巯基乙酸对中华蟾蜍红细胞核异常的影响

试验以健康的中华蟾蜍为实验动物,研究注射巯基乙酸对红细胞核异常的影响.试验结果表明,在一定的范围内,巯基乙酸可引起蟾蜍微核细胞率和核异常细胞率遗传指标发生明显变化,随着巯基乙酸浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,蟾蜍红细胞微核和核异常率呈现先上升后下降的规律性变化.     

双酚A胁迫对泥鳅外周血红细胞微核及核异常的影响

采用单因子毒性试验法与微核测定法,研究4种不同浓度双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)(1.90mg·L-1、2.30mg·L-1、2.70mg·L-1和3.00mg·L-1)在不同暴露时间(3d,6d,9d和12d)对泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicadatus外周血红细胞微核与核异常的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,双酚A处理组出现了较多微核及双核、无核、核质外突与内凹、核位异常、核内空泡化、核固缩、核染色质凝聚成小颗粒状、无丝分裂、核不均等缢缩等核异常现象;较低浓度(1.90mg·L-1、2.30mg·L-1)处理组的微核率和核异常率随双酚A暴露浓度的增加和时间的延长而逐渐上升,较高浓度(2.70mg·L-1、3.00mg·L-1)处理组的微核率和核异常率随双酚A暴露浓度的增加和时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势。上述结果说明,双酚A对泥鳅具有潜在的遗传毒性,且毒性效应在一定的条件下随暴露浓度的增加和时间的延长而增强,达到一定浓度和时间后毒性效应被抑制。     

UVA对花背蟾蜍微核及核异常的诱导

为了研究紫外线A对花背蟾蜍的毒性作用,选择微核及核异常为毒理监测指标,对花背蟾蜍红细胞进行观察.结果表明,紫外线A对花背蟾蜍成熟红细胞和非成熟红细胞核异常均有诱导作用并随照射强度的增加而不断增加.在150 min的紫外线A短时间照射内,紫外线对核异常能够产生一定的抑制作用.同时在一定范围内紫外线A能够刺激造血器官释放新的红细胞至外周血中以补充损伤的成熟红细胞.紫外线诱导的核异形主要是核畸形和核膨大.     

线粒体氧化磷酸化的异常与人类疾病

线粒体的OXPHOS在三个方面发挥作用:提供能量、形成ROS及启动凋亡。参与该过程的酶主要有酶复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ,所有影响这些酶正常发挥作用的因素都会导致氧化磷酸化的异常,进而引发各种疾病。基因治疗对线粒体疾病可能有效。     

四种除草剂对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪红细胞微核及核异常的影响

研究了除草剂精克草星、苯磺隆、使它隆和乙草胺单独及联合作用时对中华大蟾蝌蚪红细胞微核及核异常的影响。结果表明,处理２４小时时,单独作用的除草剂均可不同程度地引起微核率及核异常细胞率等遗传指标的上升。而且,在一定的浓度下各指标分别有高峰期,其中微核率与对照组差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）或显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。微核率与除草剂浓度之间无显著相关,不表现出剂量－效应关系。四种除草剂联合作用的微核率等指标反而     

杀虫剂硫丹对中国虎纹蛙的毒性效应： 存活率、红细胞核异常及酶活性

农药的使用对水生动物有直接和间接的影响。本文研究了有机氯杀虫剂硫丹对中国虎纹蛙（Hoplobatrachus chinensis）蝌蚪的毒性效应。具体而言,首先检测了硫丹的安全浓度（SC）,并在急性毒性实验中评估了硫丹的毒性等级。然后检测了外周血液中红细胞核形态异常,并在慢性毒性实验中测定了酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性。结果表明,在急性毒性中,随着硫丹溶液浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,蝌蚪的平均死亡率显著增加,即蝌蚪存活率取决于农药剂量和染毒的时长。硫丹对中国虎纹蛙蝌蚪的96 h半致死浓度LC50值为23.38 μg/L,安全浓度为2.34 μg/L,为剧毒性农药。在血液红细胞核异常实验中,观察到5种不同类型的细胞核异常：核碎裂、双核、不等分裂、核凹陷和核空洞。血液红细胞核异常率与农药浓度呈正相关。在酶活性检测中,三种酶的活性均受硫丹浓度的影响。与对照组相比,酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性随硫丹浓度的增加而降低,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性随着硫丹浓度的增加呈先升高后降低。研究结果表明,硫丹对中国虎纹蛙蝌蚪具有很高的毒性,并证明了血液红细胞核异常和特定的代谢酶可以作为环境监测的生物标志物。     

稀土与铜对鲹鲦鱼红细胞微核及核异常的影响

研究了稀土元素镧与铜离子单独或联合作用时,对鲹鲦红细胞微核及核异常的影响。结果表明:处理24h,0.01～0.5mg/L的La3 能显著降低红细胞微核及核异常的发生,不具遗传毒性.但当浓度为1～50mg/L时则能诱发红细胞微核及核异常的发生,与对照组相比,相差显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01),具较强的遗传毒性;铜能显著诱导红细胞微核及核异常的发生;联合作用时,微核率及核异常率明显低于Cu2 而高于La3 单独作用时的微核率和核异常率,提示一定浓度的稀土元素能减轻其他重金属元素引起的遗传毒性。     

个体化体重管理对孕期增重异常者妊娠结局的影响

目的：评估个体化体重管理对孕期体重增重异常者妊娠结局的影响。方法：产科门诊选取孕期体重增重异常孕妇进行饮食习惯调查,并实施个体化体重管理,随后收集饮食情况、妊娠结局指标、孕期增重值、新生儿指标等。结果：所有孕妇平均孕期增重为（15.8±5.9）kg,孕前消瘦、正常、超重、肥胖的孕妇孕期平均增重分别为17.6、16.2、15.0、12.5kg,新生儿平均出生体重为（3.4±0.5）kg,平均住院天数为5d,干预时平均孕周为28周。孕前消瘦、正常、超重、肥胖的孕妇在个体化体重管理后多数妊娠结局指标无统计学差异（P>0.05）,妊娠高血压和贫血有统计学差异（P<0.05）。孕前消瘦、正常、超重、肥胖孕妇的剖宫产率均高于30%,妊娠糖尿病的患病率均高于30%。孕前消瘦的孕妇分娩巨大儿的比例明显低于孕前体重正常、超重、肥胖的孕妇。孕期增重异常孕妇调查的主要营养问题中,总体食量/主食过量、零食糕点过量的孕妇均为30%左右。结论：对孕期体重异常的孕妇进行个体化体重管理仍然有效;孕妇营养认知问题较多,亟需宣教改善。     

除草剂丁草胺对蟾蜍红细胞微核及核异常的影响

本文研究除卓剂丁革胺对蟾蜍红细胞核的诱变效应。采用体内红细胞微核测定法,观察蟾蜍在不同浓度和不同的染毒时间红细胞微核及核异常的变化。结果表明,在一定的范围内,丁草胺可引起蟾蜍微核细胞率和核异常细胞率等遗传指标发乍明显变化,随着丁草胺浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,蟾蜍红细胞微核和核异常率呈现先上升后下降的规律性变化。丁草胺的作用具有双向性。一定利量的除草剂丁草胺对蟾蜍红细胞具有明显的遗传毒性,除草剂对水体的污染不容忽视。     

污水诱导大蒜细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的研究

研究污染的河水对大蒜根尖细胞微核的诱导及细胞分裂的效应。结果表明,较重污染（PI=7.63）的河水对大蒜根尖染毒24 h以上,致使其有丝分裂指数下降明显（p<0.05）,诱发间期细胞微核显著（p<0.01）,导致有丝分裂异常和前微核的产生。     

复合肥对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪红细胞微核及核异常的影响

以花背蟾蜍蝌蚪外周血红细胞微核及核异常作为毒理监测指标,对Gosner 31、42和46期蝌蚪进行观察,研究了复合肥对水生生物的毒性效应.结果表明:用复合肥溶液浓度为1、1.5、2、2.5和3g·L-1进行染毒时,红细胞出现了大、小2种类型的微核,在核异常类型中出现了严重的核分叶和双核类型;在3个被观察的蝌蚪发育期中,42期蝌蚪红细胞微核细胞率和核异常细胞率数值明显低于其他两个发育期;在5个浓度的染毒中,2.5g·L-1浓度组在微核、双核和核分叶与对照组间无显著性差异;花背蟾蜍不同发育时期的蝌蚪,对生境中不良因素的抵抗能力存在着明显的差别,且微核和核异常与复合肥浓度之间没有明显的剂量-效应关系.     

Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) following exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin

In the present study the induction of micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in erythrocytes of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) (Baird & Girard 1853) was studied. Fish were exposed to three different concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) (1×10(-4)μg/l, 2×10(-4)μg/l, 4×10(-4)μg/l) for periods of 6, 12, 24, and 48h. NA (notched, lobed, blebbed nuclei), MN, bi-nucleated cells, and the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) were evaluated to assess genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. LCT significantly induced MN and NA in erythrocytes of G. affinis. The PCE/NCE ratio was also decreased after 24- and 48-h treatments of 4×10(-4)μg/l LCT. The results show that LCT has genotoxic and cytotoxic potential on G. affinis.     

Vitellogenic effects of 17beta-estradiol in male Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

Male Chinese loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E2) in the ambient water at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mug/L continuously for 8 weeks using a semi-static system. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), total plasma protein, total plasma calcium, magnesium and zinc, and plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) were determined as test endpoints. Our results indicate no significant changes in the GSI between exposed and control groups (P<0.05). All exposure concentrations of E2 dramatically induced the production of Vtg within 7 days. The vitellogenic response of male loach was time- and dose-dependent. At higher concentrations of E2 (5 and 10 microg/L), total plasma protein, total plasma calcium, and total plasma magnesium presented a significant time- and dose-dependent increase, and the three parameters were significantly correlated with plasma Vtg. We conclude that Chinese loaches are sensitive to estrogenic compounds and may be chosen as potential sentinel species in field and laboratory studies. In addition, total plasma protein, total plasma calcium, and total plasma magnesium can be used as indirect indicators to predict Vtg levels in estrogenized Chinese loach.     

Induction of apoptosis by benzamide and its inhibition by aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA) in Chinese hamster V79 cells

To investigate the effect of benzamide and nicotinamide, well known inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, in Chinese hamster V79 cells at the physiological condition of cell growth, we have tested the ability of the inhibitors to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis was detected by nuclear fragmentation, nucleosomal ladder formation, cytochrome-c release from the mitochondria and caspase-3 activation. Benzamide treatment alone increased nuclear fragmentation in dose (2.5-10 mM) and time (4-48 h)-dependent manner. Such treatment also increased nucleosomal ladders. However, 5 mM benzamide pre-treatment inhibited the nucleosomal ladders induced by gamma-irradiation indicating the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was different in irradiated cells and in un-irradiated cells. Release of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria and caspase-3 activity were also increased by such treatment. Treatment with 200 microM of aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA), an inhibitor of DNases, inhibited the nucleosomal ladders induced by benzamide or gamma-irradiation without changing the cytochrome-c release or caspase-3 activation. This result showed that ATA inhibited the nucleosomal ladders possibly by inhibiting DNase(s) involved in apoptosis.     

Metabolic effects of dehydroabietic acid on rainbow trout erythrocytes

Oxygen consumption and ATP concentration were measured in rainbow trout erythrocytes incubated in a physiological saline containing 0, 5, 15, 30 or 60 mg/l dehydroabietic acid. DHAA caused a decrease in cellular ATP level and oxygen consumption at concentrations above 15 mg/l. Haemolysis increased markedly, when the cellular ATP concentration decreased below 1 mM. These data suggest that increased breakdown of red cells may be the primary reason for jaundice which is observed in resin acid-toxicated fish.     

Trapped water of human erythrocytes and its application in cryopreservation

The novel differential scanning calorimetry method as a technique for determining human red cell volume during freezing process has been reexamined and has been shown to provide a final erythrocyte volume to be 53% of its isotonic value after freezing from 0 to -40 degrees C. A new type of electronic particle counter (Multisizer 3, Beckman Coulter Inc., USA) was used to measure cell volume changes in response to equilibration in anisotonic media, and which gave out an equilibrated volume to be 57% of cell isotonic value in solution of 3186 mOsm. Both of these results indicate that 34-40% of intracellular water is trapped and is unavailable for participation in osmotic shifts. These findings are consistent with the published data that at least 20-32% (v/v) of the isotonic cell water is retained within RBCs. Then the application of trapped water in both simulation of freezing models and freezing-drying control was pointed out.     

Induction of apoptosis by NORE1A in a manner dependent on its nuclear export

The RASSF family proteins were identified as tumor suppressors in a variety of human cancers, and evidenced distinct subcellular localization patterns among their subfamilies and isoforms. In this study, we showed that NORE1A was exported actively via its nuclear export signal (NES) in the C-terminus (residues 372-379). Substitutions of three lysine residues of NORE1A NES to alanines (L372, 376, 379A) showed its localization to the dot structures of the nucleus, which was similar to the NORE1A localizations observed after the administration to cells of Leptomycin B, a nuclear export inhibitor. The NORE1A NES mutant inhibited caspase-mediated apoptosis, whereas wild-type NORE1A induced caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, the NORE1A NES mutant did not co-localize with GFP-MST1, the direct downstream target of NORE1A. These results show that the nuclear export of NORE1A via NES is involved in the NORE1A-mediated induction of apoptosis.