未绝经宫颈癌患者肿瘤组织中环氧合酶2的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨环氧合酶2(COX-2)在宫颈癌组织中的表达与月经周期的关系及其临床意义。方法选取47例未绝经宫颈癌手术病人,病史结合子宫内膜HE染色观察判断患者所处月经周期时段,采用免疫组织化学SP法检测宫颈癌组织中COX-2及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,计算机图像分析COX-2免疫染色密度值及PCNA标记指数(LI)。结果宫颈癌组织中COX-2表达阳性者增生期表达强于分泌期(P<0.05),但阳性率无显著性差异(P>0.05),COX-2阳性癌组织中PCNALI高于阴性者,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。有淋巴结转移者COX-2的表达高于无转移者(P<0.05),宫颈癌组织中COX-2的表达与FIGO临床分期、组织分化程度无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论未绝经宫颈癌患者肿瘤组织中COX-2的表达在增生期较分泌期明显增加,并参与调节肿瘤的生长、转移。     

VEGF-C、COX-2在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子与环氧化酶-2在乳腺癌组织中的表达和临床意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学检测乳腺癌组织中血管内皮生长因子和环氧化酶-2的表达,分析两者的关系,并结舍临床资料进行相关性分析.结果:VEGF-C和COX-2在乳腺癌组织中的表达率分别为58.7%和56.5%,VEGF-C在乳腺癌中的表达与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移相关(P＜0.05),与年龄、雌、孕激素表达、Her-2情况及临床分期无相关性,COX-2蛋白的表达也与淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),与年龄、肿瘤大小、雌、孕激素表达、Her-2情况及临床分期无明显相关性.乳腺癌组织COX-2蛋白的阳性表达与VEGF-C蛋白阳性表达之间存在显著的相关性(r=0.422,P＜0.005)结论:COX-2和VEGF-C在乳腺癌组织中均呈较高袁达,乳腺癌组织中COX-2及VEGF-C的表达均与肿瘤的淋巴结转移情况相关.乳腺癌组织中COX-2的表达与VEGF-C的表达存在显著的相关性,提示在COX-2可能上调VEGF-C的水平,促进淋巴结转移.     

PTEN及COX-2在乳腺癌的表达、意义及相关性

目的:研究PTEN及COX-2在乳腺癌的表达、与临床病理特征的关系及二者表达的相关性.方法:采用免疫组化技术(S-P法)检测48例乳腺癌和12例乳腺纤维腺瘤中PTEN、COX-2的表达情况.结果:PTEN在乳腺癌中的高表达率52.08%(25/48)明显低于乳腺纤维腺瘤91.67%(11/12)(p<0.05);PTEN的表达水平与腋淋巴结转移呈负相关,与ER水平呈正相关.与乳腺纤维腺瘤组织16.67%(2/12)相比,COX-2在乳腺癌组织中的表达明显增强68.75%(33/48)(P<0.05),COX-2与肿瘤大小、临床分期、淋巴结转移及ER、PR水平有关.结论:PTEN和COX-2的异常表达与乳腺癌发生、发展密切相关;PTEN和COX-2在乳腺癌中的表达呈负相关,两者共同参与了乳腺癌发生和发展.     

环氧合酶-2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是合成前列腺素的性,其高表达可促进肿瘤转移.COX-2通过改变细胞表面粘着因子和细胞外基质、促进肿瘤血管生成以及改变肿瘤微环境等一系列病理生理变化促进肿瘤转移.COX-2已成为预防和阻止肿瘤转移的药靶,COX-2抑制剂对肿瘤有一定疗效.现就近年来COx.2在肿瘤浸润和转移中的作用及治疗研究作一综述.     

胃癌组织中COX-2和nm23的表达及意义

目的:探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和nm23蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达及意义.方法:应用免疫组化方法检测了52胃癌组织及20正常胃黏膜中COX-2和nm23的表达,并在显微镜下计数阳性细胞数,统计比较胃癌组织和正常组织中COX-2和nm23的阳性表达率.结果:COX-2蛋白在胃癌组织和正常胃黏膜组织中阳性表达率分别为67.3%和5.0%,胃癌组织中COX-2蛋白阳性率显著高于正常胃黏膜(P＜0.01).nm23蛋白在胃癌组织和正常胃黏膜组织中阳性表达率分别为30.7%和75.0%,胃癌组织中nm23蛋白阳性率显著低于正常胃黏膜(P＜0.01).COX-2的异常表达与肿瘤细胞分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期显著相关(P＜0.05).nm23阳性表达率与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期显著相关(P＜0.05),而与肿瘤细胞分化程度无显著性相关(P＞0.05).结论:COX-2与nm23表达与胃癌的临床病理特征密切相关.COX-2与nm23可作为反映胃癌侵袭转移、判断预后的生物学指标.     

COX-2抑制剂在胃癌中的研究进展

环氧合酶-2(COX-2)是催化花生四烯酸合成前列腺素的关键限速酶,呈诱导性表达在病变组织中,参与各种损伤性化学、肿瘤、炎症、发热、凝血、疼痛等病理过程。近年来大量研究表明,COX-2在胃癌的发生发展及转移中起着关键性作用,COX-2在肿瘤增殖、血管生成、侵袭转移及抑制细胞凋亡中的作用已经受到医学界的关注,诸多研究表明选择性COX-2抑制剂不仅能够抑制胃癌细胞的增殖和促进癌细胞凋亡,还能降低胃癌细胞的侵袭转移能力,有助于胃癌的防治。随着COX-2与胃癌关系研究的深入,作为胃癌防治靶点之一的COX-2,已经成为胃癌治疗的热点。本文主要讨论COX-2及其抑制剂在胃癌的中作用及研究进展。     

Bcl-2 和COX-2 在宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的：观察Bcl-2 和COX-2 在正常宫颈和宫颈鳞癌中的表达情况,并探讨其与宫颈鳞癌发生发展的关系。方法：应用免疫组 织化学S-P法检测40 例宫颈鳞癌组织、10 例正常宫颈组织中Bcl-2 和COX-2 的表达情况。结果：(1)Bcl-2 在正常宫颈组织和宫颈 鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为30.0%、72.5 %(P<0.05),而COX-2在正常宫颈组织和宫颈鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为0.0 %、 60.0 %(P<0.05)。(2)在宫颈鳞癌中,Bcl-2 的表达与宫颈鳞癌的病理分级、临床分期以及淋巴结转移无关(P>0.05),而COX-2 的表达 与宫颈鳞癌的病理分级及淋巴转移有关(P<0.05),与临床分期无关(P>0.05)。(3)Spearman 等级相关性分析显示宫颈鳞癌组织中 Bcl-2 和COX-2的表达呈正相关(r=0.517,P<0.01)。结论：Bcl-2 和COX-2 在宫颈鳞癌中的表达升高并呈显著正相关,且COX-2的 表达与宫颈鳞癌的淋巴转移有关,二者在宫颈癌的发生发展中可能起重要作用,有可能作为评估宫颈鳞癌淋巴结转移的参考指 标。     

涎腺腺样囊性癌组织中COX-2, Survivin及livin的表达及临床意义

目的:探究涎腺腺样囊性癌(SACC)组织中COX-2、Survivin及livin的表达及临床意义。方法:收集2013年1月~2016年11月我院肿瘤外科收治的63例SACC患者癌变病理组织标本与30例SACC患者癌旁正常组织标本为研究对象;应用免疫组化法(SP法)检测COX-2、Survivin及livin蛋白在SACC组织和正常组织中的表达情况,分析SACC组织COX-2、Survivin及livin的表达与临床病理特征的关系,采用Spearman秩相关分析COX-2、Survivin及livin之间的关系。结果:Survivin、livin及COX-2在SACC组织中的阳性率依次为66.67%(42/63)、57.14%(36/63)及73.02%(46/63),其阳性主要表达于肿瘤细胞胞浆或胞膜上,而正常组织细胞中未发现阳性表达;Survivin、livin及COX-2在不同性别、年龄、肿瘤部位的阳性率无统计学差异(P0.05);实体型、淋巴转移、中低分化及III+IV期患者Survivin、livin及COX-2的阳性率高于筛孔型+管状型、淋巴未转移、高分化、I+II期患者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman秩相关显示,Survivin与COX-2呈正相关(r=0.632,P0.05);livin与COX-2呈正相关(r=0.453,P0.05);Survivin与livin无相关(r=0.143,P0.05)。结论:Survivin、livin及COX-2在SACC患者中呈高表达,可能对SACC的发生、发展具有促进作用;Survivin、livin及COX-2可作为临床早期筛查SACC并预测疾病转归的指标。     

shRNA靶向干扰COX-2抑制人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤及其血管生成

目的:探讨重组干扰质粒pshRNA-COX-2对人肝癌细胞Hep3B裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长和肿瘤血管生成的抑制作用。方法:重组干扰质粒pshRNA-COX-2转染Hep3B细胞并筛选后,RT-PCR和Western blot检测COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测VEGFmRNA表达。将被成功转染的Hep3B细胞种植于裸鼠皮下,测量肿瘤大小,4周后处死裸鼠,免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤组织中COX-2蛋白表达和肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)。结果:与未转染细胞相比,干扰组COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达抑制率分别为65.3%和52.8%(P<0.05),干扰组VEGFmRNA表达抑制率为56.5%(P<0.05)。干扰组瘤体大小明显小于阴性组和空白组(P<0.01)。干扰组COX-2得分和MVD均明显低于阴性组和空白组(P<0.01)。结论:pshRNA-COX-2通过抑制COX-2表达明显抑制人肝癌细胞Hep3B裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长和肿瘤血管生成。     

COX-2和Survivin在B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤中的表达及意义

目的:探讨COX-2和Survivin在B细胞非霍奇全淋巴瘤(B-NHL)中的表达及临床意义.方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测43例B-NHL和10例良性淋巴结病变组织中COX-2和Survivin的表达.结果:COX-2和Survivin在B-NHL中的阳性表达率分别为55.8%(24/43)和69.8%(30/43),与对照组相比差异具有显著性(P＜0.05.Ⅲ/Ⅳ期B-NHL患者COX-2蛋白的表述要高于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期患者(P＜0.05).Survivin的表达与B-NHL的组织病理学等级和国际预后指数(IPL)具有相关性(P＜0.05).Spearman相关分析表明COX-2的表达与Survivin的表达呈正相关(r=1.000,P=0.030).结论:COX-2和Survivin在B-NHL中表达上调以及两者之间的阳性表达密切相关,表明COX-2和Survivin在B-NHL的发生和发展中具有协同作用.     

Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in macrophages associated with cutaneous melanoma at different stages of progression

The biological significance of the almost constant presence of macrophages in the tumoral microenvironment is an issue debated by several authors. The major difficulty in understanding the role played by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression is due to the contrasting effects of TAMs found in different studies. In addition, there is a limited information on which of the many biological activities expressed by TAMs are critical in inducing stimulatory or inhibitory effect on tumor growth. The aim of our study was: (a) to explore to what extent cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in TAMs associated with human melanoma is expressed at different stages of tumor progression; and (b) to explore whether COX-2 expression in TAMs is stimulated by melanoma cells. In order to answer this question, we determined COX-2 positive TAMs associated with cutaneous melanocytic nevi, in situ, invasive and metastatic melanoma. In addition, we investigated whether COX-2 is expressed in peritoneal thioglycollate-elicited macrophages after co-cultivation with murine B16 melanoma cells. We found that COX-2-positive TAMs, as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis, were rare in common nevi and "dysplastic nevi", but present in a high percentage in in situ and thin melanoma. COX-2-positive TAMs were also found in more advanced tumors and metastatic melanoma, although at a significantly lower percentage in these latter. The in vitro protocol revealed that COX-2 was expressed in peritoneal macrophages upon contact with B16 murine melanoma cells, but not with normal murine fibroblasts. On the whole, the results of in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that COX-2 expressed in TAMs appears to act as an effective biomarker of melanoma progression, and melanoma cells themselves might stimulate COX-2 in macrophages.     

TREM-1 Is Induced in Tumor Associated Macrophages by Cyclo-Oxygenase Pathway in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

It is increasingly recognized that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of lung cancer. In particular interaction of cancer cells, macrophages, and inflammatory response in the tumor microenvironment has been shown to facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The specific molecular pathways in macrophages that immunoedit tumor growth are not well defined. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is a member of the super immunoglobulin family expressed on a select group of myeloid cells mainly monocyte/macrophages. Recent studies suggest that expression of TREM-1 in tumors may predict cancer aggressiveness and disease outcomes in liver and lung cancer however the mechanism of TREM-1 expression in the setting of cancer is not defined. In this study we demonstrate that tumor tissue from patients with non-small cell lung cancer show an increased expression of TREM-1 and PGE₂. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confirmed that the expression of TREM-1 was selectively seen in CD68 positive macrophages. By employing an in vitro model we confirmed that expression of TREM-1 is increased in macrophages that are co-cultured with human lung cancer cells. Studies with COX-2 inhibitors and siCOX-2 showed that expression of TREM-1 in macrophages in tumor microenvironment is dependent on COX-2 signaling. These studies for the first time define a link between tumor COX-2 induction, PGE₂ production and expression of TREM-1 in macrophages in tumor microenvironment and suggest that TREM-1 might be a novel target for tumor immunomodulation.     

Blocking tumor cell eicosanoid synthesis by GP x 4 impedes tumor growth and malignancy

Using tumor cell-restricted overexpression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GP x 4), we investigated the contribution of tumor cell eicosanoids to solid tumor growth and malignant progression in two tumor models differing in tumorigenic potential. By lowering cellular lipid hydroperoxide levels, GP x 4 inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities. GP x 4 overexpression drastically impeded solid tumor growth of weakly tumorigenic L929 fibrosarcoma cells, whereas B16BL6 melanoma solid tumor growth was unaffected. Yet, GP x 4 overexpression did markedly increase the sensitivity of B16BL6 tumors to angio-destructive TNF-alpha therapy and abolished the metastatic lung colonizing capacity of B16BL6 cells. Furthermore, the GP x 4-mediated suppression of tumor cell prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production impeded the induction of COX-2 expression by the tumor stress conditions hypoxia and inflammation. Thus, our results reflect a PGE(2)-driven positive feedback loop for COX-2 expression in tumor cells. This was further supported by the restoration of COX-2 induction capacity of GP x 4-overexpressing L929 tumor cells when cultured in the presence of exogenous PGE(2). Thus, although COX-2 expression and eicosanoid production may be enabled by PGE(2) from the tumor microenvironment, our results demonstrate the predominant tumor cell origin of protumoral eicosanoids, promoting solid tumor growth of weakly tumorigenic tumors and malignant progression of strongly tumorigenic tumors.     

COX-2 expression and cell cycle progression in human fibroblasts

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is continuously expressed in mostcancerous cells where it appears to modulate cellular proliferation andapoptosis. However, little is known about the contribution oftransient COX-2 induction to cell cycle progression or programmed celldeath in primary cells. In this study we determined whether COX-2regulates proliferation or apoptosis in human fibroblasts. COX-2 mRNA, protein, and prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂) were not detected in quiescent cells but wereexpressed during the G₀/G₁ phase of the cellcycle induced by serum. Inhibition of COX-2 did not alter G₀/G₁ to S phase transition or induceapoptosis at concentrations that diminished PGE₂.Addition of interleukin-1 to serum enhanced COX-2 expression andPGE₂ synthesis over that by serum alone but had no effecton the progression of these cells into S phase. Furthermore,platelet-derived growth factor drove the G₀ fibroblasts into the cell cycle without inducing detectable levels of COX-2 orPGE₂. Collectively, these data show that transient COX-2expression in primary human fibroblasts does not influence cell cycle progression.

     

Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent invasion is mediated by CD44

Elevated tumor cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression is associated with increased angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and suppression of host immunity. We have previously shown that genetic inhibition of tumor COX-2 expression reverses the immunosuppression induced by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To assess the impact of COX-2 expression in lung cancer invasiveness, NSCLC cell lines were transduced with a retroviral vector expressing the human COX-2 cDNA in the sense (COX-2-S) and antisense (COX-2-AS) orientations. COX-2-S clones expressed significantly more COX-2 protein, produced 10-fold more prostaglandin E(2), and demonstrated an enhanced invasive capacity compared with control vector-transduced or parental cells. CD44, the cell surface receptor for hyaluronate, was overexpressed in COX-2-S cells, and specific blockade of CD44 significantly decreased tumor cell invasion. In contrast, COX-2-AS clones had a very limited capacity for invasion and showed diminished expression of CD44. These findings suggest that a COX-2-mediated, CD44-dependent pathway is operative in NSCLC invasion. Because tumor COX-2 expression appears to have a multifaceted role in conferring the malignant phenotype, COX-2 may be an important target for gene or pharmacologic therapy in NSCLC.     

COX-2 inhibitors and genetic background reduce mammary tumorigenesis in cyclooxygenase-2 transgenic mice

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression is a widely recognized feature of human breast cancer and inhibitors of the enzyme have antitumor effects in a subset of tumor settings. Previously, we demonstrated that direct overexpression of COX-2 under control of the mammary-specific MMTV promoter/enhancer, was itself oncogenic and lead to the induction of mammary tumors in multiparous, outbred CD1 mice. In the present study, we provide evidence that COX-2 dependent tumor progression can also be studied in FVB/N, an inbred strain widely used for analysis of breast cancer progression. In these mice, the human COX-2 transgene was strongly induced during pregnancy/lactation and mammary tumors developed after multiple pregnancies. However, crossing the COX-2 FVB/N mice with the C57BL6 strain resulted in loss of the mammary tumorigenic phenotype despite the fact that the human COX-2 gene was induced. Treatment of the COX-2 transgenic mice in the FVB/N strain with celecoxib (1600 ppm), a COX-2 selective inhibitor, resulted significant reduction in tumor size and multiplicity when compared to transgenic mice fed with control chow. SC-560 (20 ppm), a COX-1 selective inhibitor did not have significant effect on tumorigenesis. These studies suggest that FVB/N is a susceptible mouse strain well suited to the study of COX-2 mediated tumor progression and may provide a tool for the identification of interacting genes and therapeutic treatments for this clinically important target.     

Tumor cell-derived prostaglandin E2 inhibits monocyte function by interfering with CCR5 and Mac-1.

The cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and COX-2 are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Whereas COX-1 is expressed ubiquitously, COX-2 is an immediate-early gene often associated with malignant transformation, and a role for the COX enzymes in tumor initiation and promotion is discussed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and indomethacin that block COX-1 and -2 have been shown to have beneficial effects for tumor patients. Therefore, these compounds have gained interest also among oncologists. However, the molecular mechanism by which NSAIDs inhibit carcinogenesis is not clearly understood. The prostaglandin-dependent and -independent effect may both account for their antineoplastic action. We show here that tumor cells derived from different tumors regularly produce prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) interfering with the function of monocytes. In particular, PGE(2) inhibits the potential of monocytes to migrate in the direction of a chemotactic stimulus and to adhere to endothelial cell. This inhibition is most probably due to a modulation of the chemokine receptor CCR5 and the beta2-integrin Mac-1. Both down-regulation of CCR5 and reduced expression of Mac-1 may diminish the potential of peripheral blood monocytes to leave blood vessels and invade target tissues. Since both dysfunctions can be restored with NSAIDs, our findings help to explain the molecular chemopreventive action of NSAIDs on tumor formation and progression.     

COX-2, CB2 and P2X7-immunoreactivities are increased in activated microglial cells/macrophages of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord

Background  

While multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are primarily inflammatory and degenerative disorders respectively, there is increasing evidence for shared cellular mechanisms that may affect disease progression, particularly glial responses. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition prolongs survival and cannabinoids ameliorate progression of clinical disease in animal models of ALS and MS respectively, but the mechanism is uncertain. Therefore, three key molecules known to be expressed in activated microglial cells/macrophages, COX-2, CB2 and P2X7, which plays a role in inflammatory cascades, were studied in MS and ALS post-mortem human spinal cord.