乳酸和APACHE II 评分在评估老年脓毒症患者预后中的应用

目的:研究乳酸和急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分(APACHE Ⅱ评分)对老年脓毒症患者预后的评估作用。方法:老年脓毒症患者96例,按照入院时血乳酸值分成升高者60例,乳酸正常者36例,比较两组的病死率、休克、机械通气和MODS发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分的区别;根据APACHE Ⅱ评分(<15、15～24、≥25)分为3组,比较每组患者的病情和预后区别。结果:乳酸升高组老年脓毒症患者的机械通气、休克发生率、MODS发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分明显大于乳酸正常组(P<0.05),病死率明显上升(28.3%vs 2.7%),(P=0.005);随着APACHE Ⅱ评分增高,患者病情逐渐加重,休克发生率和住院病死率明显升高,(P<0.05),患者乳酸水平也明显增高(P<0.05)。结论:血乳酸和APACHE Ⅱ评分都可以评估老年脓毒症患者病情严重和预后,两者升高提示预后差。     

乳酸和APACHEⅡ评分在评估老年脓毒症患者预后中的应用

目的：研究乳酸和急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分（APACHE Ⅱ评分）对老年脓毒症患者预后的评估作用。方法：老年脓毒症患者96例,按照入院时血乳酸值分成升高者60例,乳酸正常者36例,比较两组的病死率、休克、机械通气和MODS发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分的区别;根据APACHE Ⅱ评分（〈15、15～24、≥25）分为3组,比较每组患者的病情和预后区别。结果：乳酸升高组老年脓毒症患者的机械通气、休克发生率、MODS发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分明显大于乳酸正常组（P〈0.05）,病死率明显上升（28.3%vs 2.7%）,（P=0.005）;随着APACHE Ⅱ评分增高,患者病情逐渐加重,休克发生率和住院病死率明显升高,（P〈0.05）,患者乳酸水平也明显增高（P〈0.05）。结论：血乳酸和APACHE Ⅱ评分都可以评估老年脓毒症患者病情严重和预后,两者升高提示预后差。     

血乳酸水平动态监测在危重症患者的应用的临床价值分析

目的:探讨动态监测动脉乳酸水平对危重患者的应用的临床价值分析。方法:对2010年2月~2011年6月间收治的危重病患者的血乳酸水平进行动态监测,通过比较死亡组患者和存活组患者乳酸水平及其它临床指标,比较不同乳酸水平组患者的临床资料来分析乳酸在危重症患者的应用价值。结果:死亡组和存活组患者在性别、年龄差异无明显的统计学意义(P>0.05);病死组乳酸水平、APACHEⅡ评分、住ICU时间(天)、机械通气时间明显高于生存组,差异有显著的统计学意义(P<0.01);严重乳酸酸中毒组患者在APACHEⅡ评分、休克发生率、MODS发生率、死亡发生率均明显高于乳酸酸中毒组和高乳酸血症组,差异有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05),乳酸酸中毒组休克发生率、MODS发生率、死亡发生率均明显高于高乳酸血症组,差异有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:动态监测动脉乳酸水平是判断危重患者预后的一个良好指标,动脉乳酸越高,预后差。     

液体负平衡对感染性休克合并急性肺损伤患者早期复苏及预后的影响

目的:探讨液体负平衡对感染性休克合并急性肺损伤(ALI)患者早期复苏及预后的影响。方法:将2010年1月~2014年9月我院急诊外科收治的84例感染性休克合并ALI的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各42例患者。治疗组采用出入量负平衡方式进行液体管理,对照组采用出入量平衡方式进行液体管理。观察和比较两组治疗前后氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心指数(CI)、血管外肺水指数(ELWI)及APACHEⅡ评分的变化,记录和比较两组的机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的发生率及28 d的病死率。结果:入院后3d、7d,治疗组的MAP较对照组明显降低,ELWI、PaO_2/FiO_2则明显升高(P0.05);治疗前、治疗后6h,两组的APACHEⅡ评分比较均无显著性差异(P0.05),而治疗组治疗后24h、48h的APACHEⅡ评分较对照组则明显降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,治疗组的机械通气时间、ICU住院时间显著缩短,MODS发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论:在维持循环稳定和保证器官灌注的前提下,液体负平衡有助于减轻感染性休克合并ALI患者的心肺损伤,促进患者早期复苏,改善患者的预后。     

血清LXA4联合MMP-9预测脓毒症患者发生多器官功能障碍综合征的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清脂氧素A4（LXA4）联合基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）对脓毒症患者发生多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的预测价值。方法：选择2020年1月-2023年1月期间中国人民解放军空军军医大学第二附属医院接受治疗的140例脓毒症患者作为研究对象。根据患者入院28 d内是否发生MODS将其分为MODS组（n=41）和非MODS组（n=99）。检测并对比两组血清LXA4、MMP-9水平。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归模型分析脓毒症患者发生MODS的影响因素。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清LXA4、MMP-9对脓毒症患者发生MODS的预测价值。结果：本次纳入的140例脓毒症患者，入院28 d内共有41例发生MODS，发生率为29.29%（41/140）。MODS组血清LXA4水平低于非MODS组，MMP-9水平高于非MODS组（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：脓毒症患者发生MODS与合并高血压、脓毒症病程、存在休克、年龄、合并糖尿病、存在细菌感染、APACHE II评分、疾病严重程度、SOFA评分、存在低血钙、PCT有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄偏大、MMP-9偏高、脓毒症病程偏长、LXA4偏低、APACHE II评分偏高、PCT偏高、SOFA评分偏高、存在休克、合并糖尿病、存在低血钙、合并高血压、疾病严重程度为危重、存在细菌感染均是脓毒症患者发生MODS的危险因素（P<0.05）。血清LXA4、MMP-9单独及联合检测预测脓毒症患者发生MODS的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.815、0.821和0.898，联合检测的效能优于单独检测。结论：脓毒症并发MODS患者血清LXA4下降，MMP-9升高，二者联合检测对脓毒症并发MODS中具有较好的预测价值。年龄、休克、脓毒症病程、低血钙、APACHE II评分、疾病严重程度、SOFA评分、细菌感染、合并糖尿病、PCT、LXA4、MMP-9、合并高血压均是脓毒症患者发生MODS的影响因素。     

急诊科尿源性脓毒症的临床回顾性研究

目的:回顾性研究急诊科住院患者的尿路感染及其所致脓毒症的临床及病原学特征。方法:选取2014年1月至2017年8月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院急诊病房及急诊ICU收治住院的106名诊断为"尿路感染"的患者,结合出院诊断及新版脓毒症诊断标准再评估,分为"尿脓毒症组"(n=45)和"非脓毒症组"(n=61),收集和比较一般临床资料、实验室指标、病原学分类及特征。结果:1)尿脓毒症组上尿路感染、泌尿系统梗阻以及上尿路梗阻并感染的发生率均显著高于非脓毒症组(P=0.042,P=0.011,P=0.035)。2)尿脓毒症组白细胞计数(P=0.002)、C反应蛋白(P0.001)、降钙素原(P=0.028)、肌酐(P0.001)、D-二聚体(P0.001)、APACHE II评分(Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II,APACHE II)(P0.001)均明显高于非脓毒症组,而血清白蛋白(P0.001)、血小板(P0.001)计数、Glasgow评分(P0.001)均显著低于非脓毒症组;3)尿脓毒症组急性肾脏功能障碍(28/45,62.22%)发生率最高,凝血系统功能障碍发生率次之(25/45,55.56%)。中段尿培养中以屎肠球菌占比最高(11/40,27.5%),其次为大肠埃希菌(8/40,20%)。结论:上尿路感染与泌尿系统梗阻是发生尿脓毒症的危险因素,相较于非脓毒症患者,尿脓毒症患者炎症指标、肌酐、D-二聚体、APACHE II评分水平更高,白蛋白、血小板及Glasgow评分更低,肾功能障碍与凝血功能障碍在尿脓毒症患者中更多见。临床需对中段尿培养肠球菌阳性的患者引起重视。     

乌司他丁联合连续性血液净化治疗重症脓毒症临床研究

目的:研究连续性血液净化联合乌司他丁对重症脓毒症患者炎症反应的影响及其临床疗效。方法:70例重症脓毒症患者随机分为对照组(n=22例)、CBP组(n=23例)和CBP+乌司他丁组(n=25例),其中对照组采用经典治疗方案,CBP组在此基础上加用连续性血液净化,CBP+乌司他丁组在CBP组基础上加用乌司他丁治疗。观察比较患者病情发展,分别于治疗前后进行血液生化指标、凝血功能检测和动脉血气分析,ELISA法检测血清CRP水平。结果:①与对照组和CBP组相比,CBP+乌司他丁组患者病死率、ICU住院时间、MODS发生率均明显下降(P<0.05)。②经过治疗,CBP+乌司他丁组患者APACHE II评分降至15.46±3.96,与对照组(18.06±4.25)和CBP组(17.14±5.55)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③治疗后,患者BUN、HR降低程度依次为CBP+乌司他丁组>CBP组>对照组,组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),而治疗前后PH值、HCO3-、MAP比较差异不明显(P>0.05)。④CBP+乌司他丁组血清CRP含量下降,WBC数量减少,其变化程度明显大于CBP组和对照组(P<0.05)。⑤对照组、CBP组和CBP+乌司他丁组患者PT、TT和APTT时间延长,血小板数量下降,其中CBP+乌司他丁组PT、APTT时间短于CBP组和对照组(P<0.05)。结论:连续性血液净化联合乌司他丁可有效抑制脓毒症患者炎症反应,缓解病情,改善患者预后。     

连续静脉-静脉血液透析滤过治疗多器官功能障碍综合征的临床疗效研究

目的:探讨连续静脉-静脉血液透析滤过(continuous veno-venous hemodialysis filtration,CVVHDF)治疗多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的临床疗效。方法:选择我院ICU自2015年1月-2017年2月收治的MODS患者50例作为研究对象,根据随机抽签原则分为观察组与对照组,每组25例。对照组在常规内科治疗基础上给予机械通气治疗,观察组在对照组基础上采用CVVHDF治疗,两组治疗观察时间为30d。观察和比较两组ICU停留时间、呼吸机辅助时间、治疗后APACHEⅡ评分与MODS评分、治疗前后血清IL-6与TNF-α含量的变化及随访6个月的死亡情况。结果:治疗后,观察组ICU停留时间和呼吸机辅助时间均短于对照组(P0.05),APACHEⅡ评分与MODS评分分别为22.33±2.49分和6.42±1.98分,均明显低于对照组(62.19±7.45分和7.29±1.67分)(P0.05)。治疗后,两组的血清IL-6与TNF-α含量都明显低于治疗前,且观察组的血清IL-6与TNF-α含量均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。随访6个月,观察组与对照组的死亡率分别为4.0%和20.0%,观察组的死亡率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:CVVHDF治疗MODS能有效清除患者炎症因子,缩短ICU停留时间和呼吸机辅助时间,降低患者的死亡率。     

RIFLE标准在高容量血液滤过治疗MODS患者疗效的评价

目的:探讨不同肾功能损害时期行高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)疗效的影响。方法:采用RIFLE标准,将入选的MODS患者按急性肾损伤(AKI)分为AKIⅠ期(A组)、AKIⅡ期(B组)、AKIⅢ期(C组),以不同AKI分期作为HVHF治疗的时机,对比分析不同时期行HVHF治疗MODS患者的死亡率、平均重症监护病房(JCU)院时间(T1)、平均机械通气时间(T2)、平均连续血液滤过治疗时间(T3),并将HVHF治疗前和治疗24h后的APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、血浆白介素-6(IL-6)、氧合指数、血浆肌酐(Cr)、平均动脉压(MAP)等结果进行比较。结果:1、AKIⅢ期患者死亡率显著高于AKⅡ期和AKIⅡ期患者(P<0.01);AKIⅡ期患者T1、T2和T3显著高于AKIⅠ期患者(P<0.01);2、与AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者比较,AKIⅢ期患者HVHF治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、IL-6和Cr均显著增高(P<0.05);AKIⅡ期患者HVHF治疗前血浆IL-6显著高于AKIⅠ期患者(P<0.01);3、与HVHF治疗前比较,三组患者HVHF治疗24 h后IL-6、氧合指数、Cr和MAP均显著改善(P<0.01);AKIⅢ期患者治疗后的IL-6仍显著高于AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者;AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者HVHF治疗24h后APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分显著降低(P<0.01),AKIⅢ期患者治疗前后APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分变化无显著统计学差异。结论:RIFLE标准及IL-6对判断预后有指导意义;AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期行HVHF可明显改善MODS的预后,而AKI I期行HVHF的疗效更好。     

不同CRRT治疗时机对脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者疗效及预后的影响

目的:探讨不同持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗时机对脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者的临床疗效及预后的影响。方法:将我院ICU收治的60例脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者,按照CRRT治疗时机分为早期组(1-2期,n=30)和晚期组(3期,n=30)。比较两组患者治疗前后不同时点平均动脉压(MAP)、白细胞(WBC)计数、血红蛋白(HB)、血小板(PLT)计数、急性生理学与慢性健康状况(APACHE)Ⅱ评分等临床资料的变化,机械通气时间,肾功能恢复率及28 d病死率等。结果:与早期组比较,晚期组治疗后WBC计数明显升高(P0.05)。治疗后12 h、24 h、72 h,早期组ACHEⅡ评分较晚期组显著降低(P0.05)。与晚期组比较,早期组机械通气时间显著缩短,肾功能恢复明显升高,28d内病死率也明显降低(P0.05)。结论:脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者应早期启动CRRT治疗,最佳介入时间是KDIGO-AKI 3期之前,有助于改善患者预后。     

危重症患者预后的危险因素及相关指标的预后预测价值分析

目的:探讨危重症患者预后的危险因素,并分析相关指标对患者预后的预测价值。方法:对2016年4月至2018年4月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院救治的5585例ICU危重症患者病例进行回顾性分析,收集患者一般资料、初始乳酸水平、24 h乳酸水平、24 h乳酸清除率以及APACHEII评分等,采用多因素logistic回归分析危重症患者预后的影响因素,ROC曲线评估多项指标预测患者预后的价值。结果:共纳入1465例危重症患者,多因素logistic回归分析显示,住ICU平均时间长、APACHEII评分高、初始乳酸水平大于4 mmol/L、24 h乳酸清除率低、术后肾功能异常是危重症患者住院期间死亡的危险因素(P0.05),24 h乳酸清除率、APACHEII评分及初始乳酸水平三者联合评估预测患者住院死亡率的ROC曲线下面积(ROC-AUC)为0.900,高于单独检测。结论:住ICU时间、APACHEII评分、初始乳酸水平、24 h乳酸清除率、术后肾功能是危重症患者住院期间死亡的影响因素,初始乳酸水平、24 h乳酸清除率和APACHEII评分联合使用可以更好地预测危重症患者的短期预后。     

Acute Kidney Injury Enhances Outcome Prediction Ability of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score in Critically Ill Patients

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and also often part of a multiple organ failure syndrome. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is an excellent tool for assessing the extent of organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome prediction ability of SOFA and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III score in ICU patients with AKI.

Methods

A total of 543 critically ill patients were admitted to the medical ICU of a tertiary-care hospital from July 2007 to June 2008. Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were prospectively recorded for post hoc analysis as predictors of survival on the first day of ICU admission.

Results

One hundred and eighty-seven (34.4%) patients presented with AKI on the first day of ICU admission based on the risk of renal failure, injury to kidney, failure of kidney function, loss of kidney function, and end-stage renal failure (RIFLE) classification. Major causes of the ICU admissions involved respiratory failure (58%). Overall in-ICU mortality was 37.9% and the hospital mortality was 44.7%. The predictive accuracy for ICU mortality of SOFA (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves: 0.815±0.032) was as good as APACHE III in the AKI group. However, cumulative survival rates at 6-month follow-up following hospital discharge differed significantly (p<0.001) for SOFA score ≤10 vs. ≥11 in these ICU patients with AKI.

Conclusions

For patients coexisting with AKI admitted to ICU, this work recommends application of SOFA by physicians to assess ICU mortality because of its practicality and low cost. A SOFA score of ≥ “11” on ICU day 1 should be considered an indicator of negative short-term outcome.     

Prognosis of patients receiving intensive care for lifethreatening medical complications of haematological malignancy

The mortality of patients admitted to intensive care units with haematological malignancy is high. A humane approach to the management of the critically ill as well as efficient use of limited resources requires careful selection of those patients who are most likely to benefit from intensive care. To delineate more accurately the factors influencing outcome in these patients the records of 60 consecutive admissions to the intensive care unit (37 male, 23 female) with haematological malignancy were reviewed retrospectively. Fifty patients were in acute respiratory failure, most commonly (34 patients) with a combination of pneumonia and septicaemic shock. The severity of the acute illness was assessed by the APACHE II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II) score and number of organ systems affected. Thirteen patients survived to leave hospital. The mortality of patients with haematological malignancy was consistently higher than predicted from a large validation study of APACHE II in a mixed population of critically ill patients. Moreover, no patient with an APACHE II score of greater than 26 survived. Mortality among the 22 patients with relapsed malignancy (21 deaths), was significantly higher than among the 35 patients at first presentation (26 deaths). On discharge from the intensive care unit all survivors had responded well to chemotherapy and had normal or raised peripheral white cell counts. They included seven patients who had recovered from leucopenia (white cell count <0.5 × 10⁹/1). In contrast, 36 of the 47 patients who died were leucopenic at the time of death.The overall mortality of critically ill patients with haematological malignancy is higher than equivalently ill patients without cancer. The dysfunction of an increasing number of organ systems, an APACHE II score of greater than 30, failure of the malignancy to respond to chemotherapy, and persistent leucopenia all point to a poor outcome.     

Blood Lactate/ATP Ratio,as an Alarm Index and Real-Time Biomarker in Critical Illness

Objective

The acute physiology, age and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score and other related scores have been used for evaluation of illness severity in the intensive care unit (ICU), but there is still a need for real-time and sensitive prognostic biomarkers. Recently, alarmins from damaged tissues have been reported as alarm-signaling molecules. Although ATP is a member of the alarmins and its depletion in tissues closely correlates with multiple-organ failure, blood ATP level has not been evaluated in critical illness. To identify real-time prognostic biomarker of critical illness, we measured blood ATP levels and the lactate/ATP ratio (ATP-lactate energy risk score, A-LES) in critically ill patients.

Methods and Results

Blood samples were collected from 42 consecutive critically ill ICU patients and 155 healthy subjects. The prognostic values of blood ATP levels and A-LES were compared with APACHE II score. The mean ATP level (SD) in healthy subjects was 0.62 (0.19) mM with no significant age or gender differences. The median ATP level in severely ill patients at ICU admission was significantly low at 0.31 mM (interquartile range 0.25 to 0.44) than the level in moderately ill patient at 0.56 mM (0.38 to 0.70) (P<0.01). Assessment with ATP was further corrected by lactate and expressed as A-LES. The median A-LES was 2.7 (2.1 to 3.3) in patients with satisfactory outcome at discharge but was significantly higher in non-survivors at 38.9 (21.0 to 67.9) (P<0.01). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that measurement of blood ATP and A-LES at ICU admission are as useful as APACHE II score for prediction of mortality.

Conclusion

Blood ATP levels and A-LES are sensitive prognostic biomarkers of mortality at ICU admission. In addition, A-LES provided further real-time evaluation score of illness severity during ICU stay particularly for critically ill patients with APACHE II scores of ≥20.0.     

Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis in the Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study of 102 Patients

IntroductionPatients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are sometimes complicated with life-threatening conditions requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In the past, owing to the low incidence of IIM, little was known about such patients. Our aim was to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of these patients and identify their risk factors for mortality.MethodsA retrospective study was performed of IIM patients admitted over an 8-year period to the medical ICU of a tertiary referral center in China. We collected data regarding demographic features, IIM-related clinical characteristics, reasons for admission, organ dysfunction, and outcomes. Independent predictors of ICU mortality were identified through multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf the 102 patients in our cohort, polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) accounted for 23.5%, 64.7%, and 11.7% respectively. The median duration from the onset of IIM to ICU admission was 4.3 months (interquartile range [IQR], 2.6–9.4 months). Reasons for ICU admission were infection alone (39.2%), acute exacerbation of IIM alone (27.5%), the coexistence of both (27.5%), or other reasons (5.8%). Pneumonia accounted for 97% of the infections; 63.2% of infections with documented pathogens were caused by opportunistic agents. Rapid progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) was responsible for 87.5% of acute exacerbation of IIM. The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score on ICU day 1 was 17 (IQR 14–20). On ICU admission, acute respiratory failure (ARF) was the most common type (80.4%) of organ failure. The mortality rate in the ICU was 79.4%. Factors associated with increased ICU mortality included a diagnosis of DM (including CADM), a high APACHE II score, the presence of ARF, a decreased PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio, and a low lymphocyte count at the time of ICU admission.ConclusionsThe outcome of IIM patients admitted to the ICU was extremely poor. A diagnosis of DM/CADM, the presence and severity of ARF, and the lymphocyte counts at ICU admission were shown to be valuable for predicting outcome. Opportunistic infections and rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease warrant concern in treating these patients.     

Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome: how water might contribute to its progression

Mulitorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is one of the most frequent conditions encountered in intensive-care medicine. MODS is defined as total r partial loss oftwo or more organs with vital functions. The development of acute renal failure (ARF) in MODS leads to an additional aggravation with considerably higher hospital mortality than in other ICU patients with MODS. Whereas dissolved substances involved in the regulation of regional blood flow, endothelial cell injury, microvascular permeability, oxygnation, and nutrition of cells are at the focus of interest in MODS, hardly any scientific attention is paid to their main solvent water. An impaired renal water excretion and an icreased metabolic water volunme requiring exceetion interfere with diffusive and convective oxygen transport through the different fluid compartments. It will be shown first that the ratio of U_osm/P_osm appears to be a reliable tools to assess overhydration in ARF. Secondly, the limits of urinary output in response to water intake will be considered. Furthermore, the metabolic water formation by an enhanced degradation of endogenous protein and fat will be discussed. Finally, the daily caloric intake is questioned with respect to energy expenditure and metabolic water formation.     

Plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and outcome prediction in unselected critically ill patients

Purpose. To determine the inter-relationships between cytokine levels and physiological scores in predicting outcome in unselected, critically ill patients. Methods. To this end, 127 patients (96 men), having a mean ± SD age of 45 ± 20 years, with a wide range in admission diagnoses (medical, surgical, and multiple trauma patients) were prospectively investigated. Severity of critical illness and organ dysfunction were graded by acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, respectively. Blood samples were drawn on admission in the ICU to determine pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10. The main outcome measure was 28-day mortality. Results. Overall, 88 patients survived and 39 patients died. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that SOFA, APACHE II, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-10 on admission in the ICU were related to mortality. Multiple logistic regression analysis in the entire cohort of critically ill patients revealed that SOFA (OR = 1.341, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (OR = 1.075, p = 0.01) constituted independent outcome predictors. receiver operator characteristics curve analysis showed that SOFA, APACHE II, and IL-6 had the highest area under the curve values. IL-6 correlated with APACHE II (r_s = 0.44, p < 0.0001) and SOFA (r_s = 0.40, p < 0.0001) scores. Conclusions. In mixed ICU patients cytokine concentrations on admission in the ICU represent independent outcome predictors in the presence of disease severity scores.     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染危险因素及预后分析

目的 探讨碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染（CSKP）的危险因素以及影响患者28 d预后的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析我院2016年1月至2017年12月期间住院的肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染患者的临床病史资料,按患者血培养标本采集后28 d内预后情况分为存活组与死亡组,应用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析探讨碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的危险因素,应用Cox回归分析研究影响肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染28 d预后的相关因素。结果 耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的危险因素包括高APACHEⅡ评分、高Pitt菌血症评分、感染时入住ICU、感染前30 d内手术、有创操作、深静脉置管、有创机械通气、器官移植、使用免疫抑制剂、感染前3个月内入住ICU和感染前使用抗菌药物。Logistic回归分析显示高APACHEⅡ评分（OR=1.066,95% CI：1.027~1.107,P=0.001）、手术（OR=3.777,95% CI：1.816~7.855,P<0.001）、有创操作（OR=2.864,95% CI：1.303~6.295,P=0.009）、器官移植（OR=3.892,95% CI：1.553~9.752,P=0.004）、感染前使用抗菌药物（OR=5.626,95% CI：2.740~11.553,P<0.001）是发生碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的独立危险因素。影响肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染28 d预后的相关因素有高APACHEⅡ评分、高Pitt菌血症评分、感染时入住ICU、感染前30 d内手术、有创操作、深静脉置管、有创机械通气、器官移植、感染前3个月内ICU入住史、使用抗菌药物、粒细胞缺乏、血液透析和菌株对碳青霉烯类耐药。Cox回归分析发现高APACHEⅡ评分（HR=1.061,95% CI：1.039~1.084,P<0.001）、有创操作（HR=2.505,95% CI：1.239~5.063,P=0.011）、入住ICU（HR=1.589,95% CI：1.042~2.424,P=0.031）是影响患者预后的独立危险因素。耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）血流感染患者的28 d病死率明显高于碳青霉烯类敏感肺炎克雷伯菌感染患者（χ2=41.612,P<0.001）。结论 高APACHEⅡ评分、手术、有创操作、器官移植、感染前使用抗菌药物可导致耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染的发生风险增加。CRKP血流感染患者死亡率显著高于CSKP感染者,但CRKP感染并非患者短期死亡的独立危险因素。而高APACHEⅡ评分、有创操作、入住ICU则可显著增加患者短期病死率。