人核受体Nurr1基因的克隆和表达及产物纯化(英文)

核受体相关因子 1(nuclearreceptor relatedfactor 1,Nurr1)是主要表达于中脑黑质及腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元的一种转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族成员 ,其功能性配体尚未被确认 .研究表明 ,Nurr1对中脑多巴胺神经元的发育、存活以及成熟后功能的维持具有特殊重要意义 .如能找到它的特异性配体 ,将为最终筛选出治疗帕金森病等中枢多巴胺失调性疾病的药物或化学合成先导物打下基础 .为了获取Nurr1蛋白以标定其配体以及研究蛋白质间的相互作用 ,采用RT PCR技术 ,从人胚中脑组织特异性扩增及克隆了人Nurr1cDNA ,并获得一个在氨基端缺失 35 0bp碱基的Nurr1突变体 .将正常的Nurr1基因片段亚克隆至表达载体pET2 8a ,分别在TNTRT7偶联网织红细胞溶胞系统和大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)中获得表达 ,均以可溶性形式存在 ,且产自于体外转录 翻译系统的真核表达Nurr1蛋白已标记上同位素3 5S .Western印迹分析表明 ,所表达的重组目的蛋白具有特异的免疫反应性 .经Ni NTA亲和层析 ,得到了初步纯化的rhNurr1蛋白 .     

人核受体Nurr1基因的克隆和表达及产物纯化(英文)

核受体相关因子 1(nuclearreceptor relatedfactor 1,Nurr1)是主要表达于中脑黑质及腹侧被盖区多巴胺能神经元的一种转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族成员 ,其功能性配体尚未被确认 .研究表明 ,Nurr1对中脑多巴胺神经元的发育、存活以及成熟后功能的维持具有特殊重要意义 .如能找到它的特异性配体 ,将为最终筛选出治疗帕金森病等中枢多巴胺失调性疾病的药物或化学合成先导物打下基础 .为了获取Nurr1蛋白以标定其配体以及研究蛋白质间的相互作用 ,采用RT PCR技术 ,从人胚中脑组织特异性扩增及克隆了人Nurr1cDNA ,并获得一个在氨基端缺失 35 0bp碱基的Nurr1突变体 .将正常的Nurr1基因片段亚克隆至表达载体pET2 8a ,分别在TNTRT7偶联网织红细胞溶胞系统和大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)中获得表达 ,均以可溶性形式存在 ,且产自于体外转录 翻译系统的真核表达Nurr1蛋白已标记上同位素3 5S .Western印迹分析表明 ,所表达的重组目的蛋白具有特异的免疫反应性 .经Ni NTA亲和层析 ,得到了初步纯化的rhNurr1蛋白 .     

Homologous Desensitization of the D1 Dopamine Receptor

Preincubation of D384 cells, derived from the human astrocytoma cell line G-CCM, with dopamine resulted in a time-dependent attenuation of cyclic AMP responsiveness to subsequent dopamine stimulation. This effect was agonist specific because the prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) stimulation of cyclic AMP of similarly treated cells remained unchanged. The attenuation by dopamine was concentration dependent with a maximum observed at 100 microM. A comparison of dopamine concentration-response curves of control and dopamine-preincubated cells revealed no change in the Ka apparent value, but a marked attenuation of the maximal response. Preincubation of cells with dopamine in the presence of D1 but not D2 selective antagonists partially prevented the observed attenuation. Attenuations in dopamine responsiveness were also obtained when D384 cells were preincubated with D1 but not D2 receptor agonists. The level of attenuation attained related to agonist efficiency in stimulating cyclic AMP: SKF38393 less than 3,4-dihydroxynomifensine less than fenoldopam less than 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene = dopamine. However, increasing the efficiency of 3,4-dihydroxynomifensine stimulation of cyclic AMP, using the synergistic effect of adding a low concentration of forskolin, produced no further change in the attenuation of the subsequent response to dopamine. Thus, the D1 dopamine receptors expressed by D384 cells undergo homologous desensitization. Uncoupling of the D1 dopamine receptor appears to be independent of cyclic AMP formation, analogous to a mechanism proposed for the beta-adrenergic receptor.     

多巴胺D5受体转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立人多巴胺D5受体突变基因F173 L（D5F173L）,S390G（D5S390G）及正常人D5基因（hD5 WT）的转基因小鼠,利用该转基因动物模型来研究D5受体在原发性高血压中的发病机制。方法利用显微注射的技术将插入CMV启动子下游的D5F173L,D5S390G及hD5 WT基因的转基因载体注射入C57BL/6小鼠体内,建立多巴胺D5F173L,D5S390G及hD5 WT的转基因小鼠。通过PCR鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型。利用Western Blotting方法鉴定该受体蛋白在肾脏的表达情况。使用智能无创血压测量仪测量转基因小鼠的血压值。结果分别建立了多巴胺D5F173L,D5S390G及hD5 WT转基因C57BL/6小鼠,Western Blotting方法鉴定结果显示,与非转基因C57BL/6小鼠比较,D5转基因小鼠D5受体在肾脏有较高的表达。3-6月龄D5 F173L转基因小鼠的收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉血压均明显高于多巴胺D5S390G及hD5 WT转基因小鼠（n=6-8,P〈0.05）。结论多巴胺D5受体在原发性高血压发病中具有重要作用,但作用机理还有待于进一步研究。     

Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Pharmacological Characterization of humEAA1, a Human Kainate Receptor Subunit

Abstract: Kainate is a potent neuroexcitatory agent; its neurotoxicity is thought to be mediated by an ionotropic receptor with a nanomolar affinity for kainate. In this report, we describe the cloning of a cDNA encoding a human glutamate ionotropic receptor subunit protein from a human hippocampal library. This cDNA, termed humEAA1, is most closely related to rat and human cDNAs for kainate receptor proteins and, when expressed in COS or Chinese hamster ovary cells, is associated with high-affinity kainate receptor binding. We have successfully established cell lines stably expressing humEAA1. This is the first report of establishment of stable cell lines expressing a glutamate receptor subunit. The relative potency of compounds for displacing [³H] kainate binding of humEAA1 receptors expressed in these stable cell lines was kainate > quisqualate > domoate > L-glutamate > ( RS )-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid > dihydro-kainate > 6, 7-dinitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione > 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione. Homooligomeric expression of humEAA1 does not appear to elicit ligand-gated ion channel activity. Nevertheless, the molecular structure and pharmacological characterization of high-affinity kainate binding of the humEAA1 expressed in the stable cell line (ppEAA1–16) suggest that the humEAA1 is a subunit protein of a human kainate receptor complex.     

Characterization of a Dopamine D1 Receptor from Apis mellifera: Cloning, Functional Expression, Pharmacology, and mRNA Localization in the Brain

Abstract: The neurotransmitter dopamine is an important regulator of physiological and behavioral functions in both vertebrates and invertebrates. We have isolated a homologue of the vertebrate dopamine D1 receptor subfamily from the honeybee Apis mellifera . [³H]Lysergic acid diethylamide specifically binds to the heterologously expressed receptor with K _D∼5 n M . Dopaminergic receptor ligands compete for this high-affinity binding, with the following order of potency: R (+)-lisuride > chlorpromazine = cis ( Z )-flupentixol > dopamine > S (+)-butaclamol > R (+)-SCH 23390 > haloperidol. Activation of the heterologously expressed receptor of Apis mellifera leads to cyclic AMP production. Receptor mRNA is expressed in perikarya of different brain neuropils, including those of mushroom body intrinsic neurons. These results suggest that this dopamine receptor is involved in signal processing of visual and olfactory information in the honeybee.     

D5 Dopamine Receptor Knockout Mice and Hypertension

Abnormalities in dopamine production and receptor function have been described in human essential hypertension and rodent models of genetic hypertension. All of the five dopamine receptor genes (D₁, D₂, D₃, D₄, and D₅) expressed in mammals and some of their regulators are in loci linked to hypertension in humans and in rodents. Under normal conditions, D₁-like receptors (D₁ and D₅) inhibit sodium transport in the kidney and the intestine. However, in the Dahl salt-sensitive and spontaneously hypertensive rats, and humans with essential hypertension, the D₁-like receptor-mediated inhibition of sodium transport is impaired because of an uncoupling of the D₁-like receptor from its G protein/effector complex. The uncoupling is genetic, and receptor-, organ-, and nephron segment-specific. In human essential hypertension, the uncoupling of the D₁ receptor from its G protein/effector complex is caused by an agonist-independent serine phosphorylation/desensitization by constitutively active variants of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4. The D₅ receptor is also important in blood pressure regulation. Disruption of the D₅ or the D₁ receptor gene in mice increases blood pressure. However, unlike the D₁ receptor, the hypertension in D₅ receptor null mice is caused by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, apparently due to activation of oxytocin, V₁ vasopressin, and non-N-methyl D-aspartate receptors in the central nervous system. The cause of the activation of these receptors remains to be determined.     

细胞周期蛋白B1、D1和E真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的：为研究细胞周期蛋白（cyclin）在肿瘤形成过程中的分子机制,构建带FLAG标签的细胞周期蛋白B1、D1、E的真核表达载体,并检测其在293T细胞中的表达。方法：以乳腺cDNA文库为模板,分别扩增细胞周期蛋白B1、D1、E基因全长编码区序列,克隆到pcDNA3-FLAG真核表达载体上;用脂质体介导的基因瞬时转染法,将重组正确的表达载体转染293T细胞,检测细胞中的FLAG融合蛋白的表达。结果：酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析显示构建了正确的FLAG-Cyclin真核表达载体,Western印迹分析表明克隆的载体都能在真核细胞中表达分子大小相符的重组蛋白。结论：构建了FLAG-CyclinBl、FIAG-CyclinDl、FLAG-CyclinE真核表达载体,为细胞周期蛋白及其相关蛋白的研究奠定了基础。     

Cloning and Expression of a Human Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor cDNA

Abstract: Using a combination of library screening and nested PCR based on a partial human serotonin 5-HT₄ receptor sequence, we have cloned the complete coding region for a human 5-HT₄ receptor. The sequence shows extensive similarity to the published porcine 5-HT_4A and rat 5-HT_4L receptor cDNA; however, in comparison with the latter, we find an open reading frame corresponding to only 388 amino acids instead of 406 amino acids. This difference is due to a frame shift caused by an additional cytosine found in the human sequence after position 1,154. Moreover, we also found the same additional cytosine in the rat 5-HT₄ sequence. We confirmed the occurrence of the sequence by examining this part of the sequence in genomic DNA of 10 human volunteers and in rat genomic DNA. Based on a part of the genomic 5-HT₄ receptor sequence that was identified in the cloning process, there seem to be at least two possible splice sites in the coding region of the gene. The human 5-HT₄ receptor, transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, showed radioligand binding properties similar to 5-HT₄ receptors in guinea pig striatal tissue. [³H]GR 113808 revealed K _D values of 0.15 ± 0.01 n M for the human receptor and 0.3 ± 0.1 n M in the guinea pig tissue. Binding constants were determined for four investigated 5-HT₄ antagonists and three agonists, and appropriate binding inhibition constants were found in each case. Stimulation of transfected COS-7 cells with 5-HT₄-specific agonists caused an increase in cyclic AMP levels.     

人孤儿受体GPR81分子克隆、组织分布及表达工程细胞株的建立

采用PCR技术分别从人全血基因组DNA及引产胚胎肾组织cDNA中扩增得到gpr81的全长cDNA序列(1041bp),运用生物信息学手段绘制该基因的分子进化树,显示该基因的氨基酸序列与烟酸受体同源性最高;然后,采用RT-PCR法分析该基因表达的组织分布,组织表达谱显示该基因在多种组织均有表达,以心脏及肝脏组织为最高;利用分子克隆手段构建含6×组氨酸(His)标签蛋白的真核表达载体pcDNA3·1(-)/his-myc-A-gpr81,通过脂质体介导,将该重组质粒转染CHO-K1细胞,RT-PCR证实该基因已整合入CHO-K1细胞的基因组中,Western-blot表明GPR81在CHO-GPR81工程细胞株中有表达。组织表达谱的检测和工程细胞株的建立为进一步研究该受体的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Analysis of Human Dopamine D3 Receptor Quaternary Structure

The dopamine D₃ receptor is a class A, rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that can form dimers and/or higher order oligomers. However, the molecular basis for production of these complexes is not well defined. Using combinations of molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and homogenous time-resolved FRET, the interfaces that allow dopamine D₃ receptor monomers to interact were defined and used to describe likely quaternary arrangements of the receptor. These were then compared with published crystal structures of dimeric β₁-adrenoreceptor, μ-opioid, and CXCR4 receptors. The data indicate important contributions of residues from within each of transmembrane domains I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII as well as the intracellular helix VIII in the formation of D₃-D₃ receptor interfaces within homo-oligomers and are consistent with the D₃ receptor adopting a β₁-adrenoreceptor-like quaternary arrangement. Specifically, results suggest that D₃ protomers can interact with each other via at least two distinct interfaces: the first one comprising residues from transmembrane domains I and II along with those from helix VIII and a second one involving transmembrane domains IV and V. Moreover, rather than existing only as distinct dimeric species, the results are consistent with the D₃ receptor also assuming a quaternary structure in which two transmembrane domain I-II-helix VIII dimers interact to form a ”rhombic” tetramer via an interface involving residues from transmembrane domains VI and VII. In addition, the results also provide insights into the potential contribution of molecules of cholesterol to the overall organization and potential stability of the D₃ receptor and possibly other GPCR quaternary structures.     

Enhanced Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Hypoglycaemic and Diabetic Rats

Hypoglycaemic coma and brain injury are potential complications of insulin therapy. Hippocampal neurons are particularly vulnerable to hypoglycaemic stress leading to memory impairment. In the present article, we have investigated the dopamine (DA) content, homovanillic acid (HVA)/DA turnover ratio, DA D₁ and DA D₂ receptors in the hippocampus of insulin-induced hypoglycaemic (IIH) and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats where brain functions are impaired. The DA content decreased significantly in hippocampus of diabetic, diabetic +IIH and control +IIH rats compared to control. The HVA/DA turnover ratio also increased significantly in diabetic, diabetic +IIH and control +IIH rats compared to control. Scatchard analysis using [³H] DA in the hippocampus showed a significant increase in DA receptors of diabetic, diabetic +IIH and control +IIH rats with decreased affinity. Gene expression studies using Real-time PCR showed an increased expression of DA D₁ and DA D₂ receptors in the hippocampus of hypoglycaemic and diabetic rats. Our results indicate that the dopaminergic system is impaired in the hippocampus of hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic rats impairing DA related functions of hippocampus. We observed a prominent dopaminergic functional disturbance in the hypoglycaemic condition than in hyperglycaemia compared to control. This dopaminergic dysfunction in hippocampus during hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia is suggested to contribute to cognitive and memory deficits. This will have clinical significance in the treatment of diabetes.     

血管内皮生长因子受体1酪氨酸激酶的克隆、表达和功能

血管内皮生长因子受体 1(Flt 1)在血管生成过程中起着重要的作用。Flt 1胞内域的酪氨酸激酶直接参与了VEGF与Flt 1结合后的胞内信号转导途径。在原核系统中表达得到具有酶活性的Flt 1酪氨酸激酶融合蛋白 ,并进行了初步的性质研究。利用逆转录PCR技术从人肝癌组织总RNA中得到Flt 1酪氨酸激酶区的cDNA ,将其克隆到表达载体质粒 pGEX KG中 ,并在大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3) pLysS中表达、纯化 ,得到可溶的Flt 1酪氨酸激酶融合蛋白 (GST F)。虽然GST F不包含目前已知的磷酸化位点 ,但研究表明GST F能够进行自磷酸化反应 ,并且其活性需要镁离子或锰离子的参与。同时发现GST F能够磷酸化合成底物 polyE4Y ,而不能作用于MBP和Src相关肽。底物磷酸化时最适的镁离子和锰离子浓度分别为 15mmol/L和 0 .5mmol/L。GST F为寻找抗肿瘤药物提供了一个有效工具     

Human GluR6 Kainate Receptor (GRIK2): Molecular Cloning, Expression, Polymorphism, and Chromosomal Assignment

Glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and molecular cloning studies have revealed several distinct families. Because neuropathological states and possibly human disorders may involve kainate-preferring glutamate receptors, we have isolated a cDNA clone for the human GluR6 kainate-preferring receptor. This clone shows a very high sequence similarity with that of the rat, except for a part of the 3′ untranslated region in which there is a TAA triplet repeat. When the protein was overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, it had a molecular weight, an antibody recognition, and a glutamate ligand-binding profile similar to those of the rat GluR6 receptor. Northern analysis showed expression in both human cerebral and cerebellar cortices. By PCR analysis of rodent-human monochromosomal cell lines, the human GluR6 could be assigned to chromosome 6. The length of the TAA triplet repeat was polymorphic in the normal population, with at least four alleles and an observed heterozygosity of about 45%. These studies should provide the basis for expression or linkage studies of the GluR6 kainate receptor in human disease or neuropathologic states.     

人sTNFR1基因的克隆以及在NIH3T3细胞中的稳定表达

以He1a细胞的总RNA为模板,用RT—PCR方法扩增sTNFR1全编码区基因片段,构建含有目的片段的T载体克隆及真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（-）重组质粒亚克隆,将重组质粒和脂质体共同转染NIH3T3细胞系,G418筛选稳定转染细胞株．经核苷酸序列测序和酶切鉴定,成功构建了pcDNA3．1（-）-sTNFR1真核表达质粒,脂质体法建立了高效表达sTNFRI的稳定转染细胞系,并经RT—PCR和Western Blotting鉴定．人sTNFR1基因能在NIH3T3细胞系中稳定表达,为今后的研究打下了基础．     

Cdk5 Phosphorylates Dopamine D2 Receptor and Attenuates Downstream Signaling

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is a key receptor that mediates dopamine-associated brain functions such as mood, reward, and emotion. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase whose function has been implicated in the brain reward circuit. In this study, we revealed that the serine 321 residue (S321) in the third intracellular loop of DRD2 (D2i3) is a novel regulatory site of Cdk5. Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of S321 in the D2i3 was observed in in vitro and cell culture systems. We further observed that the phosphorylation of S321 impaired the agonist-stimulated surface expression of DRD2 and decreased G protein coupling to DRD2. Moreover, the downstream cAMP pathway was affected in the heterologous system and in primary neuronal cultures from p35 knockout embryos likely due to the reduced inhibitory activity of DRD2. These results indicate that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of S321 inhibits DRD2 function, providing a novel regulatory mechanism for dopamine signaling.     

Molecular Cloning,Sequence, and Expression of Mouse Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases 1 and 5 (FMO1 and FMO5)

Full-length cDNA clones encoding FMO1 and FMO5 have been isolated from a library constructed with mRNA from the liver of a female CD-1 mouse. The derived sequence of FMO1 contains 2310 bases: 1596 in the coding region, 301 in the 5′-flanking region, and 413 in the 3′-flanking region. The sequence for FMO5 consists of 3168 bases; 1599 in the coding region, 812 in the 5′-flanking region, and 757 in the 3′-flanking region. The sequence of FMO1 encodes a protein of 532 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 59.9 kDa and shows 83.3% identity to human FMO1 and 83–94% identity to other FMO1 homologs. FMO5 encodes a protein of 533 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 60.0 kDa and 84.1% identity to human FMO5 and 83–84% identity to other FMO5 orthologs. Two GxGxxG putative pyrophosphate binding domains exist beginning at positions 9 and 191 for FMO1, and 10 and 192 for FMO5. Mouse FMO1 and FMO5 were expressed in E. coli and show similar mobility to the native proteins as determined by SDS-PAGE. The expressed FMO1 protein showed activity toward methimazole, and FMO5 was active toward n -octylamine. In addition, FMO1 was shown to metabolize radiolabeled phorate, whereas FMO5 showed no activity toward phorate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Toxicol 12: 205–212, 1998