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1.
Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper accumulation in various organs, with most common clinical manifestations
such as hepatic, neurological, and renal dysfunctions. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin in Wilson’s disease were significantly
lower as compared to normals, controls, and relatives of Wilson’s disease patients, whereas marked hypercupriuria (145 ± 7
μg/24 h) was observed in Wilson’s children only. A good correlation (r = 0.92) was found between non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper and 24-h urinary copper excretion in Wilson’s disease patients.
Further, copper studies among the different phenotypes of Wilson’s disease revealed substantially low serum ceruloplasmin
and a marked hypercupriuria in Wilson’s disease children associated with renal tubular acidosis as compared to the patients
with either hepatological or neurological manifestations. Serum ceruloplasmin levels in 14 patients of Wilson’s disease were
between 14 and 20 mg/dL. These patients of Wilson’s disease were confirmed by measuring liver biopsy copper, which was about
nine times higher than normal hepatic copper content. During the family screening by copper studies, four asymptomatic siblings
were diagnosed for Wilson’s disease. These subjects were then started on D-penicillamine therapy because presymptomatic treatment
prevents progression of the disease complications. 相似文献
2.
Marker-assisted rationalisation of genetic resource collections: a case study in flax using AFLPs 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. van Treuren L. J. M. van Soest Th. J. L. van Hintum 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,103(1):144-152
Removing redundant germplasm from collections is one of the options for genebanks to increase the efficiency of their genetic
resource management. Molecular characterisation of germplasm is thereby becoming more and more important to verify suspected
duplication. AFLPs were used to characterise 29 flax accessions of material derived from research activities (hereafter termed
’’breeder’s line”). Based on similar accession names, the breeder’s lines could be classified into three series (’M 25’, ’Ru’
and ’Rm’) that were expected to contain redundancies. In addition, 12 reference cultivars were analysed. A total number of
144 polymorphic bands (59.8%) were scored among the 164 individuals investigated. In general, relatively high levels of intra-accession
variation were found, even for the cultivars examined. This finding was not in line with the low outcrossing rates reported
for flax. A cluster analysis grouped the ’Ru’ and ’Rm’ series together, indicating their close genetic relationship. An analysis
of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a significant group effect (fibre/oil flax) only for ’M 25’, explaining 34% of the variation
observed within this series. For the cultivars 40.5% of the variation was distributed among accessions within groups and all
pairwise comparisons were significantly different, except for one case. Both for the series of breeder’s lines and the cultivars
the major part of the variation was distributed among individuals within accessions. This component constituted 80.7% and
83.6% of the total variation for the ’Ru’ and ’Rm’ series, respectively. Pairwise comparisons of accessions were performed
by AMOVA in order to identify redundant germplasm. Stepwise bulking of accessions until all remaining accessions were significantly
different showed that the 29 accessions of breeder’s lines could be reduced to 14. Only a small negative effect of this bulking
approach on the among-population component of variance was observed, showing a reduction of 2.6%. Results are discussed in
relation to improving the efficiency of collection management.
Received: 25 June 2000 / Accepted: 27 October 2000 相似文献
3.
Richard L. Michalski Todd K. Shackelford Catherine A. Salmon 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2007,18(1):74-84
Using data collected from people with at least one brother and one sister, and consistent with an evolutionary perspective,
we find that older men and women (a) are more upset by a brother’s partner’s sexual infidelity than by her emotional infidelity and (b) are more upset by a sister’s partner’s emotional infidelity than by his sexual infidelity. There were no effects of participant
sex or sex of in-law on upset over a sibling’s partner’s infidelities, but there was an effect of participant sex on reports
of upset over one’s own partner’s infidelities. The results suggest that the key variable among older participants is the
sex of the sibling or, correspondingly, the sex of the sibling’s partner, as predicted from an evolutionary analysis of reproductive
costs, and not the sex of the participant, as predicted from a socialization perspective. Discussion offers directions for
future work on jealousy. 相似文献
4.
Smooth and coordinated motion requires precisely timed muscle activation patterns, which due to biophysical limitations, must
be predictive and executed in a feed-forward manner. In a previous study, we tested Kawato’s original proposition, that the
cerebellum implements an inverse controller, by mapping a multizonal microcomplex’s (MZMC) biophysics to a joint’s inverse
transfer function and showing that inferior olivary neuron may use their intrinsic oscillations to mirror a joint’s oscillatory
dynamics. Here, to continue to validate our mapping, we propose that climbing fiber input into the deep cerebellar nucleus
(DCN) triggers rebounds, primed by Purkinje cell inhibition, implementing gain on IO’s signal to mirror the spinal cord reflex’s
gain thereby achieving inverse control. We used biophysical modeling to show that Purkinje cell inhibition and climbing fiber
excitation interact in a multiplicative fashion to set DCN’s rebound strength; where the former primes the cell for rebound
by deinactivating its T-type Ca2+ channels and the latter triggers the channels by rapidly depolarizing the cell. We combined this result with our control
theory mapping to predict how experimentally injecting current into DCN will affect overall motor output performance, and
found that injecting current will proportionally scale the output and unmask the joint’s natural response as observed by motor
output ringing at the joint’s natural frequency. Experimental verification of this prediction will lend support to a MZMC
as a joint’s inverse controller and the role we assigned underlying biophysical principles that enable it. 相似文献
5.
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading invariably to death, usually within
7–10 years after diagnosis and is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Not only is Alzheimer’s disease a tragic disease
in which people suffer from neurodegeneration in the years to come, it also becomes an incredible burden on the public health
system. However, there is currently no effective treatment to halt the progression or prevent the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
This is partly due to the fact that the complex pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease is not yet completely understood. Recently,
Golgi apparatus is found to play an important role in Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we discuss the changes of Golgi
apparatus during clinical progression and pathological development of Alzheimer’s disease. First, changes of Golgi apparatus
size in Alzheimer’s disease are summarized. We then address the role of Golgi apparatus in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s
disease. Finally, the role of Golgi apparatus in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is discussed. Understanding the contribution
of Golgi apparatus dysfunction to Alzheimer’s disease and its pathophysiological basis will significantly impact our ability
to develop more effective therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. 相似文献
6.
Ecosystem carbon stocks and their changes in China’s grasslands 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The knowledge of carbon (C) stock and its dynamics is crucial for understanding the role of grassland ecosystems in China’s
terrestrial C cycle. To date, a comprehensive assessment on C balance in China’s grasslands is still lacking. By reviewing
published literature, this study aims to evaluate ecosystem C stocks (both vegetation biomass and soil organic C) and their
changes in China’s grasslands. Our results are summarized as follows: (1) biomass C density (C stock per area) of China’s
grasslands differed greatly among previous studies, ranging from 215.8 to 348.1 g C m−2 with an average of 300.2 g C m−2. Likewise, soil C density also varied greatly between 8.5 and 15.1 kg C m−2. In total, ecosystem C stock in China’s grasslands was estimated at 29.1 Pg C. (2) Both the magnitude and direction of ecosystem
C changes in China’s grasslands differed greatly among previous studies. According to recent reports, neither biomass nor
soil C stock in China’s grasslands showed a significant change during the past 20 years, indicating that grassland ecosystems
are C neutral. (3) Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of grassland biomass were closely correlated with precipitation,
while changes in soil C stocks exhibited close associations with soil moisture and soil texture. Human activities, such as
livestock grazing and fencing could also affect ecosystem C dynamics in China’s grasslands. 相似文献
7.
The levels of selection problem was central to Maynard Smith’s work throughout his career. This paper traces Maynard Smith’s
views on the levels of selection, from his objections to group selection in the 1960s to his concern with the major evolutionary
transitions in the 1990s. The relations between Maynard Smith’s position and those of Hamilton and G.C. Williams are explored,
as is Maynard Smith’s dislike of the Price equation approach to multi-level selection. Maynard Smith’s account of the ‘core
Darwinian principles’ is discussed, as is his debate with Sober and Wilson (1998) over the status of trait-group models, and
his attitude to the currently fashionable concept of pluralism about the levels of selection. 相似文献
8.
Summary In this paper we analyze Carl Gegenbaur’s conception of the relationship between embryology (“Ontogenie”) and comparative
anatomy and his related ideas about homology. We argue that Gegenbaur’s conviction of the primacy of comparative anatomy and
his careful consideration of caenogenesis led him to a more balanced view about the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny
than his good friend Ernst Haeckel. We also argue that Gegenbaur’s ideas about the centrality of comparative anatomy and his
definitions of homology actually laid the conceptual foundations for Hans Spemann’s (1915) later analysis of homology.
We also analyze Gegenbaur’s reception in the United States and how the discussions between E.B. Wilson and Edwin Conklin about
the role of the “embryological criterion of homology” and the latter’s argument for an even earlier concept of cellular homology
reflect the recurring theme of preformism in ontogeny, a theme that finds its modern equivalent in various genetic definitions
of homology, only recently challenged by the emerging synthesis of evolutionary developmental biology. Finally, we conclude
that Gegenbaur’s own careful methodological principles can serve as an important model for proponents of present day “evo-devo”,
especially with respect to the integration of ontogeny with phylogeny embedded in comparative anatomy. 相似文献
9.
Moleón M Sánchez-Zapata JA Gil-Sánchez JM Ballesteros-Duperón E Barea-Azcón JM Virgós E 《Oecologia》2012,168(3):679-689
How predators impact on prey population dynamics is still an unsolved issue for most wild predator–prey communities. When
considering vertebrates, important concerns constrain a comprehensive understanding of the functioning of predator–prey relationships
worldwide; e.g. studies simultaneously quantifying ‘functional’ and ‘numerical responses’ (i.e., the ‘total response’) are
rare. The functional, the numerical, and the resulting total response (i.e., how the predator per capita intake, the population
of predators and the total of prey eaten by the total predators vary with prey densities) are fundamental as they reveal the
predator’s ability to regulate prey population dynamics. Here, we used a multi-spatio-temporal scale approach to simultaneously
explore the functional and numerical responses of a territorial predator (Bonelli’s eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus) to its two main prey species (the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa) during the breeding period in a Mediterranean system of south Spain. Bonelli’s eagle responded functionally, but not numerically,
to rabbit/partridge density changes. Type II, non-regulatory, functional responses (typical of specialist predators) offered
the best fitting models for both prey. In the absence of a numerical response, Bonelli’s eagle role as a regulating factor
of rabbit and partridge populations seems to be weak in our study area. Simple (prey density-dependent) functional response
models may well describe the short-term variation in a territorial predator’s consumption rate in complex ecosystems. 相似文献
10.
Sexually dimorphic mate selection strategies were examined in 200 university students reporting their willingness to engage in casual sexual encounters with hypothetical individuals of the opposite sex. Using a questionnaire format, the possibility of forming a long-term relationship was manipulated, while risk of disease, pregnancy, and detection was eliminated across all conditions. In addition, potential partners varied in level of attractiveness, and in personality and behavioral characteristics. As expected, men reported a greater anticipated willingness to engage in sexual intercourse across all conditions compared with women. The possibility of forming a long-term relationship elevated women’s, but not men’s, willingness for sexual intercourse. While a potential partner’s attractiveness had a significant positive overall effect on responses, reducing their relative attractiveness had a greater negative impact on men’s responses. Reference to the parental qualities of a potential partner significantly increased women’s, but not men’s, anticipated willingness for sexual intercourse. Describing a hypothetical partner as non-aggressive (safe) marginally increased women’s willingness (p<.09) and did not affect men’s responses. The wording of items relevant to this condition may have resulted in the potential partner sounding "wimpy" rather than nonaggressive, and this may have reduced the expected effect of this manipulation. The possibility that women may trade off personality and behavioral characteristics with attractiveness to a greater degree than men when assessing potential mates is considered. 相似文献
11.
Setsuko Tohno Yoshiyuki Tohno Takeshi Minami Yuko Okazaki Masako Utsumi Yumi Moriwake Fumio Nishiwaki Masa-oki Yamada 《Biological trace element research》1997,59(1-3):177-185
To elucidate compositional changes of the pubic symphysis (PS) by aging, elements of pubic symphyses (PSs) removed from 26
cadavers were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry. It was found that the relative contents
(RCs) of calcium and phosphorus in women’s PSs were about three-and five-fold amounts as compared with those in men’s PSs,
respectively. In contrast, the RCs of sulfur, magnesium, sodium, and iron in women’s PSs were somewhat lower than those in
men’s PSs. The accumulations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in women’s PSs occurred mainly beyond the age of 70-yr-old,
but did not occur in men’s PSs. 相似文献
12.
Achim Schützwohl Amrei Fuchs William F. McKibbin Todd K. Shackelford 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2009,20(3):282-293
In their classic study of differences in mating strategies, Clark and Hatfield (1989, Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 2, 39–54) found that men and women demonstrated a striking difference in interest in casual sex. The current study examined
the role of an imagined requestor’s physical attractiveness (slightly unattractive, moderately attractive, and exceptionally
attractive) on men’s and women’s willingness to accept three different requests (go out, come to apartment, go to bed) as
reflected in answers to a questionnaire. We tested two hypotheses with a sample of 427 men and 443 women from three countries.
Hypothesis 1 states that men, relative to women, will demonstrate a greater willingness to accept the “come to apartment”
and “go to bed” requests but not the “go out” request for all three levels of requestor attractiveness. This hypothesis reflects
Clark and Hatfield’s main findings. Hypothesis 2 states that the physical attractiveness of a potential partner will have
a greater effect on women’s than on men’s willingness to accept all three requests, and particularly for the explicit request
for casual sex. The results partially supported Hypothesis 1 and fully supported Hypothesis 2. The discussion highlights limitations
of the current research and presents directions for future research. 相似文献
13.
Olle Lind Tony Sunesson Mindaugas Mitkus Almut Kelber 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2012,198(1):69-77
Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Bourke’s parrots (Neopsephotus bourkii) are closely related birds with different activity patterns. Budgerigars are strictly diurnal while Bourke’s parrots are
active in dim twilight. Earlier studies show that the intensity threshold of colour vision is similar in both species while
Bourke’s parrots have larger eyes with a higher density of rods than budgerigars. In this study, we investigate whether this
could be an adaptation for better spatial vision in dim light. We used two alternative forced-choice experiments to determine
the spatial acuity of both species at light intensities ranging from 0.08 to 73 cd/m2. We also determined the spatial contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for bright light in Bourke’s parrots and compare it to
existing data for budgerigars. The spatial acuity of Bourke’s parrots was found to be similar to that of budgerigars at all
light levels. Also the CSF of Bourke’s parrots is similar to that of budgerigars with a sensitivity peak located between 2.1
and 2.6 cycles/degree. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that Bourke’s parrots have superior spatial acuity in dim
light compared to budgerigars and the adaptive value of the relatively rod-rich and large eyes of Bourke’s parrots remains
unclear. 相似文献
14.
15.
Richard Karban 《Plant Ecology》2007,191(2):295-303
Many examples of associational resistance have been reported, in which a plant’s neighbors reduce the rate of damage by herbivores
that it experiences. Despite 30 years of interest and hundreds of examples of associational resistance, we still know very
little about how plants avoid their herbivores. This lack of mechanistic understanding prevents us from predicting when or
where associational resistance will be important or might affect species’ distributions. I demonstrate here that the plant
neighborhoods that surrounded focal mule’s ears (Wyethia mollis) individuals affected the damage they received. In particular, distance between a focal mule’s ears individual and its nearest
sagebrush neighbor (Artemisia tridentata) was a good predictor of how much leaf area the mule’s ears would lose to herbivores over 2 years. Mule’s ears close to sagebrush
suffered less loss than those with more distant nearest sagebrush neighbors. Mule’s ears with near sagebrush neighbors suffered
half the leaf loss as mule’s ears with sagebrush experimentally removed. This associational resistance was probably not caused
by sagebrush attracting or increasing populations of predators of generalist herbivores. Sagebrush is known to emit chemicals
that are feeding deterrents to generalist grasshoppers and these deterrents were probably involved here. Volatile chemicals
emitted by damaged sagebrush have been found to induce resistance in neighboring plants of several species. However, I found
no evidence for such eavesdropping here as mule’s ears gained associational resistance from sagebrush neighbors whether or
not those sagebrush neighbors had been experimentally damaged. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for associational
resistance is critical to predicting where and when it will be important. 相似文献
16.
Elson Boles 《Dialectical Anthropology》2006,30(1-2):27-70
Critics and defenders continue to debate the meanings and uses of Ruth Benedict’s Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (1946). Recently reporters have used Benedict’s ideas to justify the U.S. invasion of Iraq, citing, for example, Pauline
Kent’s defense of Benedict published in Dialectical Anthropology (1999; 24(2): 181–192). This essay examines the flaws of Chrysanthemum and Kent’s views, including Kent’s attacks on the best critique of Chrysanthemum to date by Lummis (1981). Drawing from Lummis, it highlights Benedict’s radical political transformation during the 1940s,
her embracement of U.S. nationalism, and subsequent reversals of her anthropological positions. It shows how in Chrysanthemum Benedict compared nationalist cultures and ideologies rather than ethnic cultures, but demonstrates that Benedict’s methodology
remained consistent. Finally, it scrutinizes the logic of Benedict’s vision and portrayal of Japanese ethnicity as a “shame
culture” and her argument for saving the emperor system and culturally rehabilitating the Japanese.
相似文献
17.
Giambattista Brocchi’s (1814) monograph (see Dominici, Evo Edu Outreach, this issue, 2010) on the Tertiary fossils of the Subappenines in Italy—and their relation to the living molluscan fauna—contains a theoretical,
transmutational perspective (“Brocchian transmutation”). Unlike Lamarck (1809), Brocchi saw species as discrete and fundamentally stable entities. Explicitly analogizing the births and deaths of species
with those of individual organisms (“Brocchi’s analogy”), Brocchi proposed that species have inherent longevities, eventually
dying of old age unless driven to extinction by external forces. As for individuals, births and deaths of species are understood
to have natural causes; sequences of births and deaths of species produce genealogical lineages of descent, and faunas become
increasingly modernized through time. Brocchi calculated that over 50% of his fossil species are still alive in the modern
fauna. Brocchi’s work was reviewed by Horner (1816) in Edinburgh. Brocchi’s influence as a transmutational thinker is clear in Jameson’s (1827) “geological illustrations” in his fifth edition of his translation of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth (read by his student Charles Darwin) and in the anonymous essays of 1826 and 1827 published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal—which also carried a notice of Brocchi’s death in 1827. The notion that new species replace older, extinct ones—in what today
would be called an explicitly phylogenetic context—permeates these essays. Herschel’s (1830) discussion of temporal replacement of species and the modernization of faunas closely mirrors these prior discussions. His
book, dedicated to the search for natural causes of natural phenomena, was read by Charles Darwin while a student at Cambridge.
Darwin’s work on HMS Beagle was in large measure an exploration of replacement patterns of “allied forms” of endemic species
in time and in space. His earliest discussions of transmutation, in his essay February 1835, as well as the Red Notebook and the early pages of Notebook B (the latter two written in 1837 back in England), contain Brocchi’s analogy, including
the idea of inherent species longevities. Darwin’s first theory of the origin of species was explicitly saltational, invoking
geographic isolation as the main cause of the abrupt appearance of new species. We conclude that Darwin was testing the predicted
patterns of both Brocchian and Lamarckian transmutation as early as 1832 at the outset of his work on the Beagle. 相似文献
18.
Doogab Yi 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(4):589-636
The existing literature on the development of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering tends to focus on Stanley
Cohen and Herbert Boyer’s recombinant DNA cloning technology and its commercialization starting in the mid-1970s. Historians
of science, however, have pointedly noted that experimental procedures for making recombinant DNA molecules were initially
developed by Stanford biochemist Paul Berg and his colleagues, Peter Lobban and A. Dale Kaiser in the early 1970s. This paper,
recognizing the uneasy disjuncture between scientific authorship and legal invention in the history of recombinant DNA technology,
investigates the development of recombinant DNA technology in its full scientific context. I do so by focusing on Stanford
biochemist Berg’s research on the genetic regulation of higher organisms. As I hope to demonstrate, Berg’s new venture reflected
a mass migration of biomedical researchers as they shifted from studying prokaryotic organisms like bacteria to studying eukaryotic
organisms like mammalian and human cells. It was out of this boundary crossing from prokaryotic to eukaryotic systems through
virus model systems that recombinant DNA technology and other significant new research techniques and agendas emerged. Indeed,
in their attempt to reconstitute ‹life’ as a research technology, Stanford biochemists’ recombinant DNA research recast genes
as a sequence that could be rewritten thorough biochemical operations. The last part of this paper shifts focus from recombinant
DNA technology’s academic origins to its transformation into a genetic engineering technology by examining the wide range
of experimental hybridizations which occurred as techniques and knowledge circulated between Stanford biochemists and the
Bay Area’s experimentalists. Situating their interchange in a dense research network based at Stanford’s biochemistry department,
this paper helps to revise the canonized history of genetic engineering’s origins that emerged during the patenting of Cohen–Boyer’s
recombinant DNA cloning procedures. 相似文献
19.
Mamoru Morimoto Masako Utsumi Yoshiyuki Tohno Setsuko Tohno Yumi Moriwake Kazuya Sugimoto Motohisa Yamada Kazuhiko Furuta Yasuo Takano Yoshinori Takakura 《Biological trace element research》2001,82(1-3):53-60
To examine whether the bone mineral density (BMD) decreases uniformly with aging in any spongy bones, the authors investigated
age-related changes of BMD in the calcaneus, talus, and scaphoid bone. After the ordinary dissection by medical students was
finished, calcanei, tali, and scaphoid bones were resected from the subjects, and BMDs were measured by dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry. Their BMDs seemed to decrease gradually with aging in the calcanei, tali, and scaphoid bones. It was found
that there were statistically significant relationships between age and BMD in the men’s and women’s scaphoid bones, women’s
tali, and women’s calcanei, but not in the men’s tali and calcanei. It should be noted that there were significant relationships
between age and BMD in both men’s and women’s scaphoid bones. In regard to relationship in BMD between the bones of the upper
and lower limbs in individuals, it was found that the relationship between the calcaneus and talus was higher than that between
the calcaneus and scaphoid bone. This suggests that there is a higher relationship in BMD between the two tarsal bones compared
with that between the tarsal and carpal bones. 相似文献
20.
Material basis for inhibition of Dragon’s Blood on evoked discharges of wide dynamic range neurons in spinal dorsal horn of rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In vivo experiments were designed to verify the analgesic effect of Dragon’s Blood and the material basis for this effect. Extracellular microelectrode recordings were used to observe the effects of Dragon’s Blood and various combinations of the three components (cochinchinenin A, cochinchinenin B, and loureirin B) extracted from Dragon’s Blood on the discharge activities of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of intact male Wistar rats evoked by electric stimulation at sciatic nerve. When the Hill's coefficients describing the dose-response relations of drugs were dif-ferent, based on the concept of dose equivalence, the equations of additivity surfaces which can be applied to assess the interaction between three drugs were derived. Adopting the equations and Tal-larida's isobole equations used to assess the interaction between two drugs with dissimilar dose-response relations, the effects produced by various combinations of the three components in modulating the evoked discharge activities of WDR neurons were evaluated. Results showed that Dragon’s Blood and its three components could inhibit the evoked discharge frequencies of WDR neurons in a concentration-dependent way. The Hill's coefficients describing dose-response relations of three components were different. Only the combined effect of cochinchinenin A, cochinchinenin B and loureirin B was similar to that of Dragons Blood. Furthermore, the combined effect was synergistic. This investigation demonstrated that through the synergistic interaction of the three components Dragon’s Blood could interfere with the transmission and processing of pain signals in spinal dorsal horn. All these further proved that the combination of cochinchinenin A, cochinchinenin B, and loureirin B was the material basis for the analgesic effect of Dragon’s Blood. 相似文献