生物组织的折射和折射率

光在生物组织中的传播与组织的光学性质有关。光通过组织时,光强和光的偏振状态会发生变化。而折射率是组织光学用来评价组织改变光线行进方向的基本参量。本文以菲涅耳公式为理论依据,用空气一组织界面的反射率、生物组织薄膜的反射率和生物组织反射光的倔振分量,推算生物组织的折射率。     

生物组织的折射率对漫反射光分布的影响

采用杂合算法,讨论了折射率对不同吸收系数的生物组织漫反射光分布的影响。计算结果表明,在近源处生物组织的折射率越小,漫反射光模拟计算的相对误差越小;而在远离源处,其相对误差随折射率的增大而减小。同时也说明杂合模型不太适合模拟吸收生物组织的漫反射光分布。     

生物组织光学特性的测量方法及医学应用

对生物组织光学特性参数的测量方法及其在医学上的应用进行了全面论述,分析了测量误差的来源,结果表明测量结果的客观性取决于模型假设（如散射的各向同性或异性、边界的匹配与否等）、测量技术、实验装置、定标方法和介质非均匀性等。测量方法可用于诊断生物组织的生理病理状态和测量组织结构     

采用OCT系统对组织光学通透的研究

组织通透方法采用高折射率化学试剂对生物组织进行渗透,改变组织的光学均匀性,可以有效地改善光学成像的穿透深度,受到生物医学光学研究领域的重视。利用光学相干层析成像技术,测量通透过程中不同测量深度下组织的散射特征的变化。通过采用系统信号对数的梯度值近似地表征光学散射系数,研究了通透过程中组织的散射特征随渗透时间和测量深度的动态关系。实验证明了组织通透可以有效地增加光子的穿透深度,并改善成像质量。研究发现:不同测量深度处组织的散射系数及其变化幅度、变化过程和变化趋势等均存在一定的差异性,并与组织的微观结构、其通透效果,化学试剂在组织中的渗透行为等有密切关系,有助于组织通透过程的理解,并为组织通透机制提供可能的实验依据。     

位相分辨偏振灵敏光学相干层析术:组织双折射特性的成像与定量分析

我们研制了一种基于光纤的位相分辨偏振灵敏光学相干层析成像系统。该系统中的偏振状态控制设量在参考臂而非光源臂上,因而使得光抵达样品的传输效率大大提高。鉴于光源的部分偏振性,入射于样品上的光含有任意偏振状态的分量,通过对参考光偏振状态的调制,就可相干地提取对应于入射光四种正交偏振状态并经样品后向散射的光信号。基于斯托克斯矢量夹角在无损光纤系统传输的变换不变性,我们能利用测量臂中光信号的斯托克斯参数来确定双折射样品深度分辨的位相延迟信息。利用所研制的偏振灵敏光学相干层析成像系统,不仅确认了韧带和软骨的双折射性质,而且定量分析了不同条件下韧带的双折射变化．研究结果表明：韧带松弛可使其双折射特性明显减弱,而韧带经拉伸后,其双折射特性的变化却不明显。     

用于Monte Carlo模拟的复杂生物组织模型

Monte Carlo（MC）模拟被广泛应用于光子在生物组织中的传输研究。通常模拟时将生物组织近似为均匀的平板分层介质,当层状生物组织中含有异常物质（如肿瘤细胞等）或正常生物组织为非平板的复杂结构时,其模拟中的组织模型将会有相应的改变。通过探讨这几类生物组织的MC模拟模型,总结并分析模型建立的关键问题,对基于MC模拟的各种生物组织光学检测研究提供了指导。     

生物组织光传输理论概论

组织光学是一个光学与生命科学相互交叉相互渗透的新兴研究领域,其根本任务是为医用光子技术的发展提供理论基础。本文集中介绍了现有的生物组织光传输理论,它是组织光学研究的基本内容：同时评述了现有光传输理论,如漫射近似,Monte Carlo模拟等的优缺点及适用条件;最后,探讨了处理实际光传输问题时近似理论的合理选择问题。     

生物组织光学特性检测中的探头设计

在组织光谱检测中,探头的设计至关重要。本文首先对近红外测量探头进行了分类,并探讨了它们各自的特点,然后详细介绍并比较了几种典型的探头设计,最后总结了探头设计的优化方法及其发展趋势。     

生物组织的超声调制光学成像技术

具有超声定位的高空间分辨率和光学检测的高灵敏度的超声调制光学成像技术是一种有前途的无损的生物组织成像技术。文章阐述了该技术的成像原理,评述了前人在散射介质中声光作用机制的理论研究;介绍了该领域在技术路线上的最新研究进展;最后总结了超声调制光学成像技术的优点并展望了其在生物医学领域的应用前景。     

传递函数在生物组织光传输问题中的应用

本文将传递函数的概念引入生物组织光传输问题,并将传递函数理论用于面光源照射下生物组织内特定深度层面上光场强度分布的理论计算。结合Monte Carlo模拟获取脉冲相应函数,我们分析了不同面光源照射下层状组织样品透射面上的光场强度分布。理论计算结果与实验测试结果的一致性较好,这充分说明了本文建立的基于Monte Carlo模拟的传递函数方法是一种处理面光源照射下生物组织内光场空间的直接而有效的手段。     

Sensitivity Analysis of a Bioinspired Refractive Index Based Gas Sensor

It was found out that the change of refractive index of ambient gas can lead to obvious change of the color of Morpho butterfly's wing. Such phenomenon has been employed as a sensing principle for detecting gas. In the present study, Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) was described briefly, and the partial derivative of optical reflection efficiency with respect to the refractive index of ambient gas, i.e., sensitivity of the sensor, was derived based on RCWA. A bioinspired grating model was constructed by mimicking the nanostructure on the ground scale of Morpho didius butterfly's wing. The analytical sensitivity was verified and the effect of the grating shape on the reflection spectra and its sensitivity were discussed. The results show that by tuning shape parameters of the grating, we can obtain desired reflection spectra and sensitivity, which can be applied to the design of the bioinspired refractive index based gas sensor.     

HPLC示差折光法测定藻油中DHA的含量

首次采用HPLC示差折光法测定藻油中DHA的含量。色谱柱为Eclipse XDB-C18(Analytical 4.6×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈∶四氢呋喃∶水(含0.4%HAC)=77∶3∶20,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0 mL/min。该条件下DHA在0.259～6.225 mg/mL内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R2=0.9995,平均回收率为101.15%,RSD为1.98%(n=6)。该方法可靠、简便、重现性好,可作为藻油中DHA的定量方法。     

Complex refractive index of normal and malignant human colorectal tissue in the visible and near‐infrared

A multi‐wavelength prism coupling refractometer is utilized to measure the angular reflectance of freshly excised human intestinal tissue specimens. Based on reflectance data, the real and imaginary part of the refractive index is calculated via Fresnel analysis for three visible (blue, green, red) and two near‐infrared (963 nm and 1551 nm) wavelengths. Averaged values of the complex refractive index and corresponding Cauchy dispersion fits are given for the mucosa, submucosa and serosa layers of the colorectal wall at the normal state. The refractive constants of tumorous and normal mucosa are then cross‐compared for the indicative cases of one patient diagnosed with a benign polyp and three patients diagnosed with adenocarcinomas of different phenotype. Significant index contrast exists between the normal and diseased states, indicating the potential use of refractive index as a marker of colorectal dysplasia.

     

Refractive index-based determination of detergent concentration and its application to the study of membrane proteins

The concentration of detergent in membrane protein preparations can have a critical role on protein stability, function, and the potential for crystallization. Unfortunately, dialysis or protein concentration can lead to an unknown amount of detergent in the final membrane protein preparations. Here we present a method for the determination of detergent concentration based on refractive index of the detergent solution. This method was applied to quantitate the amount of detergent remaining in solution after concentration in various concentrators. We found that the ability of the tested detergents to pass through the molecular weight cutoff membrane correlates well with detergent micelle size. Therefore, the micelle size can be used as a rough guide to estimate the retention of a given detergent in various molecular weight cutoff concentrators. The refractive index method is exceptionally informative when coupled with size exclusion chromatography and light scattering, and can be used to determine the oligomeric state of the membrane protein, the size of a protein-associated micelle, as well as the amount and size of the unbound detergent micelle.     

Possible application of the optical tunnel effect to membrane biophysics

The exploitation of the optical tunnel effect allows the detection of very small spatial variations. The theory of optical tunneling is extended to an absorbing medium and an experimental apparatus capable of detecting displacements down to 0.19 nm, with fluctuations equivalent to 0.10 nm, is described. Some possible applications to the measurement of electrically induced volume changes of biological membranes are discussed.     

Expression of Clock Genes in Human Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissues

Disrupted circadian rhythms are associated with obesity and metabolic alterations, but little is known about the participation of peripheral circadian clock machinery in these processes. The aim of the present study was to analyze RNA expression of clock genes in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues of male and female subjects in AM (morning) and PM (afternoon) periods, and its interactions with body mass index (BMI). Ninety-one subjects (41?±?11 yrs of age) presenting a wide range of BMI (21.4 to 48.6?kg/m²) were included. SAT and VAT biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing abdominal surgeries. Clock genes expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The only clock gene that showed higher expression (p?<?.0001) in SAT in comparison to VAT was PER1 of female (372%) and male (326%) subjects. Different patterns of expression between the AM and PM periods were observed, in particular REV-ERBα, which was reduced (p?<?.05) at the PM period in SAT and VAT of both women and men (women: ～53% lower; men: ～78% lower), whereas CLOCK expression was not altered. Relationships between clock genes were different in SAT vs. VAT. BMI was negatively correlated with SATPER1 (r?=??.549; p?=?.001) and SATPER2 (r?=??.613; p?=?.0001) and positively with VATCLOCK (r?=?.541; p?=?.001) and VATBMAL1 (r?=?.468; p?=?.007) only in women. These data suggest that the circadian clock machinery of adipose tissue depots differs between female and male subjects, with a sex-specific effect observed for some genes. BMI correlated with clock genes, but at this moment it is not possible to establish the cause-effect relationship. (Author correspondence: mzanquetta@gmail.com)     

鼻咽组织荧光寿命影响因素研究

本文在研究了离体人体鼻咽正常组织和癌变组织的荧光寿命的基础上,实验研究了生理盐水的浓度、组织光学特性参数、激发光源的偏振性对癌变和正常鼻咽组织的荧光寿命的影响。实验结果表明：组织的光学特性参数对组织的荧光寿命有不同程度的影响;而不同浓度的生理盐水和光源的偏振性对组织的荧光寿命没有显著的影响。荧光寿命与该发射荧光的强度没有关系,只决定于局部环境,受微环境的物理化学性质因素的影响,因此荧光寿命作为人体组织癌变的检测方法,有着很好的应用前景。     

Infrared absorbance spectroscopy of aqueous proteins: Comparison of transmission and ATR data collection and analysis for secondary structure fitting

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared absorbance spectroscopy of proteins in aqueous solution is much easier to perform than transmission spectroscopy, where short path‐length cells need to be assembled reproducibly. However, the shape of the resulting ATR infrared spectrum varies with the refractive index of the sample and the instrument configuration. Refractive index in turn depends on the absorbance of the sample. In this work, it is shown that a room temperature triglycine sulfate detector and a ZnSe ATR unit can be used to collect reproducible spectra of proteins. A simple method for transforming the protein ATR spectrum into the shape of the transmission spectrum is also given, which proceeds by approximating a Kramers‐Krönig–determined refractive index of water as a sum of four linear components across the amide I and II regions. The light intensity at the crystal surface (with 45° incidence) and its rate of decay away from the surface is determined as a function of the wave number–dependent refractive index as well as the decay of the evanescent wave from the surface. The result is a single correction factor at each wave number. The spectra were normalized to a maximum of 1 between 1600 cm^?1 and 1700 cm^?1 and a self‐organizing map secondary structure fitting algorithm, SOMSpec, applied using the BioTools reference set. The resulting secondary structure estimates are encouraging for the future of ATR spectroscopy for biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control applications.