The signaling pathway of uromodulin and its role in kidney diseases

Abstract

The uromodulin (UMOD) is a glycoprotein expressed exclusively by renal tubular cells lining the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. UMOD acts as a regulatory protein in health and in various conditions. For kidney diseases, its role remains elusive. On one hand, UMOD plays a role in binding and excretion of various potentially injurious products from the tubular fluid. On the other hand, chronic kidney disease is associated with higher serum levels of UMOD. Signaling pathways might be very important in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. We performed this review to provide a relatively complete signaling pathway flowchart for UMOD to the investigators who were interested in the role of UMOD in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Here, we reviewed the signal transduction pathway of UMOD and its role in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.     

Renal ontogeny in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells towards kidney precursors

The development of the metanephric kidney was studied immunohistochemically across gestation in monkeys to identify markers of cell specification, and to aid in developing experimental paradigms for renal precursor differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). PAX2, an important kidney developmental marker, was expressed at the tips of the ureteric bud, in the surrounding condensing mesenchyme, and in the renal vesicle. Vimentin, a mesenchymal and renal marker, was strongly expressed in the metanephric blastema then found to be limited to the glomerulus and interstitial cells of the medulla and cortex. A model of gene expression based on human and nonhuman primate renal ontogeny was developed and incorporated into studies of hESC differentiation. Spontaneous hESC differentiation revealed markers of metanephric mesenchyme (OSR1, PAX2, SIX2, WT1) that increased over time, followed by upregulation of kidney precursor markers (EYA1, LIM1, CD24). Directed hESC differentiation was also evaluated with the addition of retinoic acid, Activin-A, and BMP-4 or BMP-7, and using different culture substrate conditions. Of the culture substrates studied, gelatin most closely recapitulated the anticipated directed developmental pattern of renal gene expression. No differences were found when BMP-4 and BMP-7 were compared with baseline conditions. PAX2 and Vimentin immunoreactivity in differentiating hESC was also similar to the renal precursor patterns reported for human fetal kidneys and findings described in rhesus monkeys. The results of these studies are as follows: (1) provide additional data to support that rhesus monkey kidney development parallels that of humans, and (2) provide a useful model for hESC directed differentiation towards renal precursors.     

1H NMR-based metabonomics study on serum of renal interstitial fibrosis rats induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction

Renal fibrosis is the common pathway of progressive renal disease with complex pathogenesis. Investigating the metabolic changes in the evaluation process of renal fibrosis may enhance the understanding of its pathogenesis. In this study, (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) measurements combined with multivariate statistical techniques were performed to study the metabolic changes in serum samples of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) rats, induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed satisfactory clustering between UUO and sham operation (SO) rats, suggesting that the metabolic profiles of the RIF groups are markedly different from those of the controls. Alterations in the levels of some metabolites such as valine, isoleucine, lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, acetate, acetoacetate, pyruvate, and glutamate, with time dependence in UUO rats, were observed in PLS-DA loading plots. These changed metabolites represent potential metabolic biomarkers and provide clues that can elucidate the mechanisms underlying the generation and development of RIF. Enhanced metabolic pathways of lipid and ketone body synthesis were predominant in RIF rats. Energy metabolism seemed to be impaired at the early stage of fibrosis but enhanced at a late stage. Our results suggest that (1)H NMR-based metabonomics can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of RIF.     

PAX genes in development and disease: the role of PAX2 in urogenital tract development

PAX genes play an important role in fetal development. Moreover, heterozygous mutations in several PAX genes cause human disease. Here we review the role of PAX2 in kidney development, focusing on the morphological effects of PAX2 mutations. We discuss the role of PAX2 in the context of an inhibitory field model of kidney branching morphogenesis and summarize recent progress in this area.     

Expression of the PAX2 gene in human fetal kidney and Wilms' tumor.

We have examined the pattern of expression of the human PAX2 gene in Wilms' tumors and human fetal kidney by Northern blot and in situ hybridization. Human PAX2 encodes a paired box-containing protein and has a high degree of homology with mouse and Drosophila paired box genes. In situ hybridization analysis reveals that PAX2 is expressed in nephrogenic structures in fetal kidney and also in Wilms' tumors. This pattern of expression suggests that PAX2 may have a role in differentiation of tissues in the kidney. In fetal kidney, PAX2 expression rapidly attenuates following the initial differentiation, but no evidence of attenuation was found in Wilms' tumors. The timing of PAX2 expression is restricted to fetal development, although high levels of expression were also observed in nephrogenic rests of residual normal juvenile kidney tissue adjacent to a Wilms' tumor. Nephrogenic rests are the presumptive precursors of Wilms' tumor but are not necessarily neoplastic. The failure of PAX2 expression to attenuate in Wilms' tumors and nephrogenic rests may be associated with events leading to the onset of Wilms' tumor. By somatic cell hybrid mapping, the PAX2 gene was localized to chromosome 10q22.1-q24.3, although this region has not previously been implicated in Wilms' tumor.     

配对盒基因家族——发育过程中重要的转录因子

在大量的脊椎和无脊椎动物中发现的配对盒转录因子(paired box,PAX)及其同源物,在胚胎发育的许多阶段发挥着关键的作用.该基因家族因其具有保守的成对结构域而得名,除此之外其还具有八肽和同源域.根据结构域的组成和序列的同源性,该基因家族主要分为4个亚家族:PAX1/9(PAX1、PAX9),PAX2/5/8(PA...