cells replicate slowly. Also, despite the abundance of rodent β-cell lines, there are no human β-cell lines for diabetes research or therapy. Prior studies in four commonly studied rodent β-cell lines revealed that all four lines displayed an unusual, but strongly reproducible, cell cycle signature: an increase in seven G(1)/S molecules, i.e. cyclins A, D3, and E, and cdk1, -2, -4, and -6. Here, we explore the upstream mechanism(s) that drive these cell cycle changes. Using biochemical, pharmacological and molecular approaches, we surveyed potential upstream mitogenic signaling pathways in Ins 1 and RIN cells. We used both underexpression and overexpression to assess effects on rat and human β-cell proliferation, survival and cell cycle control. Our results indicate that cMyc is: 1) uniquely up-regulated among other candidates; 2) principally responsible for the increase in the seven G(1)/S molecules; and, 3) largely responsible for proliferation in rat β-cell lines. Importantly, cMyc expression in β-cell lines, although some 5- to 7-fold higher than normal rat β-cells, is far below the levels (75- to 150-fold) previously associated with β-cell death and dedifferentiation. Notably, modest overexpression of cMyc is able to drive proliferation without cell death in normal rat and human β-cells. We conclude that cMyc is an important driver of replication in the two most commonly employed rat β-cell lines. These studies reverse the current paradigm in which cMyc overexpression is inevitably associated with β-cell death and dedifferentiation. The cMyc pathway provides potential approaches, targets, and tools for driving and sustaining human β-cell replication.     

Excessive food intake, obesity and inflammation process in Zucker fa/fa rat pancreatic islets

Inappropriate food intake-related obesity and more importantly, visceral adiposity, are major risk factors for the onset of type 2 diabetes. Evidence is emerging that nutriment-induced β-cell dysfunction could be related to indirect induction of a state of low grade inflammation. Our aim was to study whether hyperphagia associated obesity could promote an inflammatory response in pancreatic islets leading to ?-cell dysfunction. In the hyperphagic obese insulin resistant male Zucker rat, we measured the level of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and estimated their production as well as the expression of their receptors in pancreatic tissue and β-cells. Our main findings concern intra-islet pro-inflammatory cytokines from fa/fa rats: IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expressions were increased; IL-1R1 was also over-expressed with a cellular redistribution also observed for IL-6R. To get insight into the mechanisms involved in phenotypic alterations, abArrays were used to determine the expression profile of proteins implicated in different membrane receptors signaling, apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. Despite JNK overexpression, cell viability was unaffected probably because of decreases in cleaved caspase3 as well as in SMAC/DIABLO and APP, involved in the induction and amplification of apoptosis. Concerning β-cell proliferation, decreases in important cell cycle regulators (Cyclin D1, p35) and increased expression of SMAD4 probably contribute to counteract and restrain hyperplasia in fa/fa rat islets. Finally and probably as a result of IL-1β and IL-1R1 increased expressions with sub-cellular redistribution of the receptor, islets from fa/fa rats were found more sensitive to both stimulating and inhibitory concentrations of the cytokine; this confers some physiopathological relevance to a possible autocrine regulation of β-cell function by IL-1β. These results support the hypothesis that pancreatic islets from prediabetic fa/fa rats undergo an inflammatory process. That the latter could contribute to β-cell hyperactivity/proliferation and possibly lead to progressive β-cell failure in these animals, deserves further investigations.     

Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, inhibits cell apoptosis induced by lipotoxicity in pancreatic β-cell line

Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the underlying mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prolonged exposure of pancreatic β-cells to elevated concentrations of fatty acid is associated with β-cell apoptosis. Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been reported to have direct beneficial effects on β-cells, such as anti-apoptotic effects, increased β-cell mass, and improvement of β-cell function. The mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonists' protection of pancreatic β-cells against lipotoxicity is not completely understood. We investigated whether the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 promoted cell survival and attenuated palmitate-induced apoptosis in murine pancreatic β-cells (MIN6). Exposure of MIN6 cells to palmitate (0.4mM) for 24h caused a significant increase in cell apoptosis, which was inhibited by exendin-4. Exposure of MIN6 cells to exendin-4 caused rapid activation of protein kinase B (PKB) under lipotoxic conditions. Furthermore, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, abolished the anti-lipotoxic effect of exendin-4 on MIN6 cells. Exendin-4 also inhibited the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and down-regulated Bax in MIN6 cells. Exendin-4 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the presence of palmitate. Our findings suggest that exendin-4 may prevent lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in MIN6 cells through activation of PKB and inhibition of the mitochondrial pathway.     

Transient overexpression of cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP1 genes induces proliferation and differentiation of adult pancreatic progenitors and mediates islet regeneration

The molecular mechanism of β-cell regeneration remains poorly understood. Cyclin D2/CDK4 expresses in normal β cells and maintains adult β-cell growth. We hypothesized that gene therapy with cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP-1 plasmids targeted to the pancreas of STZ-treated rats by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) would force cell cycle re-entry of residual G₀-phase islet cells into G₁/S phase to regenerate β cells. A single UTMD treatment induced β-cell regeneration with reversal of diabetes for 6 mo without evidence of toxicity. We observed that this β-cell regeneration was not mediated by self-replication of pre-existing β cells. Instead, cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP-1 initiated robust proliferation of adult pancreatic progenitor cells that exist within islets and terminally differentiate to mature islets with β cells and α cells.