六种螽斯消化道形态及其分类学价值的研究(直翅目:螽斯总科:草螽科)

主要运用生理解剖及扫描电镜技术对螽斯总科草螽科Conoccphalidac 3属6种螽斯的消化道内部结构进行了比较分析。研究表明,螽斯消化道尤其是前肠的内部形态,属间差异明显,可以作为螽斯内部解剖形态分类的一个有用的特征,并为研究螽斯各类群间的亲缘关系和螽斯的演化提供新的依据。     

螽斯前肠的内部形态及其分类学价值的研究(螽斯总科,拟叶螽科,螽斯科)

前肠作为昆虫的暂时储存并初步消化食物的场所,不同的种类在内部结构上有所不同,并已证明其作为分类特征的可靠性.运用生理解剖及扫描电镜技术对螽斯总科拟叶螽科Pseudophyllidae 2属3种和螽斯科Tettigoniidae 2属3种螽斯的前肠几丁质内壁结构进行比较分析.研究表明,前肠的内部形态,属间差异明显,可以作为形态分类的一个有用特征.此外还对螽斯前肠的内壁结构同食性关系进行了初步探讨.     

几种直翅目昆虫的形态结构对比

通过解剖实验,对比螽斯科与蟋蟀科在附肢、翅和口器与部分内部系统在构造上的差别,分析螽斯与蟋蟀不同的进化方向。通过对比可知,螽斯科后足不仅较蟋蟀科强壮,并且在前跗节上有着特殊的爪垫,其翅部、口器结构及消化系统也与蟋蟀科有明显区别。通过分析,认为二者在结构上的差异与其栖息环境和食性不同有关,昆虫结构上的微小差异体现了其进化意义及对环境的适应。     

直翅目虫草（肉座菌目）：物种多样性及其与寄主的关系（英文）

迄今为止,以直翅目昆虫为寄主的虫草共报道25种,本研究详细介绍了它们的种类、寄主与分布,并给出了相关的分类学注释。ITS和tef1-α基因联合数据的分子系统发育显示,直翅目虫草分别隶属于白僵菌属Beauveria、绿僵菌属Metarhizium和线虫草属Ophiocordyceps 3个属。基于直翅目昆虫六大类群的生态习性特点,分析并讨论了直翅目虫草物种多样性与寄主的关系。以两种白僵菌Beauveria及戴氏虫草Metacordyceps taii(贵州绿僵菌Metarhizium guizhouense的异名)为例,介绍了虫草的根状菌索,一种介于子实体和孢梗束形体之间的根须状结构。种类修订:蟋螽白僵菌新组合Beauveria grylli comb.nov.≡蟋蟀虫草Cordyceps grylli=Beauveria loeiensis,Beauveria kirkii comb.nov.≡Cordyceps kirkii。寄主更正:蟋螽白僵菌的寄主由原来的蟋蟀成虫(蟋蟀科Gryllidae)更正为螽斯(蟋螽)若虫(蟋螽科Gryllacrididae),蟋蟀线虫草Ophiocordycepstettigonia寄主由原来的螽斯成虫(螽斯科Tettigoniidae:螽斯属Tettigonia)更正为蟋蟀成虫(蟋蟀科)。     

日本条螽线粒体基因组序列的测定与分析

日本条螽完整的线粒体基因组序列长16 281 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个r RNA基因和1个D-loop区,其基因次序和方向与祖先序列相同。该线粒体基因组排列紧凑,但在ND2和tRNA~(Trp)之间有一段长为650 bp的基因间隔区。为研究螽斯科的系统发育关系,本研究选取日本条螽及其它17个螽斯科物种线粒体基因组的蛋白质编码基因和r RNA基因序列构建贝叶斯系统发生树。     

直翅目虫草（肉座菌目）：物种多样性及其与寄主的关系

迄今为止,以直翅目昆虫为寄主的虫草共报道25种,本研究详细介绍了它们的种类、寄主与分布,并给出了相关的分类学注释。ITS和tef1-α基因联合数据的分子系统发育显示,直翅目虫草分别隶属于白僵菌属Beauveria、绿僵菌属Metarhizium和线虫草属Ophiocordyceps 3个属。基于直翅目昆虫六大类群的生态习性特点,分析并讨论了直翅目虫草物种多样性与寄主的关系。以两种白僵菌Beauveria及戴氏虫草Metacordyceps taii（贵州绿僵菌Metarhizium guizhouense的异名）为例,介绍了虫草的根状菌索,一种介于子实体和孢梗束形体之间的根须状结构。种类修订：蟋螽白僵菌新组合Beauveria grylli comb. nov. ≡ 蟋蟀虫草Cordyceps grylli = Beauveria loeiensis,Beauveria kirkii comb. nov. ≡ Cordyceps kirkii。寄主更正：蟋螽白僵菌的寄主由原来的蟋蟀成虫（蟋蟀科Gryllidae）更正为螽斯（蟋螽）若虫（蟋螽科Gryllacrididae）,蟋蟀线虫草Ophiocordyceps tettigonia 寄主由原来的螽斯成虫（螽斯科Tettigoniidae：螽斯属Tettigonia）更正为蟋蟀成虫（蟋蟀科）。     

四川蛩螽科一新种(直翅目：螽斯总科)

本文记述了螽斯总科蛩螽科一新种,长齿拟柯螽I>Pseudoduzicus longidentatus,新种。该新种在雄性腹部末节背板、尾须和下生殖板同该属的已知种不同。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

2011年第1期《遗传》封面说明

暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis sedakovii(Fischer von Waldheim,1846),俗称蝈蝈、蚂蚱、吱拉子,隶属于直翅目螽斯科,是鸣虫市场常见的种类之一。鸣虫文化是中华民族传统文化的重要     

三种螽斯科昆虫的核型研究

本文首次报道中国螽斯科3种昆虫的染色体核型,结果表明:中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis 2n♂=31均为近端着丝粒染色体,暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis obscura 2n♂=31也均为近端着丝粒染色体,中华寰螽Atlanticus sinensis 2n♂=29第1对染色体为中部着丝粒染色体,其余为近端部着丝粒染色体。这3 种螽斯的性别决定机制均为XO♂/XX♀型。 Abstract:The karyotypes of three species belonging to three genera of Tettigoniidae were investigated.The diploid number of chromosomes for Tettigonia chinensis is 2n♂=31,for Gampsocleis obscura 2n♂=31,Atlanticus sinensis 2n♂=29.In the three species,the XO♂/XX♀type of sex determination was observed.     

有关昆虫中文命名的一些商榷

昆虫中文名称的厘定,或根据古代传统的命名方式,或由近代昆虫学者根据昆虫的形态特征、地区分布、寄主种类等加以命名,或根据西文涵义加以命名。由于昆虫种类繁多,制订一个昆虫名称,颇非易事;有人提出一些具体要求,一是系统化,即是由科、亚科、属、种等分类体系来命名。二是便于记忆和应用,在应用中文名称时,与这类昆虫的西文属名、种名或其形态特征、分类系统能在无形中联系起来,则对分类学等的学习,会有不少帮助。以下就常见的一些昆虫中文名称,提供探讨。螽斯：螽斯俗名有螽斯、斯螽、草螽、螽、聒聒儿、春箕、草虫等。日本…     

沙门菌CWDMs乳酸脱氢酶同功酶的观察

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法检测伤寒杆菌和甲型副伤寒杆菌的ＣＷＤＭｓ及其宁代细菌型和伤寒杆菌粗糙型的乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）同功酶,以了解沙门菌ＣＷＤＭｓ生物氧化的特点和机制,探讨ＣＷＤＭｓ变异的性质。结果表明,伤寒杆菌和甲型副伤寒杆菌的细菌型及伤寒杆粗糙型在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后显示出相同的４种具有不同泳动速率的ＬＤＨ同功酶,但ＣＷＤＭｓ仅显示２种ＬＤＨ。ＣＷＤＭｓ的２种ＬＤＨ同功酶与其亲代细菌型及伤寒杆     

中国鳐类脑颅的研究

作者解剖观察了33种,隶于4目、7亚目、15科、19属的中国鳐类脑颅的形态。研究结果认为:锯鳐目和鳐目是原始类群,它们均具吻软骨,其中圆犂头鳐科和团扇鳐科是特化类群。电鳐目亦具吻软骨,它们是特化和退化类群。在较高等的鲼目则无吻软骨。依据鳐类不同的分类阶元,其脑颅亦各具有不同的式型。     

光照对蕨类植物配子体假根向重力性的影响

对８种蕨类植物配子体假根向重力性反应的研究结果表明,除卷柏Ｓｅｌａｇｉｎｅｌｌａ ｔａｍａｒｉｓｃｉｎａ Ｓｐｒｉｎｇ配子体假根无向重力性反应并且其生长方向与光照方向无关外,其它７种的配子体假根均有向重力性反应,并且假根的向重力性反应在配子体发育初期,因光照的方向不同而异,表现为负向光性。随着配子体发育至片状体阶段,光对其向重力性反应的影响逐渐减弱,而重力的影响增强。在蕨类植物配子体发育初期,光对     

沙门菌CWDMs苹果酸脱氢酶的检测

目的：了解沙门菌细菌壁缺陷突变株（CWDMs）的生物氧化及遗传特点和探讨细菌壁缺陷变异的性质与机制。方法：采用PAGE电泳法和分光光度法检测伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌及其CWDMs和伤寒沙门菌粗糙型和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的活性与类型。结果：伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌的细菌型和伤寒沙门菌粗糙型经PAGE电泳可见一条MDH同工酶带,CWDMs电泳后可见两条MDH同Ⅰ酶带,在CWDMs的MDH中有一条泳动速率与细菌型及粗糙型的相同,另一条则较快。分光光度法检测证实。细菌型与粗糙型的MDH活性相似,CWDMs的MDH活性则明显较低。结论：CWDMs保留了与亲代细菌型一致的MDH和形成了一种新的MDH,并且其MDH的活性已显著降低,此特性可能与CWDMs生物氧化特性的改变有关。     

省沽油科叶解剖结构的分类学意义

本文对国产省沽油科 Staphyleaceae 4属植物叶的解剖结构进行了详细的比较研究。结果表明, 叶解剖结构特征在属间的区别较明显, 特别是瘿椒树属 Tapiscia 有着几乎与其他三属截然不同的独特性状。根据已有的孢粉学, 花、节及木材的解剖等方面的资料, 我们支持Тахтаджян(1987)将瘿椒树亚科分出而建立瘿椒树科 Tapisciaceae 的观点。瘿椒树属为我国特有属, 根据我们对采自不同产地的材料观察, 居群间的差异很小, 其可能仍为一单种属。     

A REINTERPRETATION OF THE ONTOGENY OF THE ASCOCARP OF SPECIES OF THE ERYSIPHACEAE

A study of four species of Erysiphaceae (Uncinula salicis, Podosphaera leucotricha, Erysiphe cichoracearum, and Microsphaera diffusa) revealed that the binucleate stages of the ascocarp are initiated in a similar manner to those of Diporotheca rhizophila Gordon & Shaw. The “appendages” developing on immature ascocarps are considered to be receptive hyphae. Appendages characteristic of mature ascocarps are produced much later. Lysis of certain centrum cells occurs, and asci are initiated from some of the remaining binucleate centrum cells. Resorption of centrum cells by the asci is supported by this investigation, corroborating Björling's earlier studies on Erysiphe graminis.     

ASCOCARPIC CENTRUM ONTOGENY OF SPECIES OF HYPODERMATACEAE OF CONIFERS

Studies on the morphology of the ascocarps of 39 species of Hypodermataceae revealed several previously unknown cytological features. Two basic and one intermediate type of centrum ontogeny are discussed. Ascal initiation within Type I centrum occurs in the basal cells of the pseudoparaphyses and involves anastomoses, while ascal initiation within Type II occurs in cells of a plectenchymatous centrum, with no visible anastomosing in the ascocarp. There is frequent anastomosing between vegetative hyphae well in advance of initiation of the ascocarp. Ascal initiation in the intermediate type has ontogenetic sequences similar to those in Types I and II.     

人牙根龋发生中有机质破坏的酶学研究

目的 :了解牙根部有机质破坏的机制。方法 :将健康恒牙根颈 1/ 3牙体硬组织 ,磨制成 38.5～149m组织粉粒作样本 ,乳酸 (p H 4.0和 p H5 .5 )及醋酸 (p H 4.5和 p H5 .5 )溶液预处理后 ,测定钙、总蛋白和胶原含量 ;再经胰酶、胶原酶处理后分析释出的胶原量。结果 :乳酸和醋酸预处理不能降解人牙根部的胶原 ,但采用 p H4.0的乳酸处理牙齿后可以使酶对牙本质胶原的降解量明显增高 ,达 (4 4.0 5± 4.5 0 ) μl/ mg;随 p H升高 ,胰酶和胶原酶对根部牙体组织胶原的降解量明显下降 ,脱矿程度减弱 ,钙释出减少。结论 :酸和酶有协同降解胶原的作用。     

STABILITY OF SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES OF PROTEINS AND PROTECTIVE ACTION OF COLLOIDS

1. It is shown that the concentrations of different salts required to precipitate suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles in water are practically identical with the concentrations of the same salts required for the "salting out" of gelatin from aqueous solutions. Neither effect shows any relation to the electrical double layers surrounding the particles. 2. It is shown that at the isoelectric point of gelatin, suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles are not stable and it had been shown previously that gelatin is least soluble at the isoelectric point. The addition of salt increases both the solubility of gelatin in water as well as the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles in water, and both effects increase with the valency of one of the ions of the salt. 3. This latter effect is not due to any charges conferred on the gelatin particles by the salts, since the cataphoretic experiments show that salts like NaCl, Na₂SO₄, or CaCl₂, which at the isoelectric point of gelatin increase the solubility of gelatin as well as the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles, leave the particles practically uncharged in the concentrations in which the salts are efficient. 4. It follows from all these facts that the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated particles in water depends on the solubility of gelatin in water; e.g., on the chemical affinity of certain groups of the gelatin molecule for water. 5. Though crystalline egg albumin is highly soluble in water, the stability of collodion particles coated with crystalline egg albumin does not depend upon the affinity of the albumin molecule for water, but depends practically alone on the electrical double layer surrounding each particle. As soon as the P.D. of this double layer falls below 13 millivolts, the suspension is no longer stable. 6. The critical potential for the stability of suspensions of collodion particles coated with genuine egg albumin is the same as that for particles of boiled (denatured) white of egg. Since through the process of heating, egg albumin loses its solubility in water, it is inferred that egg albumin undergoes the same change when it forms a film around a solid particle like collodion. 7. The influence of electrolytes on the stability of suspensions of collodion particles coated with casein or edestin was similar to that of collodion particles coated with egg albumin. The experiments are, however, complicated by the fact that near the isoelectric point CaCl₂ and even NaCl cause a suspension again at concentrations of about M/2 or 1 M, while still higher concentrations may cause a precipitation again. These latter effects have no connection with double layers, but belong probably in the category of solubility phenomena. 8. These experiments permit us to define more definitely the conditions for a general protective action of colloids. Protective colloids must be capable of forming a durable film on the surface of the suspended particles and the molecules constituting the film must have a higher attraction for the molecules of the solvent than for each other; in other words, they must possess true solubility. Only in this case can they prevent the precipitating action of low concentrations of electrolytes on particles which are kept in suspension solely by the high potentials of an electrical double layer. Thus gelatin films, in which the attraction of the molecules for water is preserved, have a general protective action, while crystalline egg albumin, casein, and edestin, which seem to lose their attraction for water when forming a film, have a protective action only under limited conditions stated in the paper.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AUXIN-INDUCED TUMORS OF THE COLEORHIZA-EPIBLAST OF WHEAT

When wheat is germinated in high concentrations of certain auxins, the coleorhiza-epiblast grows in an excessive and disorganized manner and resembles a callus. Wheat was germinated in 10⁻³ M indoleacetic acid or in water. There was greater net synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein in the tumor tissue than in control tissue. Control and tumor tissue was fixed for electron microscopy 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after sowing. In contrast to the controls, many more lipoidal bodies appeared in 1-day-old, auxin-treated tissue and thereafter diminished in number. In 2- and 3-day-old tumor tissue, small membraneous fragments were prominent but disappeared in older tissue. With time, the following changes became progressively more pronounced: cytoplasmic vacuolation, appearance of myelin figures, polyribosome configurations and extensive profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and sloughing of cytoplasmic contents into and accumulation of electron-dense material in vacuoles. Possible factors in susceptibility of certain tissues to tumor formation are discussed.