Factors influencing infection of the tomato by Verticillium albo-atrum. II

Tomato plants receiving adequate supplies of mineral nutrient acquired great resistance to infection by Verticillium albo-atrum if the leaf-shoot ratio was reduced; this effect is attributed to reduction in carbohydrate content of the host. Wide variation in potash manuring did not affect susceptibility of tomatoes to Verticillium .     

Alteration of viral respiratory infections of mice by prior infection with mouse hepatitis virus

Pre-infection with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains S, 3, or JHM reduced the ability of mice to seroconvert to PVM. Geometric mean antibody titers to PVM among MHV pre-infected mice were lower than those for control mice given only PVM, and dually infected mice seroconverted to PVM later than mice given PVM alone. PVM was not recovered from normally permissive respiratory tract tissues of MHV-S pre-infected mice. Pre-infection of DBA/2 mice with MHV-S compromised the susceptibility of these mice to lethal Sendai virus infection but did not substantially reduce the titers of infectious Sendai virus recovered from the lungs. Serologic responses to Sendai virus and lung Sendai virus titers were similar in Sendai virus-resistant C57BL/6 mice pre-infected or not with MHV-S.     

Variation in virulence of Coxsackie virus B3 in the heart of mice, II. Pathological comparison

Histopathological analysis of the heart in adult mice inoculated with Coxsackie virus B3 (CB3) strains revealed that strain SK-74 isolated from a patient suffering from severe diarrhea and fever produced severe myocarditis but strain T-70 isolated from a healthy child induced no lesion in the hearts of mice tested, and that intensities of myocardial lesions in mice inoculated with strain PMH were higher than those in mice inoculated with prototype strain Nancy. The results support the conclusion in the preceding paper that strain SK-74 is virulent but strain T-70 is avirulent in mice. The results also partially indicated that the virulence of prototype strain Nancy in the heart of mice is enhanced by passages of the strain in the heart of mice. All four strains of CB3 produced lesions in the pancreas although lesions induced by strain T-70 were less marked than those induced by the remaining three strains.     

Influence of sex hormones on Coxsackie B-3 virus infection in Balb/c mice

Background and “spontaneous” proliferation are terms often used for the proliferative activity normally exhibited by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) in vitro. In this report, we show that Interleukin-2 (IL-2) added to unfractionated MNC but not to isolated T or non-T cells significantly increased their proliferative activity. The cells responding to IL-2 stimulation from MNC were OKT3 positive lymphocytes. In addition, treatment of MNC with either a monoclonal anti-HLA-DR antibody (in the absence of C′) or Cyclosporin-A strongly suppressed the “background” whereas treatment of MNC with the 3A1 monoclonal anti-human T cell antibody did not modify “spontaneous” proliferation of these cells. IL-2 could not restore or increase the proliferative activity of MNC exposed to the anti-HLA-DR antibody or Cyclosporin-A while the T cell growth factor significantly enhanced proliferation of MNC cultured in the presence of the OKT4 antibody. Taken together these results strongly suggest that IL-2 responding T cells from MNC become sensitive to IL-2 by interacting with HLA-DR antigens on B lymphocytes and/or monocytes contained in MNC (resting T cells are Dr^?). By a similar mechanism we have previously shown that T cells acquire responsiveness to IL-2 in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). Since all the cells that participate in AMLR are present in MNC, we postulate that a “mini” AMLR taking place within MNC may explain the “spontaneous” proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.     

Experimental Coxsackie B-3 virus infection in Citellus lateralis

Coxsackie B-3 virus produces a mild infection which passes unnoticed in the non-hibernating Citellus lateralis. A severe infection occurs in the hibernating animal. The progress of infection in the hiberating animal is related to the number of arousal hours and quite independent of the number of infected days. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the low-temperature hibernation phase has a potentiating effect upon subsequent viral production. Infective virus has not been found in the inoculated brown fat pads during the hibernation phase but very high virus titers are recorded 48 hours after arousal. This results in an earlier viraemia and earlier and higher titers in other organs of the body. A similar effect is noted when virus is inoculated at the very beginning of the arousal phase. While most animals recover with subsequent antibody development, a few succumb. Antibody development is slow and related only to the number of arousal hours experienced. Particular note is made of the fact that an animal may successfully resume hibernation despite complete loss of the axillary brown fat pads.