Sinapic acid stimulator of anthocyanin accumulation in carrot cell cultures

In clones of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells which accumulate anthocyanin, exogenously supplied sinapic acid increases their anthocyanin accumulation in the presence or absence of dihydroquercetin which is a known precursor of cyanidin. The exogenously supplied sinapic acid was not converted into malvidin by the cells. The cells accumulate anthocyanin with cyanidin as the only chromophore in the presence or absence of sinapic acid. Sinapic acid feeding did not initiate anthocyanin accumulation in clones which were not anthocyanin accumulating.     

Multiform biosynthetic pathway of syringyl lignin in angiosperms

To clarify the pathway for biosynthesis of sinapyl alcohol in angiosperms, tracer experiments using stable isotopes were performed on robinia ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.), oleander ( Nerium indicum Mill.), magnolia ( Magnolia kobus DC.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Precursors used in the experiment were (13)C- and (2)H ( D)-labeled [8-(13)C, 3-OCD(3)]ferulic acid and [8-(13)C, 3,5-OCD(3)]sinapic acid. The incorporation of labeled precursor into lignin was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the products of derivatization followed by reductive cleavage. Crude extracts of differentiating xylem or stems from these plants were also assayed for 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL; EC 6.2.1.12) activity using sinapic acid and ferulic acid as substrates. In robinia and oleander, 4CL activity toward sinapic acid was detected, and labeled sinapic acids were incorporated into syringyl lignin. These results indicate that robinia and oleander have a pathway that produces sinapyl alcohol from sinapic acid via sinapoyl-CoA. By contrast, in magnolia and Arabidopsis, 4CL activity toward sinapic acid could not be detected, and labeled sinapic acid was not incorporated into lignin. These results suggest that syringyl lignin biosynthesis in angiosperms operates via multiple pathways that depend on the species.     

脂肪酸影响草鱼肝细胞脂质蓄积状态及诱导其凋亡的离体研究

为探究外源脂肪酸对草鱼肝细胞脂质代谢及健康状况的影响及其机理,体外培养草鱼肝细胞,并采用不同浓度（0-1 mmol/L）油酸（Oleic acid）进行细胞孵育,噻唑兰比色法（Methyl thiazolte trazoliu,MTT）和油红O染色提取法检测肝细胞活力及脂质蓄积状况,BODIBY和DAPI染色法观察肝细胞脂滴及细胞核情况,流式细胞术检测肝细胞凋亡率变化,Real-time qPCR检测脂质合成标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（Peroxidase proliferation activated receptor,PPARγ）和CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α（CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha,C/EBPα）、凋亡相关基因Caspase家族等的表达情况。结果显示,随着油酸处理浓度的增加,肝细胞活力和细胞内脂质积累呈现先上升后下降的趋势,分别在0.4和0.6 mmol/L时达到最大值（P < 0.05）;肝细胞凋亡率则先下降后上升,在0.4 mmol/L油酸处理时最低,1 mmol/L油酸处理时最高（P < 0.05）;此外,0.4 mmol/L油酸处理抑制了肝细胞Caspase-3b和Caspase-9基因的表达,上调Bcl-2/Bax mRNA比值（P < 0.05）,而0.8 mmol/L油酸处理显著促进Caspase-3b、Caspase-8、Caspase-9及凋亡诱导因子（Apoptosis inducing factor,AIF）基因的表达,下调Bcl-2/Bax的mRNA比值（P < 0.05）。研究表明,一定浓度的脂肪酸可增强草鱼肝细胞活力,促进胞内脂质积累,抑制细胞凋亡,而脂肪酸浓度过高则抑制肝细胞活力并诱导肝细胞凋亡,其作用与脂肪酸影响脂质代谢及凋亡基因的表达有关。     

Comprehensive Profiling of Plasma Fatty Acid Concentrations in Young Healthy Canadian Adults

Circulating fatty acids (FA) are associated with a multitude of chronic diseases. However, a major gap in establishing such relationships is the lack of accepted fatty acid reference ranges representing healthy individuals. Data on validated FA reference ranges would provide a better understanding of study baseline measures and aid in the evaluation and interpretation of pharmaceutical or dietary interventions. Reference ranges for plasma FA levels have been reported in a few small studies and on a limited number of FA. Therefore, we determined the average and percentiles of a broad set of 61 FA (C14 - C24:1) from plasma total lipids from an ethnically diverse population of healthy young Canadian males and females (Total n = 826). Plasma concentrations of some of the major FA ranged from 0.3 to 4.1 mmol/L for palmitic acid, 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/L for stearic acid, 0.03 to 3.2 mmol/L for oleic acid, 0.2 to 5.0 mmol/L for linoleic acid (LA), 12.0 to 186.9 μmol/L for α-linolenic acid, and 7.2 to 237.5 μmol/L for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Males had significantly higher plasma concentrations of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and lower concentrations of palmitoleic acid, LA and DHA than females. Comparison of FA concentrations between Caucasians, East Asians and South Asians revealed that South Asians had significantly lower levels of palmitoleic acid (p < 0.01) and oleic acid (p = 0.01) while East Asians had lower levels of GLA (p = 0.02) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (p = 0.03). Overall, these data provide a comprehensive set of quantitative values that profiles a small cohort of Canadians which highlights the utility of establishing validated FA reference ranges that may be used to understand how deficient, suboptimal, or excess amounts of a given FA may be associated with chronic disease.     

循环内皮微粒相关microRNA在巨噬细胞炎性反应诱发动脉粥样硬化发生中的作用机制

目的研究循环内皮微粒相关microRNA在巨噬细胞炎性反应诱发动脉粥样硬化（AS）发生的作用机制。 方法选取实验组和对照组SPF级5周小鼠各50只。实验小鼠分4组：对照组、动脉粥样硬化模型组（AS模型组）、NC-miRNA组和miRNA-19b抑制剂组,采用油红染色对AS病变的组织学进行观察,计算斑块面积相对比例,并检测生化指标的表达水平,主要包括血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）和甘油三酯（TG）,ELISA检测血管炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-10的变化,Western Blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、cleaved-caspase-3和Bax表达的变化,实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-19b表达,流式细胞法检测巨噬细胞的凋亡率。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析或者重复测量的方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果各组胸腔动脉斑块面积百分比：对照组为（0.00±0.00）%;AS模型组为（9.59±6.53）%;NC-miRNA组为（8.96±3.47）%;miRNA-19b抑制剂组为（3.21±2.03）%,三组间比较差异有统计学意义（F = 20.572,P = 0.002）。与对照组比较,AS模型组和NC-miRNA组TC[AS模型组（3.26±0.21）mmol/L;NC-miRNA组（3.13± 0.14）mmol/ L;F = 13.994,P = 0.002]、TG[AS模型组（0.25±0.06）mmol/L;NC- miRNA（0.21±0.02）mmol/L;F = 11.230,P = 0.011）]和LDL-C [AS模型组（1.65±0.11）mmol/ L;NC-miRNA （1.59± 0.27）mmol/L;F = 10.069,P = 0.006）]水平升高,而HDL-CAS模型组[（0.08±0.09）mmol/L;NC-miRNA （0.08±0.05）mmol/L;F = 12.450,P = 0.004）]水平含量降低。与模型组比较,miRNA-19b抑制剂组TC（1.85±0.06）mmol/L、TG（0.15±0.03）mmol/ L和LDL-C（1.21±0.10）mmol/L水平降低,HDL-C （0.11±0.05）mmol/L水平则升高（P均< 0.05）。AS模型组与对照组相比,IL-1（34.06±3.58）g/L、IL-6（92.57±31.97）g/L和TNF-α（63.01±15.65）g/L水平升高,而IL-10（16.86±1.29）g/L的水平降低,NC-miRNA组各指标亦有相同的变化趋势;miRNA-19b抑制剂组IL-1（24.85±6.21）g/L、IL-6（53.29±17.15）g/ L和TNF-α（34.51±6.47 ）g/L水平低于AS模型组和NC-miRNA组（F = 13.671,P = 0.002）,IL-10（24.94±4.72）g/L的水平则高于两组（F = 13.675,P = 0.008）。和对照组相比,AS模型组和NC- miRNA组的Bax（AS模型组3.39±0.01;NC-miRNA组0.64±0.02;F = 26.910,P = 0.000）和cleaved-PARP （AS模型组2.47±0.05;NC- miRNA组3.27±0.01;F = 13.226,P = 0.000）表达量升高。但Bcl-2（AS模型组0.67±0.02;NC-miRNA组0.64±0.02;F = 12.585,P = 0.000）表达水平下调。与NC- miRNA组相比,miRNA-19b抑制剂组的促细胞凋亡的蛋白Bax（2.16±0.02）和cleaved-PARP（1.91±0.04）表达水平下调,Bcl-2（1.05±0.01）的表达水平上调。与对照组比较,AS模型组（2.71±0.02）和NC-miRNA组（2.43±0.02）的miRNA- 19b的转录水平增加,差异有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）,miRNA-19b抑制剂组（1.52±0.01）转录水平有升高,但相较于AS模型组和NC-miRNA组的变化其增加量不显著,（F = 15.353,P = 0.002）。miRNA-19b基因转录水平：对照组为1.02±0.03;AS模型组为2.71±0.02;NC- miRNA组为2.43±0.02;miRNA- 19b抑制剂组为1.52±0.01（P均 < 0.05）。细胞凋亡率：对照组为（4.41±0.18）%;AS模型组为（7.16±0.73）%;NC-miRNA组为（6.29±0.24）%;miRNA-19b抑制剂组为（5.01±0.11）%,（F = 12.889,P = 0.008）。 结论miRNA-19b抑制剂可以减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,降低促炎症因子,可减少由于AS引起的血管厚度的增加,减少AS斑块的面积比例,使血脂中的TC、TG和LDL-C水平降低,HDL-C水平则有升高,这对冠心病的临床诊疗具有重要的临床指导意义。     

富营养底质对沉水植物的胁迫研究 Ι.乙酸对伊乐藻和菹草萌发与幼芽生长的影响

湖泊底质中有机物的厌氧代谢产生多种有机酸,其中主要成分是乙酸。研究了暴露于不同浓度的乙酸溶液后伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus)无性繁殖体的萌发和幼芽的生长状况。1 mmol/L的乙酸能显著抑制伊乐藻幼芽的生长(p<0.05),但对其繁殖体的萌发无明显影响。在4 mmol/L的乙酸影响下,菹草幼芽仍有明显的生长;菹草繁殖体的萌发受到显著抑制(p<0.05),但在随后的培养中可全部萌发。4 mmol/L以上的乙酸暴露3 d或6 d导致伊乐藻全部死亡,8 mmol/L的乙酸处理6 d或16 mmol/L的乙酸处理3 d或6 d导致菹草全部死亡。研究表明厌氧底质中的乙酸可能是阻碍沉水植物生长的重要因素之一,菹草比伊乐藻能耐受较高强度的乙酸胁迫,更适合作为先锋物种用于富营养化湖泊中的沉水植物恢复。     

抗坏血酸对酵母蔗糖酶的激活动力学研究

采用甲苯自溶法从鲜酵母中提取了蔗糖酶,并用乙醇分级及ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素柱层析进行了纯化,用ＰＡＧ凝胶电泳作了纯度鉴定,在ｐＨ５．０,３０℃条件下进行了酶反应,用双倒数作图法测出其Ｋｍ＝２．１×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ＝０．２６（每分钟的光密度值）．在此系统中,加入不同浓度的抗坏血酸（Ｖｉｔ．Ｃ）,发现其具有激活作用并存在量效关系．双倒数作图显示：酶的表观Ｖｍａｘ（Ｖｐ）随抗坏血酸浓度的增加而增大,但其表观Ｋｍ（Ｋｐ）不变（Ｋｐ＝Ｋｍ）．经实验结果分析,推论出抗坏血酸激活作用的酶促反应方程式,并推导出反应速度公式     

Anxiolytic-like effects of sinapic acid in mice

Sinapic acid is a phenylpropanoid compound and is found in various herbal materials and high-bran cereals. With the exception of its antioxidant activities, the pharmacological properties of sinapic acid have been rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like properties of sinapic acid using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board test. Control mice were orally treated with an equal volume of vehicle (10% Tween 80 solution), and positive control mice were treated with diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Sinapic acid (4 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the percentages of time spent in the open arms of the EPM test (P<0.05). In the hole-board test, sinapic acid also significantly increased the number of head-dips at 4 mg/kg (P<0.05). In addition, the anxiolytic-like properties of sinapic acid examined in the EPM test were blocked by flumazenil or bicuculline, which are GABA(A) antagonists. Moreover, sinapic acid markedly potentiated GABA current in single cortical neurons in a dose-dependant manner, and reactive I(GABA) increased to 1.8 times at 1 muM of sinapic acid. These results suggested that sinapic acid is a prominent anxiolytic agent, and that its anxiolytic-like effects are mediated via GABA(A) receptors and potentiating Cl(-) currents.     

血清乳酸评估对危重患者预后的临床研究

目的:研究血清乳酸评估对危重患者预后的意义,为后期临床诊断提供参考。方法:选取2012年3月—2014年4月我院收治的危重患者78例,对其血清乳酸进行评估,根据评估结果分为观察组与对比组,40例患者血清乳酸在监测过程中升高为观察组,38例患者血清乳酸监测持续正常为对比组。分析两组患者不良预后与临床变化,同时将观察组存活与死亡患者的血清乳酸监测情况进行评估。结果:观察组多器官功能不全者32例,休克31例,死亡22例;对比组多器官功能不全者15例,休克3例,死亡8例。观察组进入重症监护病房后,死亡组乳酸值为(6.21±2.51)mmol/L,乳酸峰值为(8.87±2.59)mmol/L,0.5天乳酸清除率为(23.21±18.54)mmol/L;存活组乳酸值为(2.21±1.89)mmol/L,乳酸峰值为(4.12±2.15)mmol/L,0.5天乳酸清除率为(44.78±26.58)mmol/L。结论:血清乳酸评估对危重患者预后具有十分重要的意义。     

Oxidation of hydroxycinnamic acid and hydroxycinnamyl alcohol derivatives by laccase and peroxidase. Interactions among p-hydroxyphenyl,guaiacyl and syringyl groups during the oxidation reactions

Fungal laccase oxidized derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid. The rates decreased in the order sinapic acid > ferulic acid ≥p-coumaric acid. The laccase oxidized sinapyl alcohol faster than coniferyl alcohol. The rates of oxidation of the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives by an isoenzyme of peroxidase from horseradish decreased in the order p-coumaric acid > ferulic acid ≥ sinapic acid. The peroxidase oxidized coniferyl alcohol much faster than sinapyl alcohol. The laccase and the peroxidase predominantly oxidized (a) ferulic acid in a reaction mixture that contained p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, (b) sinapic acid in a mixture of p-coumaric acid plus sinapic acid, and (c) sinapic acid in a mixture of ferulic acid plus sinapic acid. In a reaction mixture that contained both coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, both fungal laccase and horseradish peroxidase predominantly oxidized sinapyl alcohol. From these results, it is concluded (1) that the p-hydroxyphenyl radical can oxidize guaiacyl and syringyl groups and produce their radicals and (2) that the guaiacyl radical can oxidize the syringyl group under formation of its radical; and that (3) in both cases the reverse reactions are very slow.     

Antioxidant Capacity and Chemical Profiles of Satureja montana L. Honey: Hotrienol and Syringyl Derivatives as Biomarkers

The present study is focused on the antioxidant capacity and chemical profiling of eight Croatian Satureja montana L. honey samples. Among the 20 compounds obtained by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and identified by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses, hotrienol was predominant (75.9–81.7%). The honey matrix volatile/semivolatile profile was investigated by ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) followed by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The major compounds identified by this latter method were the sinapic‐acid derivatives methyl syringate (36.2–72.8%) and syringaldehyde (2.2–43.1%). Direct, targeted HPLC‐DAD analyses of the native honey samples revealed the presence of methyl syringate (7.10–39.60 mg/kg) and syringic acid (0.10–1.70 mg/kg). In addition, the total phenolic content of the samples was determined by the Folin? Ciocalteu assay (311.0–465.9 mg GAE/kg), and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the DPPH radical‐scavenging activity (0.5–1.0 mmol TEAC/kg) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (2.5–5.1 mmol Fe²⁺/kg).     

Effect of a High Intake of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Lipoprotein Levels in Healthy Human Subjects

Background

Trans fatty acids are produced either by industrial hydrogenation or by biohydrogenation in the rumens of cows and sheep. Industrial trans fatty acids lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The effects of trans fatty acids from ruminants are less clear. We investigated the effect on blood lipids of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a trans fatty acid largely restricted to ruminant fats.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Sixty-one healthy women and men were sequentially fed each of three diets for three weeks, in random order, for a total of nine weeks. Diets were identical except for 7% of energy (approximately 20 g/day), which was provided either by oleic acid, by industrial trans fatty acids, or by a mixture of 80% cis-9, trans-11 and 20% trans-10, cis-12 CLA. After the oleic acid diet, mean (± SD) serum LDL cholesterol was 2.68±0.62 mmol/L compared to 3.00±0.66 mmol/L after industrial trans fatty acids (p<0.001), and 2.92±0.70 mmol/L after CLA (p<0.001). Compared to oleic acid, HDL-cholesterol was 0.05±0.12 mmol/L lower after industrial trans fatty acids (p = 0.001) and 0.06±0.10 mmol/L lower after CLA (p<0.001). The total-to–HDL cholesterol ratio was 11.6% higher after industrial trans fatty acids (p<0.001) and 10.0% higher after CLA (p<0.001) relative to the oleic acid diet.

Conclusions/Significance

High intakes of an 80∶20 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA raise the total to HDL cholesterol ratio in healthy volunteers. The effect of CLA may be somewhat less than that of industrial trans fatty acids.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00529828","term_id":"NCT00529828"}}NCT00529828     

The regulation from guaiacyl to syringyl lignin in the differentiating xylem of Robinia pseudoacacia

13C- and deuterium (D)-labeled ferulic acid and sinapic acid ([8-(13)C, 3-OCD3]-ferulic acid and [8-(13)C, 3,5-OCD3]-sinapic acid) were administered to robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) shoots. To estimate the distribution of the label from administrated ferulic or sinapic acid, continuous 50-microm-thick tangential sections cut from the cambium of robinia were subjected to lignin chemical analysis by the DFRC method. Labeled ferulic acid was incorporated into guaiacyl and syringyl lignin. The incorporation of labeled ferulic acid into syringyl units was observed only in the later stage of lignification. Labeled sinapic acid was incorporated into syringyl lignin in the early stage and the later stage of lignification. In general, syringyl lignin was deposited in the later stage of cell wall lignification. Thus, the incorporation of sinapic acid to syringyl lignin in the early stage of lignification was abnormal. Taken together, the aromatic ring-modifying reactions (the conversion from guaiacyl to syringyl moiety, including the hydroxylation and methylation) were more important for the regulation of the sinapyl alcohol biosynthesis than the reducing reactions (the reduction of acids to alcohols) in the differentiating xylem.     

Plasma chemistry reference values in ostriches

Reference values for 18 plasma chemical variables in blue neck ostriches (Struthio camelus australis, n = 60, age 24-36 mo) were established for use in veterinary clinical practice using nonparametric statistics. The following values were established for the percentiles P2.5 and P97.5: sodium 147-157 mmol/L, calcium 2.4-4.8 mmol/L, inorganic phosphate 1.3-2.3 mmol/L, chloride 94-105 mmol/L, glucose 10.3-13.7 mmol/L, urea 0.5-0.8 mmol/L, uric acid 351-649 mumol/L, bile acids 8-33 mumol/L, total protein 39-56 g/L, albumin-globulin ratio 0.45-0.59, osmolality 304-330 mOsm/kg, alkaline phosphate 69-217 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase 243-418 IU/L, gamma-glutamyltransferase 0-1 IU/L, creatine kinase 1648-4894 IU/L, glutamate dehydrogenase 8-17 IU/L, and lactate dehydrogenase 860-2236 IU/L. The plasma calcium concentration was significantly (P < 0.001; r = 0.74) related to the total protein concentration and an adjustment-formula for calcium was derived: adjusted Ca (mmol/L) = Ca (mmol/L)--0.09 TP (g/L) + 4.4. The influence of blood sample treatment on the plasma potassium concentration as seen in other avian species was demonstrated in a separate experiment, emphasizing the need to separate plasma and cells immediately after collection in avian blood samples.     

桃蚜最佳人工全纯饲料的筛选

【目的】为了明确不同营养组分配方的人工全纯饲料对桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulze)生长发育的影响,筛选出适合室内饲养桃蚜的人工饲料配方。【方法】本文以5组不同浓度的氨基酸溶液(A1=50 mmol/L、A2=100 mmol/L、A3=150 mmol/L、A4=200 mmol/L、A5=250 mmol/L)和4组不同浓度的蔗糖混合液(S1=250 mmol/L、S2=500 mmol/L、S3=750 mmol/L、S4=1 000 mmol/L)组配的混合液饲喂桃蚜,测定了桃蚜的存活率、存活时间、平均产仔量和产仔率,并利用生命表技术,分析不同处理对桃蚜实验种群生命参数的影响。【结果】结果表明,不同饲料配方对桃蚜的存活及繁殖均有一定的影响。存活率以A1S3、A1S4和A3S4最高,三者之间差异不显著(P>0.05);存活时间以A1S3、A1S4和A3S4最长,分别达到了(34.00±1.00)d、(33.33±1.15)和(30.6±4.04)d,三者之间差异不显著(P>0.05);平均产仔量和产仔率以A3S1和A3S4的最大,A3S1分别达到了(9.75±2.71)头/成蚜和43.33%±15.28%,A3S4分别达到了(9.43±2.27)头/成蚜和50.00%±10.00%,二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。种群生命参数中,A3S1和A3S4的净生殖率分别达到了(4.43±2.31)和(4.63±1.25),二者之间差异不显著(P>0.05),与其他饲料配方差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】综合所有参数比较,确定A3S4为桃蚜的最佳人工饲料配方。     

东北红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉醇的调控研究

研究了诱导子、前体及抑制剂的协调作用对东北红平杉生产紫杉醇的影响。结果表明,向培养基中加入80mg/L水到、80mg/L茉莉酸甲酯、0.5mmol/L乙酸钠、2mmol/L苯丙氨酸、0.5mmol/L丝氨酸、0.1mmol/L甘氨酸、10mg/L肉桂酸、0.5mmol/L苯甲酸钠、5mmol/L丙酮酸钠、10mg/L氯化氯胆碱、和1mg/L赤霉酸可使紫杉醇含量提高368.65%。并且证明交互作用对紫杉醇合成有显著作用。     

ABA对黑黄檀种子萌发的抑制作用以及其他植物激素对ABA的拮抗作用

以云南特有濒危树种黑黄檀(Dalbergia fusca)的种子为材料,研究了脱落酸(ABA)对种子萌发的抑制作用,以及种子萌发过程中吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉酸(GA_3)、6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)和乙烯利对ABA的拮抗作用.黑黄檀种子萌发的适宜温度为30℃.交替光照(14 h光照和10 h黑暗)以及黑暗对种子萌发没有明显的影响.0.001～0.1 mmol/L ABA不影响种子的萌发率,但降低种子的萌发进程;1 mmol/L和2.5mmol/L ABA显著地抑制种子的萌发率和萌发进程.种子的萌发率不被0.0001～1 mmol/L IAA和GA3、0.0001～0.1 mmol/L 6-BA、以及0.001～10 mmol/L 乙烯利(乙烯供体)的影响,但被1 mmol/L 6-BA抑制.1mmol/L ABA对种子萌发的抑制作用能被0.01～1 mmol/L IAA、0.01～1 mmol/L GA3、0.001～0.1 mmol/L 6-BA和0.1～10 mmol/L乙烯利所拮抗,而且这种拈扰作用与植物激素的类型和浓度有关.0.01 mmol/L 6-BA和0.1 mmol/L乙烯利对l mmol/L ABA抑制作用的拈抗不能被添加0.001 mmol/L IAA或者O.001 mmol/L GA3加成.但0.1 mmol/L 乙烯利对1 mmol/L ABA抑制作用的拮抗能够被添加O.01 mmol/L 6-BA或者0.1 mmol/L 6-BA加成,导致更高的萌发率和幼苗生长.     

Chemiluminescence determination of pharmacologically active compounds by capillary electrophoresis.

A simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis with direct chemiluminescence method has been developed for the determination of five natural pharmacologically active compounds including rutin, protocatechuic aldehyde, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and protocatechuic acid. The luminol as a component of the separation electrolyte buffer was introduced at the head of the separation capillary. The separation of five compounds was carried out in a fused-silica capillary with 15.0 mmol/L tetraborate, 1.0 mmol/L SDS and 0.42 mmol/L luminol (pH 8.5). The analytes was determined by enhancing the chemiluminescence of luminol with 0.13 mmol/L K3Fe(CN)6 in 0.05 mol/L NaOH, which was introduced at the post-column stage. The voltage applied was 16 kV. Under the optimum conditions, the analytes were separated within 10 min. The excellent linearity was obtained over two to three orders of magnitude with a detection limit (signal:noise = 3) of 0.012-0.055 micromol/L for all five analytes. The method was successfully used in the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples, and the assay results were satisfactory.     

Resveratrol Does Not Influence Metabolic Risk Markers Related to Cardiovascular Health in Overweight and Slightly Obese Subjects: A Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Background

In vitro and animal studies have shown positive effects of resveratrol on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, but human studies specifically designed to examine these effects are lacking.

Objective

The primary outcome parameter of this study in overweight and slightly obese subjects was the effect of resveratrol on apoA-I concentrations. Secondary outcome parameters were effects on other markers of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, glucose metabolism, and markers for inflammation and endothelial function.

Design

This randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted in 45 overweight and slightly obese men (n = 25) and women (n = 20) with a mean age of 61 ± 7 years. Subjects received in random order resveratrol (150 mg per day) or placebo capsules for 4 weeks, separated by a 4-week wash-out period. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each intervention period.

Results

Compliance was excellent as indicated by capsule count and changes in resveratrol and dihydroresveratrol concentrations. No difference between resveratrol and placebo was found in any of the fasting serum or plasma metabolic risk markers (mean ± SD for differences between day 28 values of resveratrol vs. placebo: apoA-I; 0.00 ± 0.12 g/L (P = 0.791), apoB100; -0.01 ± 0.11 g/L (P = 0.545), HDL cholesterol; 0.00 ± 0.09 mmol/L (P = 0.721), LDL cholesterol -0.03 ± 0.57 mmol/L (P = 0.718), triacylglycerol; 0.10 ± 0.54 mmol/L (P = 0.687), glucose; -0.08 ± 0.28 mmol/L (P = 0.064), insulin; -0.3 ± 2.5 mU/L (P = 0.516)). Also, no effects on plasma markers for inflammation and endothelial function were observed. No adverse events related to resveratrol intake were observed.

Conclusion

150 mg of daily resveratrol intake for 4 weeks does not change metabolic risk markers related to cardiovascular health in overweight and slightly obese men and women. Effects on glucose metabolism warrant further study.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01364961     

Rice and Phragmites: effects of organic acids on growth, root permeability, and radial oxygen loss to the rhizosphere

Young Phragmites plants were grown in two cocktails of monocarboxylic acids (C(1)-C(5)) at pH 6, where the concentration of each acid was innocuous and the total undissociated (potentially toxic) concentrations were 0.35 mmol/L and 0.42 mmol/L. Rice plants were subjected to 1.5 mmol/L acetic acid at pH 4.5 (undissociated concentration = 1.05 mmol/L). In Phragmites, each cocktail curtailed root growth especially and induced premature shoot senescence. In both species, after 3-5 d of treatment, radial oxygen loss (ROL) from apical regions of adventitious roots, and from Phragmites laterals, was reduced to very low values and associated with cell wall lignification and suberization in the surface cell layers. At later stages of treatment, rice responded to acetic acid in similar ways to Phragmites, with the development of intercellular and callus type occlusions in the gas space system, vascular blockages, and the failure of laterals to emerge. The results are relevant to the supply of oxygen from Phragmites roots to sediments for the phytopurification of waste waters, to the efflux of methane and carbon dioxide from wetlands, and to rice cultivation.