偏头痛发病机制中ASICs通道及P/Q钙通道交互影响的电生理研究

目的:ASICs通道及P/Q钙通道均参与偏头痛发生,分析ASICs通道及P/Q钙通道的电生理相互作用,评价二者的在偏头痛发生中的交互影响。方法:健康SPF级野生型C57BL/6鼠婴,分离培养双侧三叉神经节神经元,采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录三叉神经节神经元的钙电流变化及动作电位变化。结果:酸性外液及阿米洛利对钙通道无直接影响,酸性外液及P/Q通道阻断剂Aga-IVA均增加三叉神经元兴奋性(P0.05),而阿米洛利可阻断这种增加效应(P0.05)。结论:阿米洛利能够抑制Aga-IVA对三叉神经节神经元兴奋性的增加,可能与其阻断ASICs通道有关,提示ASICs通道可能为P/Q通道突变引发偏头痛的下游机制之一。     

下调PTEN基因对偏头痛大鼠三叉神经节CREB的调节作用

本研究利用RNAi重组腺病毒(AdR-siPTEN)下调偏头痛大鼠三叉神经节的PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)基因,探讨其对偏头痛大鼠行为学的影响,以及经Akt(serine-threonine kinase)信号途径对CREB(cAMP responseelement-binding protein)的调控情况。实验采用健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组(Sham)、硝酸甘油模型组(GTN)、Ad-RFP非特异siRNA处理空载体对照组(Vehicle+GTN)、AdR-siPTEN下调组(AdR-siPTEN+GTN)。用AdR-siPTEN重组腺病毒对大鼠进行预处理,然后通过硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate,GTN)法建立大鼠偏头痛模型,进行大鼠挠头和爬笼次数的检测,并用RT-PCR和Western-blot法进行相关基因的mRNA和蛋白检测。结果表明,当PTEN基因表达下调时,有效缓解了偏头痛导致的挠头和爬笼行为,并激活Akt信号途径,增加其下游作用因子CREB的表达,进而可能经"PTEN/Akt/CREB"信号通路影响神经突触可塑性,参与了偏头痛的发病机制。     

脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊背侧不成对中间神经元电压

目的:探讨脱氧鬼臼毒素(DOP)对美洲大蠊背侧不成对中间神经元(DUM)电压依赖性钾电流IK的影响。方法:采用全细胞膜片钳技术研究脱氧鬼臼毒素对美洲大蠊背侧不成对中间神经元电压依赖性钾电流的电流幅度,电流-电压关系以及激活曲线的影响。结果:DOP能够抑制电压依赖性钾通道电流的幅度,而且此抑制作用具有浓度依赖性(5、10、20、40μmol/L)。DOP抑制IK的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值为18.064μmol/L。20μmol/L DOP能使IK的电流-电压关系曲线下移,并能使IK的激活曲线向去极化方向移动。结论:DOP对美洲大蠊背侧不成对中间神经元(DUM)电压依赖性钾电流具有抑制作用,这可能是其杀虫作用的机制之一。     

百日咳毒素对棉铃虫神经细胞电压门控钠、钙通道的调节作用

用膜片钳技术研究了百日咳毒素对离体培养的棉铃虫幼虫中枢神经细胞电压门控钠、钙通道的影响。结果表明,对照组细胞钠通道在-50～-40mV激活,在-20mV左右电流达到最大值,在记录的20min内、电流．电压关系曲线(I-V)和电流幅值未有明显变化;细胞与百日咳毒素预孵后,钠通道在-40mV左右激活,电流在0mV左右达到最大值,在记录过程中,激活电压和峰值电压继续向正方向移动约10mV、电流持续下降。对照组钙通道在-40～-30mV激活,在0mV左右电流达峰值;经百日咳毒素处理后,I-V曲线向负电位方向移动约10mV,在记录过程中,I-V曲线继续向负电位方向移动,电流的衰减(rundown)现象比对照组严重．此外,百日咳毒素处理引起钙电流达到峰值的时问显著延长。结果提示,百日咳毒素敏感的G蛋白(Gi)可能通过直接途径或间接途径调节棉铃虫神经细胞钠、钙通道的电压敏感性和开放几率以及钙通道由备用态向激活态转化的速度。同时,经百日咳毒素处理后钠通道的,I-V曲线与抗性棉铃虫I-V曲线非常相似,可能暗示Gi蛋白在棉铃虫抗药性形成中发挥作用。     

GBE对大鼠急性分离海马神经元NMDA-激活电流的调制作用

目的:观察不同制型的银杏叶提取物(GBE)对N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体激活电流的影响,并比较其作用。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳记录技术记录急性分离大鼠海马神经NMDA激活电流,比较加药前后电流幅度的变化。结果:大部分受检细胞(81.8%,90/110)对外加NMDA敏感,引起一去敏感的内向电流(INMDA)。此电流可被NMDA受体特异阻断剂(MK-801)所阻断。预加不同制型的GBE均能明显抑制NMDA激活电流(P<0.01),但制型不同抑制效应不一,GBE纳米制剂(nGBE)对INMDA的抑制作用明显优于微米型(mGBE组),抑制率分别为64%±15%,40%±17%(n=8),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:预加GBE能抑制NM-DA-激活电流,从而对抗海马神经元兴奋毒性脑损伤,起神经保护作用。nGBE对NMDA受体的调控作用优于mGBE制剂。     

大鼠三叉神经节不同直径神经元ATP-激活电流的特征

目的:探讨大鼠三叉神经节不同直径神经元ATP-激活电流的特征。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳技术进行实验。结果:①92.3%(60/65)的细胞对ATP敏感,有反应的细胞可记录到三种型式的ATP-激活电流:快速激活快速失活型(Fast type,F型)、快速激活缓慢失活型(Intermediate type,I型)和缓慢激活缓慢失活型(Slowtype,S型)。三种电流均具有浓度依赖性。②小直径的细胞多表现为F型特征,大直径的细胞多表现为S型特征,而中等大小的细胞多表现为I型特征。③动力学特征:三种类型的ATP激活电流上升相从10%到90%的时间:F型:(33.6±4.5)ms;Ⅰ型:(62.2±9.9)ms;S型:(302.1±62)ms。去敏感相从10%到90%的时间:F型:(399.4±58.2)ms;S型:>500ms。④I-V曲线:三种电流均表现为内向整流的特性,而且翻转电位均为0~5mV。⑤量-效关系:Ⅰ型的量-效曲线居中间,F型的下移,S型的上移,三种类型电流量-效曲线的EC50非常接近。结论:三种型式的ATP-激活电流可能是由不同亚单位组合的P2X受体各亚型所介导,这些亚型分布于不同大小的三叉神经节神经元,从而传导不同的信息。     

SO_2对胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞钾离子通道的影响

为了探讨二氧化硫(SO2)引起大鼠血管平滑肌的降压机制,采用急性酶分离法分离大鼠单个血管平滑肌细胞,运用全细胞膜片钳技术记录平滑肌细胞外向钾电流(IKv),观察SO2及其衍生物对平滑肌细胞膜钾电流的作用,从离子通道角度研究SO2对血压的影响。结果发现:SO2衍生物可使外向IKv显著增大,10μmol/L SO2衍生物可使电流-电压曲线(I-V曲线)显著上移,即增大IKv,且呈一定的电压依赖性,并且,SO2衍生物可使IKv增大呈现出剂量-效应关系。当使用5 mmol/L 4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)抑制IKv后,加入10μmol/L SO2衍生物,IKv有一定程度增加。TEA能抑制SO2衍生物对IKv的增大效应。10μmol/L SO2衍生物可使IKv的激活曲线显著向超极化方向移动,但并不影响其斜率因子。说明SO2衍生物作用于血管平滑肌细胞,可引起外向钾电流幅度增大,使钾电流提前激活,这是SO2及其衍生物降压的作用机制之一;TEA、4-AP对SO2衍生物引起的血管平滑肌细胞钾电流的增大具有拮抗作用。     

胞外钙对豚鼠耳蜗Deiters细胞钾电流的调制

为观察胞外钙对豚鼠耳蜗单个离体Deiters细胞钾电流的调控作用并探讨其机制,实验记录了Deiters细胞在正常细胞外液和无钙外液中的全细胞钾电流(whole cell K^ currents,IK),并分析了其电生理学特性的改变。结果观察到,Deiters细胞与在正常细胞外液中相比,在祛除细胞外液中的Ca^2 后Ik电流幅值明显增加,弦电导值亦明显增加,但其平衡电位未明显改变。在无钙外液中Ik电流的反转电位向超极化方向明显移位,更接近于按照Ner-nst方程得出的K^ 理论平衡电位;而且其稳态激活曲线亦向超极化方向明显移位,但其激活趋势与正常相比无明显改变。此外,观察了Deiters细胞中钙抑制性钾电流的电流-电压关系和电导-电压关系,发现两者均呈“S”形,提示此钙抑制性钾电流可能存在2种不同的钾电导成分。由此,推测可能有两种机制参与胞外钙对Deiters细胞钾电流的调控：(1)Deiters细胞中的Ik通道可能存在一个Ca^2 敏感结构域,胞外Ca^2 可能通过改变此结构域而对Ik电流产生调制;(2)Deiters细胞中可能存在一种新型的双相门控性钾通道或钾通道耦联型受体或是一种新型的钾通道亚型,祛除胞外Ca^2 可激活此新型钾电导而对L电流产生调制。由此推测,在听觉形成过程中,胞外钙浓度下降可以对Deiters细胞的全细胞钾电流产生调制,从而更有利于Deiters细胞内K^ 外流,进而有效地缓冲外毛细胞周围的K^ 浓度：而且还可以使Deiters细胞产生更快的复极化并有利于维持其静息状态。     

碳酸锂通过蛋白激酶C/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号调节海马神经元延迟整流钾通道

碳酸锂可以用于治疗创伤和神经退行性疾病导致的脑部损伤.研究表明其保护效应与蛋白激酶C(PKC)和胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)有关.研究表明PKC激动剂PDBu可以抑制延迟整流钾通道(IK)电流并使其激活电压曲线向超极化方向移动.碳酸锂(50 μmol/L)可以抑制PDBu的反应.进一步的研究表明,预先加入MEK/ERK抑制剂U0126(20 μmol/L),碳酸锂不能逆转PDBu对,IK的作用.因此,PKC和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/ERK级联反应通路可能在钾离子通道的磷酸化调节中起作用.另外,AC-cAMP和GC-cGMP的交互作用也可能参与碳酸锂对PKC激活作用的调节,成为其神经保护作用的机制之一.     

二氧化硫衍生物对大鼠背根神经元瞬间外向钾电流和延迟整流钾电流的影响

运用全细胞膜片钳技术研究二氧化硫衍生物对大鼠背根神经元瞬间外向钾电流(IA和ID)和延迟整流钾电流(IK)的影响。结果发现二氧化硫衍生物剂量依赖性地增大钾通道的电导,电压依赖性地增大钾电流的幅度,且这种增大作用部分可逆。二氧化硫非常显著地使延迟整流钾电流的激活过程向超极化方向移动,使瞬间外向钾电流的失活过程向去极化方向移动。10μmol/L二氧化硫衍生物作用前后,延迟整流钾电流的半数激活电压分别是(20.3±2.1)mV和(15.0±1.5)mV;IA和ID的半数失活电压分别朝去极化方向移动了6mV和7.4mV。这些结果表明二氧化硫改变了钾通道的特性,改变了神经元的兴奋性。     

The role of TRPV1 in different subtypes of dorsal root ganglion neurons in rat chronic inflammatory nociception induced by complete Freund's adjuvant

Background

The aberrant release of the neurotransmitters, glutamate and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), from trigeminal neurons has been implicated in migraine. The voltage-gated P/Q-type calcium channel has a critical role in controlling neurotransmitter release and has been linked to Familial Hemiplegic Migraine. Therefore, we examined the importance of voltage-dependent calcium channels in controlling release of glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal ganglion neurons isolated from male and female rats and grown in culture. Serotonergic pathways are likely involved in migraine, as triptans, a class of 5-HT₁ receptor agonists, are effective in the treatment of migraine and their effectiveness may be due to inhibiting neurotransmitter release from trigeminal neurons. We also studied the effect of serotonin receptor activation on release of glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal neurons grown in culture.

Results

P/Q-, N- and L-type channels each mediate a significant fraction of potassium-stimulated release of glutamate and CGRP. We determined that 5-HT significantly inhibits potassium-stimulated release of both glutamate and CGRP. Serotonergic inhibition of both CGRP and glutamate release can be blocked by pertussis toxin and NAS-181, a 5-HT_1B/1D antagonist. Stimulated release of CGRP is unaffected by Y-25130, a 5-HT₃ antagonist and SB 200646, a 5-HT_2B/2C antagonist.

Conclusion

These data suggest that release of both glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal neurons is controlled by calcium channels and modulated by 5-HT signaling in a pertussis-toxin dependent manner and probably via 5-HT₁ receptor signaling. This is the first characterization of glutamate release from trigeminal neurons grown in culture.     

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are endogenous regulators of vasoactive neuropeptide release from trigeminal ganglion neurons

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are bioactive eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. We previously described the expression of cytochrome P450-2J epoxygenase in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons and that EETs signaling is involved in cerebrovascular dilation resulting from perivascular nerve stimulation. In this study, we evaluate the presence of the EETs signaling pathway in trigeminal ganglion neurons and their role in modulating the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by trigeminal ganglion neurons. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified the presence of each of the four EETs regio-isomers within primary trigeminal ganglion neurons. Stimulation for 1 h with the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel agonist capsaicin (100 nmol/L) or depolarizing K(+) (60 mmol/L) increased CGRP release as measured by ELISA. Stimulation-evoked CGRP release was attenuated by 30 min pre-treatment with the EETs antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (14,15-EEZE, 10 μmol/L). K(+) stimulation elevated CGRP release 2.9 ± 0.3-fold above control levels, whereas in the presence of 14,15-EEZE K(+)-evoked CGRP release was significantly reduced to 1.1 ± 0.2-fold above control release (p < 0.01 anova, n = 6). 14,15-EEZE likewise attenuated capsaicin-evoked CGRP release from trigeminal ganglion neurons (p < 0.05 anova, n = 6). Similarly, pre-treatment with the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitor attenuated stimulation-evoked CGRP release. These data demonstrate that EETs are endogenous constituents of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons and suggest that they may act as intracellular regulators of neuropeptide release, which may have important clinical implications for treatment of migraine, stroke and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

Allodynia and hyperalgesia suppression by a novel analgesic in experimental neuropathic pain

SCP-1, n-[alpha-(benzisothiazol-3(2ho-ona,1-dioxide-2yl)-acetyl]-p-aminophenol (100 nmol), when intrathecally injected, suppressed tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in a rat neuropathic pain model. The tactile allodynia suppression lasted for at least 4h and SCP-M1 (100 nmol), the main metabolite of SCP-1, displayed similar suppression as SCP-1, but shorter latency, indicating SCP-M1 may be the bioactive component of SCP-1. Acetaminophen was less potent than SCP-1 and SCP-M1. To study mechanisms underlying SCP-1 action, we recorded voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel currents in acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. SCP-1 and SCP-M1 inhibited non-L-type calcium channel currents up to 23.0+/-2.3% and 23.1+/-3.5%, respectively, at a depolarized pulse to -10 mV from a holding potential of -80 mV. Acetaminophen only induced 6.8+/-1.0% inhibition. The results suggest SCP-1 possesses anti-nociceptive activity in the rat model involving calcium channel blocking properties.     

Over-Expression of TRESK K+ Channels Reduces the Excitability of Trigeminal Ganglion Nociceptors

TWIK-related spinal cord K⁺ (TRESK) channel is abundantly expressed in trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion neurons and is one of the major background K⁺ channels in primary afferent neurons. Mutations in TRESK channels are associated with familial and sporadic migraine. In rats, both chronic nerve injury and inflammation alter the expression level of TRESK mRNA. Functional studies indicate that reduction of endogenous TRESK channel activity results in hyper-excitation of primary afferent neurons, suggesting that TRESK is a potential target for the development of new analgesics. However, whether and how enhancing TRESK channel activity would decrease the excitability of primary afferent neurons has not been directly tested. Here, we over-expressed TRESK subunits in cultured mouse TG neurons by lipofectamine-mediated transfection and investigated how this altered the membrane properties and the excitability of the small-diameter TG population. To account for the heterogeneity of neurons, we further divided small TG neurons into two groups, based on their ability to bind to fluorescently-labeled isolectin B (IB4). The transfected TG neurons showed a 2-fold increase in the level of TRESK proteins. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the fraction of lamotrigine-sensitive persistent K⁺ currents as well as the size of total background K⁺ currents. Consequently, both IB4-positive and IB4-negative TG neurons over-expressing TRESK subunits exhibited a lower input resistance and a 2-fold increase in the current threshold for action potential initiation. IB4-negative TG neurons over-expressing TRESK subunits also showed a significant reduction of the spike frequency in response to supra-threshold stimuli. Importantly, an increase in TRESK channel activity effectively inhibited capsaicin-evoked spikes in TG neurons. Taken together, our results suggest that potent and specific TRESK channel openers likely would reduce the excitability of primary afferent neurons and therefore are potential therapeutics for the treatment of migraine and other chronic pain symptoms.     

Effects of dragon’s blood resin and its component loureirin B on tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Using whole-cell patch clamp technique on the membrane of freshly isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, the effects of dragon’s blood resin and its important component loureirin B on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium currents were observed. The results show that both blood resin and loureirin B could suppress TTX-S voltage-gated sodium currents in a dose-dependent way. The peak current amplitudes and the steady-state activation and inactivation curves are also made to shift by 0.05% blood resin and 0.2 mmol/L loureirin B. These results demonstrate that the effects of blood resin on TTX-S sodium current may contribute to loureirin B in blood resin. Perhaps the analgesic effect of blood resin is caused partly by loureirin B directly interfering with the nociceptive transmission of primary sensory neurons.     

Effects of dragon’s blood resin and its component loureirin B on tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Copyright by Science in China Press 2004 Dragons blood resin is one of famous precious Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which has been widely applied in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, cervical spondylosis, gynecological disease, etc., due to its actions of dissipating blood stasis, eas-ing pain, arresting bleeding, promoting tissue regen-eration and wound healing[1]. At present, the investi-gation on the pharmacological mechanism of blood resin is concentrated on promoting…     

Effects of dragon’s blood resin and its component loureirin B on tetrodotoxinsensitive voltage-gated sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Using whole-cell patch clamp technique on the membrane of freshly isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, the effects of dragon’s blood resin and its important component loureirin B on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium currents were observed. The results show that both blood resin and loureirin B could suppress TTX-S voltage-gated sodium currents in a dose-dependent way. The peak current amplitudes and the steady-state activation and inactivation curves are also made to shift by 0.05% blood resin and 0.2 mmol/L loureirin B. These results demonstrate that the effects of blood resin on TTX-S sodium current may contribute to loureirin B in blood resin. Perhaps the analgesic effect of blood resin is caused partly by loureirin B directly interfering with the nociceptive transmission of primary sensory neurons.     

Nitric oxide modulation of voltage-gated calcium current by S-nitrosylation and cGMP pathway in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in the brain. In this study, we examined the mechanistic effects of an NO donor, diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO) on the voltage-gated calcium currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. DETA/NO stimulated the calcium currents and slightly increased the channel sensitivity to depolarizing voltages. The effect of DETA/NO on the calcium current was blocked by either depleting the NO in DETA/NO or by pretreating the neurons with NEM, a thiol-specific alkylating agent, suggesting an involvement of S-nitrosylation in the current response to NO. In addition, activation of the cGMP pathway by 8-Br-cGMP inhibited the calcium current in the neurons. Also, inhibition of guanylyl cyclase by 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) increased the current response to DETA/NO. Taken together, our results demonstrate that both S-nitrosylation and cGMP pathway are involved in the NO modulation of the hippocampal calcium current.     

Theoretical description of the calcium channel in rat spinal ganglion neurons

The surface charge density (σ′₀) and the binding constant of Ca⁺⁺ with charged groups on the outer surface of the membrane (K_Ca) were calculated from experimentally determined values of the shift of the current-voltage characteristic curves of calcium currents in the membrane of rat spinal ganglion neurons: σ′₀ = 0.15 ± 0.05 e/nm² and K_Ca = 70 ± 10 liters/mole. Using a three-barrier model the energy profile of the calcium channel of the membrane of these neurons was calculated for Ca⁺⁺, Ba⁺⁺, Cd⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺, and verapamil. The calcium current was shown to be determined mainly by the depth of the potential hole corresponding to the outer binding site of the calcium channel. It is concluded from the results that the outer binding site of the calcium channel contains only one carboxyl group.