曲霉与木霉属间隔合重组单倍体ATH—1376的动力学杂种优势

比较研究了重组单体ＡＴＨ－１３７６与其双亲本ＡｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒＡＭＳ１１,ＴｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｏｎａｒｅｅｓｅｉＱＭ９４１４在菌丝生长、纤维素酶系合成和发酵原液协同降解滤纸纤维积累还原糖等方面的动力学特征。显示出所构建的两属远缘杂种优势工程菌株具有克服常规混合制曲或二次制曲生产局限性的潜力。     

曲霉与木霉纤维素酶系基因组的属间遗传表达相容性

选用三类典型重组子3a、3b、A7-1和双亲本菌株AspersillusnigerAMSH、TrichodermareeseiQM9414为材料,按照所设计的纤维素酶系基因的通用序列和同工酶分型方法,进行基因组DNA指纹和酶系同工酶多态性比较分析。旨在提供重组子中基因重组的分子证据,阐明远缘双亲本基因组间的遗传表达相容性,并讨论其杂种优势的分子基础。结果发现重组子中基因组DNA指纹的重组特征稳定遗传,并能够相容性增强表达重组后的羧甲基纤维素酶（CMCase）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（βGlase）同工酶组分。纤维素酶系杂种优势的分子基础多样性包括：（1）3b中来自于双亲本部分编码βGlase的基因的杂合迭加和增强表达;（2）3a和A7-1中对应继承双亲本部分编码CMCase和βGlase的基因间协调性增强表达,并导致相应酶组分蛋白合成量的显著增加。由此综合提出了一个由βGlase介导的纤维素酶系活性调节和诱导合成调控的“双重协同增效”模型。此外还建立了考察重组子中杂种优势分子基础及其遗传稳定性的可行方法。     

新分离菌Streptomyces产小分子CMC液化酶的研究

新分离纤维素分解菌经鉴定为链霉菌属中的新种,暂定名为ＳｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｓｐＬＸ,革兰氏阳性,产气生孢子,好氧生长,最适生长温度和ＰＨ为３０℃和７．２。该菌能够完全降解纤维素且不产生还原糖,并分泌一种分子量为９．２ｋｕ的液化性质的内切纤维素液化酶,亦即ＣＭＣ液化酶,该酶在裂解滤纸为短纤维的过程中既没有还原糖生成,也没有失重现象发生,而且纤维素的聚合度也几乎没有明显变化,推测可能是一种能打开氢键的小分子解链酶。     

生孢噬纤维细菌的滤纸纤维素的降解过程研究

生孢噬纤维细菌(Sporocytophaga)是能够降解纤维素的滑动细菌,它可将滤纸和棉花纤维素完全降解;但其可测得的纤维素酶活性极低。为研究其纤维素降解机制,本文采用扫描电子显微镜观察了一株生孢噬纤维细菌(Sporocytophaga sp.) JL01对滤纸纤维素的降解过程,分析了在此过程中滤纸纤维素的降解与菌体形态变化之间的关系。结果表明：生孢噬纤维细菌在纤维素降解过程中,形成长度为2.5μm～4.0μm可弯曲的细长杆状细胞,该细长杆状细胞通过与纤维素分子的吸附或嵌入纤维素中完成对纤维素的降解;在降解后期,杆状细胞转化为直径约为0.6μm的小孢囊休眠细胞。     

长梗木霉纤维素酶的产生及提取

对长梗木霉(Trichoderma Longibrachiatum)ANU_3-958纤维素酶的产生及提取进行了研究。结果表明,固体曲培养144小时,固体曲与浸提液比例为1:7(W/V),采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法时所得纤维素酶活力最高。所得冻干纤维素酶粉经测定:羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活最高为2788.89IU/g,滤纸糖酶活(FPA)最高为79.44IU/g。相对固体曲得率平均为13.28%。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其系统发育分析

利用纤维素降解细菌和纤维素粘附的方法分别从新鲜牛粪、高温堆肥和本实验室保存的纤维素降解富集物中分离得到4株嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性,直的或稍弯曲杆菌,菌体大小为0.4μm～0.6μm×3μm～15μm,严格厌氧,不还原硫酸盐,形成芽孢。多数芽孢着生于菌体顶端。分离菌株能利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉Whatman CFII、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和未经处理的玉米秆芯、甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆。分离菌株在pH6.2～8.9、温度45℃～65℃范围内利用纤维素,最适pH为7.0～7.5,最适温度为55℃～60℃,发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。分离菌株还可利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇作为碳源。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株EVAI与Clostridium thermocellum具有99.8%相似性。     

康氏木霉AS3.4001 纤维素酶系的研究

康氏木霉白色变异株AS 3.4001的纤维素酶系经系列分离纯化,获得6个聚丙烯酰安凝胶电泳均一的组分(组分I-V及β一葡萄糖苷酶)。组分1能单独作用于天然纤维素棉花,水解不溶性纤维素,如滤纸、纤维素粉及磷酸膨张纤维素较可溶性纤维素羧甲基纤维素钠 CMC-Na)更为容易,水解产物为纤维二糖及痕迹量葡萄糖。     

过量铜对4种外生菌根真菌的生长、碳氮和铜积累的影响

为了了解外生菌根真菌在过量铜胁迫下的生长和物质积累特点,揭示外生菌根真菌对过量铜胁迫的抵抗能力,研究了四种外生菌根真菌—美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)、厚环乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)和红绒盖牛肝(Xerocomus chrysenteron)在过量铜胁迫条件下菌丝中铜积累量、菌丝生长特性以及碳氮积累速率。四种测试菌种菌丝中的铜积累量,随营养液中铜浓度的增加而增加,在46mg/L铜培养基下生长15d,四种菌种菌丝内铜浓度分别是对照的40～60倍。B.edulis和X.chrysenteron菌丝中铜浓度与培养基中铜浓度呈直线相关,S.grevillei和G.viscidus为指数相关。菌丝在铜胁迫下依然呈S曲线增长,但初始生长推迟,指数增长期比对照晚1～2d。菌丝生物量和碳氮积累随铜浓度增加而显著降低。综合所有试验结果显示,四种测试菌种对过量铜的抗性强度为：B.edulis＞G.viscidus＞S.grevillei＞X.chrysenteron。     

紫孢侧耳栽培期基质中纤维素类的降解和有关酶活的变化

以棉籽壳为基质栽培紫孢侧耳（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｓａｐｉｄｕｓ）,分别在菌丝长满期、菇蕾期、一茬菇和二茬菇时测定培养料中纤维素和半纤维素含量的变化以及纤维素酶（ＣＭＣ酶）和半纤维素酶活性的变化。结果表明：从接种到一茬菇时期,纤维素酶、半纤维素酶活不断升高,此后,迅速降低;基质中两种酶的底物含量降低速度以菇蕾一一茬菇时最大。菇蕾期后,两种底物的减少量多,菇蕾期以前较少。菇蕾期以前半纤维素降解稍多,菇蕾期以后纤维素降解较多。     

以啤酒糟为原料采用液体混和发酵法生产饲料蛋白的初步研究

真菌和高等真菌对自然界的木质素、纤维素有很强的分解作用。本实验将平菇、黑曲霉、啤酒酵母进行不同的组合：平菇＋酵母＋黑曲霉、黑曲霉＋酵母、黑曲霉＋酵母＋平菇这三种液体混合发酵体系。以利用平菇、黑曲霉高活力的木质素酶和纤维素酶,将不能直接被动物吸收利用的纤维素分解,并通过与啤酒酵母的混和生长,抑制了终产物还原糖的积累,促进了单细胞蛋白（ＳＣＰ）的合成。实验证明：在三种混和发酵体系中,纤维素酶活力和产品的蛋白含量均有提高,其中发酵饲料１＃（即平菇＋酵母＋黑曲酶这种发酵体系）各项指标提高得最多,纤维素酶活力提高了５．４Ｕ,粗蛋白含量提高了１１％,有较高的应用价值。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.