旱作小麦覆膜穴播栽培综合效应

缺水、干旱是制约宁南山区农业生产发展,特别是限制旱作农田生产力水平提高的首要问题。小麦是宁南山区第一大作物,其中,旱作种植约占９０％。近年来,利于提高旱作小麦抗旱、节水性能的品种选用和栽培技术研究没有大的突破,使其生产出现了较长时期的徘徊局面。因此,对旱作小麦从农业技术和农水结合入手,找出一条投资少、见效快、节水、抗旱、增产、增效的新出路,已明显摆在我们面前。宁南山区春、夏季气温分布特征及存在于７月份的热季、热干风天气过程,形成了小麦出苗期长,分蘖期、幼穗分化期、籽粒灌浆期短的“一长三短”生育…     

氮和磷在饲养-堆腐环中的循环率及有机肥料养分利用率

近年来,以大量投入“石化产品”为主的石化农业的弊端越来越凸现,不仅增产效果明显降低,还导致资源浪费、环境污染等问题．为此,农业生态系统养分循环再利用受到更多重视。     

青铜时代中晚期辽西地区农业活动特征

辽西地区城子山遗址和夏家店遗址农作物种子遗存研究显示, 城子山地区青铜时代中期以旱作农业种植为主, 粟的栽培要明显高于黍。青铜时代晚期的夏家店地区属半农半牧区, 存在黍与粟为主的旱作农业种植, 但黍的栽培比例要远高于青铜时代中期的城子山地区。干旱化可能是导致夏家店地区青铜时代晚期黍栽培比例升高的主要原因。城子山和夏家店地区农业种植结构在青铜时代晚期可能已有所不同, 但这2个地区农业种植的差异究竟从何时开始, 仍是一个需要继续深入研究的问题。     

西部旱作农业的有效新技术——留茬少耕或免耕秸秆全程覆盖

我国西部因干旱缺水 ,农业多以旱作为主 ,在传统的耕作制度下 ,既不能克服干旱威胁 ,又难以高产稳产 ;改进耕作技术实行“留茬少耕或免耕秸秆全程覆盖”新技术 ,是落实西部大开发 ,解决西部农业诸多难题的首选。1　我国西部农业存在的问题我国西部人均土地多 ,日照长 ,温差大 ,农业开发大有潜力。但在农业开发中存在着干旱、水土流失、尘暴沙化以及传统耕作方法所引起的肥力递减 ,严重地影响着农业开发潜力的挖掘。由于干旱的影响 ,单产难以提高 ,随着人口的增加、毁林开荒种地的面积越来越大 ,随之而带来的水土流失和尘暴沙化也日趋严重。…     

青铜时代中晚期辽西地区农业活动特征

辽西地区城子山遗址和夏家店遗址农作物种子遗存研究显示,城子山地区青铜时代中期以旱作农业种植为主.粟的栽培比例要明显高于黍.青铜时代晚期的夏家店地区属半农半牧区,存在黍与粟为主的旱作农业种植,但黍的栽培比例要远高于青铜时代中期的城子山地区.干旱化可能是导致夏家店地区青铜时代晚期黍栽培比例升高的主要原因.城子山和夏家店地区农业种植结构在青铜时代晚期可能已有所不同,但这2个地区农业种植的差异究竟从何时开始,仍是一个需要继续深入研究的问题.     

全国干旱半干旱地区农业生态建设学术讨论会论文题录

(按收论文先后为序)辽宁省建平县经济、生态、社会发展战略总体规划的研究业业究农农研阳学态沈大生室赵春明姚雷方源良郭金玉马子清张茂盛等姚建民应用生态农业观点防患干旱的威胁和损失山西旱作农业增产新探索王仕新庄季屏张一等奇岚县农业生态建设设计方法研究双向平衡的系统结构调控原理与半干旱地区农作物布局设计研究滨海平原区农业生态建设浅见蔺海明山西省旱地农业分区及其生态建设何章起等贾志宽贾永莹罗志成唐家堡河流域农业生态建设中的土地利用问题几种高吸水材料应用于辽西褐土抗春旱模拟试验研究新疆准葛尔盆地南缘重盐碱地区…     

填闲种植及其在黄土高原旱作农业区的可行性分析

在主要粮食作物系统休闲期间种植填闲作物可兼顾环境与经济效益。综述了填闲种植对农田土壤水分、养分和后续粮食作物生产力形成等生态过程的影响及其具有的固碳减排、减少淋溶、控制侵蚀等环境与经济效益,并在此基础上从土壤水分限制、养分提高和产量经济效益等角度探讨了填闲种植在黄土高原旱作农业区的可行性,指出今后应重点加强填闲种植系统的水肥生产力形成机制、关键环境效益的形成机理、填闲作物与管理措施选择、生态经济效益评价以及气候变化背景下的填闲种植系统综合效益评估等方面展开定位观测与模型模拟研究,为填闲种植在黄土高原旱作农业区的推广提供科学依据。     

大搞土农药,战胜病虫害!

我县是长江以南的平原地区,庄稼以水稻、棉花、三麦(大、元、小)为主,共有耕田面积170万亩,其中水稻110万亩(早、晚稻)、棉花43万亩。历年防治病虫害都是使用化学农药,有一支歌谣说:“要吃白米饭,只要‘二二三’(即DDT)”。当去年县委提出了“三麦赶水稻,水稻翻一番,皮棉二百斤”的增产指标时,农民说“庄稼好种虫难治,增产必须治好虫”。经验告诉我们,防治病虫害是保证农业生产实现指标、确保丰收的     

北方农牧交错带间套作资源利用的研究进展

中国北方农牧交错带土壤风蚀沙化面积大、农田自然资源利用效率低,气候变化对农业生产的影响较大,粮食安全面临威胁。本文以该地区农业生产中出现的生产和科学问题入手,探讨了间套作种植模式应用于北方农牧交错带地区的旱作农作系统,对于有效增加地表覆盖度和粗糙度以减少风蚀,减少水肥淋溶且加快有机物质分解以改善土壤可持续性,形成独特的冠层和根系结构的时空分布及不同作物组合的相互作用以提高资源利用效率及农田生产力的作用;分析了间套作系统生产力的限制因子和种间相互作用提高生产力的机理。在今后研究中应重点探明气候变化对当地间套作系统潜在产量、产量差及土壤可持续性的影响,并将田间试验、基本过程的作物模型和结构与功能模型有机结合,利用大田试验结果和结构与功能模型在器官尺度上阐明资源高效利用的机理,并在区域尺度定量评估间套作在减缓农业气候风险中的作用。     

新石器时代关中地区人类生业模式演变的生物考古学证据

农业的起源与发展,改变了人类食物资源的获取方式。作为史前文化发展的中心,关中地区史前人类生业模式演变规律与影响因素的探索,将为北方地区农业的起源、发展与传播,文化交流对农业发展的影响,人类对环境变迁的适应等热点问题研究提供重要依据。本文对关中地区史前不同文化、不同遗址人与动物骨骼的稳定同位素以及动植物遗存进行了综合分析。结果显示,受文化的发展与交流、区域地理环境的差异、气候的演变等因素影响,关中地区史前先民生业模式呈现时空差异。老官台文化先民的生业模式中旱作农业与狩猎采集并重。仰韶文化早期,旱作农业成为先民生业模式的主体,但不同区域发展水平不同;另外,家畜饲养的发展速度要滞后于农作物。仰韶文化中、晚期至龙山文化早期,水稻与小麦先后传入,形成以粟、黍旱作农业为主,兼营水稻、大豆等的多元化农业结构;水稻对仰韶文化中期先民的食谱产生影响,而同时期家畜饲养主要依赖于粟黍类农作物。龙山文化,黍、粟农业比重下降,水稻含量相对增加,并对先民与家畜的食谱产生影响;肉食获取方式以饲养活动为主,渔猎活动为辅。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.