蚂蚁(膜翅目 :蚁科)的同巢识别与亲缘识别行为及机理概述(英文)

蚂蚁属真社会性昆虫。真社会性最主要的特性是在一个社会集团内个体间有生殖上的分工。即多数个体 (如工蚁 ,兵蚁等 )自身不行生殖 ,而一生“竭力”“帮助”少数个体 (如蚁后和雄蚁 )繁殖后代。蚂蚁生活的基本单位是社群 (colony)。一个单独的个体 (除创建蚁后 )是没有意义的。“典型”的社群由一个创建蚁后和其后代组成 (即单母 :monogyny)。单母社群内个体间亲缘关系密切。在自然界 ,多母社群 (polygyny)亦普遍存在。在多母社群里 ,如蚁后间亲缘关系密切 (如姐妹 ) ,社群内遗传关系同质性亦较高 ,个体间的平均遗传相关也密切。但如蚁后间亲缘关系疏远或无亲缘关系 ,那么社群内遗传异质性很高 ,个体间平均遗传相关也随之降低。和其它复杂的社会群体一样 ,蚂蚁社会拥有高度发达的通讯系统。社群不仅需要在内部个体间相互沟通以确保社群的平衡和协调性 ,而且必需和社群外各种息息相关的有机体间交流信息 ,以便有效利用有用的资源并避开各种危险。如果说信息素是蚂蚁通讯最重要的物质基础 ,那么对周围各类生物的识别便是蚂蚁通讯最为基本的环节。蚂蚁的识别行为及其机理是多样的 ,其生物学功能亦随被识别的对象不同而异。如 :为了确保社会群体的安全 ,蚂蚁必须准确识别“敌”、“我”和“朋友”。为了使得     

雌性根田鼠的亲属识别与配偶选择

在Y字型选择箱中进行3种不同熟悉处理的配偶选择实验以检验动情雌性根田鼠配偶选择时的亲属识别和近交回避。（1）动情雌鼠在熟悉雄性同胞和陌生非同胞之间嗅添频次和时间、及自我修饰时间的差异非常显著（P＜0.01),所作的脊柱前凸反应时间也有显著差异（P＜0.05),这些行为均多针对于陌生非同胞雄性。结果提示动情雌性根田鼠在熟知雄性同胞身份的条件下对陌生非亲属雄性的气味更感兴趣,在择偶中与非亲属雄性交配来实现近交回避。（2）动情雌鼠对陌生雄性非同胞的嗅添频次和时间及所作的脊柱前凸反应时间显著大于陌生同胞雄性（P＜0.05),而针对陌生雄性非同胞自我修饰时间非常显著地大于针对陌生雄性同胞（P＜0.01)。这说明动情雌性根田鼠在择偶时可以识别断奶后分离不熟悉的雄性亲属,而在交配行为上偏向于非亲属雄性。（3）动情雌鼠在熟悉雄性同胞和非同胞之间跃添时间差异明显（P＜0.05),嗅添频次的差异更甚（P＜0.01);所作的脊柱前凸反应时间和社交后自我修饰时间差异也非常显著（P＜0.01),这些行为也均都偏向于非同胞雄性;结果提示断奶后继续熟悉可维持动情雌鼠对雄性亲属的嗅觉识别记忆力,在交配行为上主动回避亲属雄性。故认为：断奶后嗅觉识别持久力是发情雌性根田鼠亲属识别的机制,亲属识别是最初发情的雌性根田鼠配偶选择中近交回避的首要途径和机制,熟悉性是维持雌性根田鼠配偶选择实现近交回避的机制和特征。     

模式识别及其在生药学领域中的应用

本文对模式识别及其在生药学领域中的应用进行了综述,附参考文献21篇。     

Nestmate discrimination and cuticular profiles of a temporary parasitic ant Lasius sp. and its host L. fuliginosus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Workers of the temporary parasitic ant Lasius sp. were perfectly compatible with their hosts Lasius fuliginosus. Aggression was never seen between allospecific nestmates in either field or laboratory. In the laboratory, trophallaxis and allogrooming between allospecific nestmates were statistically more frequent than that between conspecifics. These ants were highly aggressive toward individuals of either species from another mixed colony located 1 km away, indicating that they discriminated nestmates and nonnestmates regardless of the species to which they belonged. No aggressive actions, however, were observed between two neighboring mixed nests located 5 m apart. We have not considered, however, the relationship of the two neighboring nests: the two nests may have been two subunits of the same family or sister colonies, or may have been different colonies but discriminated from distant aliens. Gas chromatography analysis on the total cuticular extracts showed that Lasius sp. and L. fuliginosus possess distinct cuticular profiles, even though they were collected from the same mixed colony. Received: December 13, 1999 / Accepted: April 25, 2000     

模式识别在生物固体发酵技术中的应用

本文首次应用计算机模式识别技术,对啤酒糟固体发酵工艺进行优化,找到模式优化区。并在该区域内选择实验点进行工艺实验,证明优化结果可靠,模式识别可应用于生物固体发酵领域。     

熟悉性对棕色田鼠和根田鼠择偶行为的影响

以两性配对共居至交配或生仔作不同熟悉处理,在Y字型选择箱中分别观察棕色田鼠,根田鼠的择偶行为和配偶识别。结果如下：（1）棕色田鼠雌雄两性均表现出对熟悉异性或配偶的喜好倾向;（2）在根 中,只有雌性表现出对熟悉雄鼠或配偶的选择倾向,雄鼠无明显的选择取向;（3）每种雌性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雄性的嗅舔时间均有显著差异性,而每种雄性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雌性的嗅舔时间均无显著差异性。这些结果表明：（1）熟悉性对棕色田鼠择偶行为的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;（2）嗅舔时间差别可反映不同田鼠的配偶识别能力,熟悉性对棕色田鼠配偶识别能力的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;（3）2种田鼠配偶识别的性别差异的一致性,提示这2种田鼠的雌性配偶识别能力均强于雄性田鼠,而雌鼠的配偶识别能力可能取决于雌鼠受酱或分娩刺激的生理状态;（4）棕色田鼠室内所表现的择偶行为的两性熟悉性特征与其单配制有关,根田鼠所表现的择偶行为的雌性熟悉性特征与其一雄多雌制有关。     

STRIDULATORY ORGAN AND ULTRASONIC EMISSION IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF PONERINE ANTS (GENUS: ECTATOMMA AND PACHYCONDYLA,HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE)

ABSTRACT

Five species of neotropical Ponerinae ants, Ectatomma permagnum Forel, E. quadridens Fabr., E. ruidum Roger, E. tuberculatum Olivier and Pachycondyla apicalis Latreille, were studied. The genus Ectatomma, consisting of 14 species in the tropical forests of Central and South America, has been studied previously in relation to the stridulatory organ only. Stridulations were heard, in the four species considered in this paper, during artificial disturbance of individuals or of the whole colony; so the role of sound production during normal life is still uncertain. Pachycondyla apicalis, belonging to Central American forests, is occasionally present in cocoa and coffee plantations.

The recordings made under laboratory conditions revealed the emission of pulse trains with very clear pulses extending in frequency to more than 75 kHz. The sounds recorded from the workers of the genus Ectatomma appeared homogeneous in their acoustic structure. They were typically emitted in long sequences and were made of pulse-trains consisting of two subunits (disyllabic chirps) characterized by pulses with opposite phase, produced by the alternate movement of the simple plectrum against the pars stridens. In sounds recorded from workers of Pachycondyla we found sequences of monosyllabic chirps, made by single trains of pulses. Pictures and measurements on the stridulatory apparatus were made with a scanning electron microscope.     

体细胞胚胎发生的分子机制及生理生化研究进展

本文较详细地综述了近年来体细胞胚胎发生的分子机制及生理生化研究进展,这些研究色括:DNA、RNA和蛋白质的合成;特异性胚性蛋白的研究;内源多胺代谢的改变;内源游离氨基酸及还原性小分子物质含量的改变;内源激素的改变以及几种酶的同工酶酶谱的改变;并指出了当前体细胞胚眙发生机理及生理生化研究巾存在的一些问题。     

TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN COLONY SIZE OF THE FRESHWATER PENNATE DIATOM ASTERIONELLA FORMOSA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND THEIR POSSIBLE ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS1

Changes in colony size (cell number per colony) of Asterionella Formosa Hass. were experimentally evaluated in relation to water temperature using two types of clones having colony sizes of four or eight cells. The clones were isolated from two different temperate freshwater lakes. Both clones showed the same general trend with changing temperature. Most of the colonies were normal in size at low temperatures, but colony size was twice as large at high temperatures. Variable colony sizes were present at low percentages. Colony separation occurred at the oldest connection within the colony after cell division. Culture experiments showed that the rates of specific growth and colony separation were balanced except for a rather short period of time when the temperature was changed. Optical and scanning electron micrography did not show any distinctive morphological structure at the point of connection except for porelli and mucilage pads. Seasonal changes in colony size of A. formosa observed in a freshwater lake are discussed based on these temperature results.     

CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGY AND POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA (CYANOBACTERIA) DURING FLAGELLATE GRAZING1

To investigate the changes in the morphology and polysaccharide content of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. during flagellate grazing, cultures of M. aeruginosa were exposed to grazing Ochromonas sp. for a period of 9 d under controlled laboratory conditions. M. aeruginosa responded actively to flagellate grazing and formed colonies, most of which were made up of several or dozens of cells, suggesting that flagellate grazing may be one of the biotic factors responsible for colony formation in M. aeruginosa. When colonies were formed, the cell surface ultrastructure changed, and the polysaccharide layer on the surface of the cell wall became thicker. This change indicated that synthesis and secretion of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of M. aeruginosa cells increased under flagellate grazing pressure. The contents of soluble extracellular polysaccharide (sEPS), bound extracellular polysaccharide (bEPS), and total polysaccharide (TPS) in colonial cells of M. aeruginosa increased significantly compared with those in single cells. This finding suggested that the increased amount of EPS on the cell surface may play a role in keeping M. aeruginosa cells together to form colonies.     

中国北方中生代晚期水生昆虫群落演替与环境变迁

列举了中侏罗统九龙山组水生昆虫9目28科52属70种,冀北、辽西义县组水生昆虫9目31科47属53种,以及伴生动植物.这些水生昆虫很可能不是自然死亡,而是突发性事件导致的突然死亡,化石为原地埋藏,没有经过搬运.根据统计的化石名录,初步建立了两时代的水生生态系统结构图,并恢复了它们所代表的生态环境.通过对比发现,中侏罗统九龙山组水生昆虫的物种多样性大于冀北、辽西义县组,中侏罗统九龙山组可能处于群落发展早期,生态系统相对不稳定,而冀北、辽西义县组处于群落发展的稳定时期,生态系统趋于成熟.两时代整体上都为温暖湿润的气候环境,但同时存在干旱.半干旱的小气候环境,且都分布有低地湖?自、溪流和沼泽等,这些水体都为低能水体环境.此外,都有高山存在,但这些水体环境在两时代存在差异,中侏罗统九龙山组水体相对较浅,水体面积相对较小,而冀北、辽西义县组水体相对较深,水体面积相对较大.     

秸秆降解的微生物学机理研究及应用进展

综述了秸秆降解的微生物学机理的一些进展。降解秸秆的酶类主要是纤维素水解酶、Cx组分和 β 葡萄糖苷酶 ;降解秸秆的菌种在不同的土壤条件、温度条件下有所不同 ,其中以真菌中的木霉属分解能力较强 ;秸秆降解后对土壤性状有明显改善作用。目前 ,对落叶分解的消长规律研究较为深入 ,但对秸秆降解过程中菌落的演替规律仍需进一步研究     

CULTURING,ULTRASTRUCTURE AND COLONY FORMATION IN PECTODICTYON CUBICUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE,CHLOROCOCCALES) 12

Pectodictyon cubicum Taft collected in California develops typical eight-celled, cuboidal colonies only in alkaline media. Vegetative cell ultrastructure is similar to that in other genera of the Chlorococcales, except for an extensive endoplasmic reticulum system paralleling the plasmalemma (termed a paramural ER). Autosporogenesis proceeds inside the parent cell wall by three mitotic divisions producing eight nuclei in two tiers of four. Cleavage furrows following paths delineated by long ER segments and indistinct microtubules bisect and then radically separate the protoplast into eight pyramidal units. Walls comprised of a thick, presumably cellulose layer and a thinner trilaminar layer (not acetolysis resistant) form as cells become rounded, except where touching. A gelatinous matrix is produced around and between cells with concentration at the three sites of prior cell contact 90 degrees apart. Pulsed production of mucilage in three solid strands forces cells to separate, and the expanding colony becomes a hollow cube with a cell at each corner.