Macroscopic presentation of the bones of the pelvic limb of Pudu pudu (Molina 1782)

The present study describes the anatomical details of the bones of the pelvic limb from Pudu pudu (Molina 1782). The results were similar to findings in Dama dama and Ovis aries, while there were very few similarities to findings in Capra hircus.     

Needle biopsy of the liver for the diagnosis of nonneoplastic liver diseases

The results of 209 liver biopsy needle washings were compared with the corresponding histologic findings. An effort was made to distinguish major categories of liver disease on the basis of cytologic findings. Pigment identification and fat quantitation were also evaluated. It was found that it was often possible to determine whether a liver needle washing was normal or abnormal; however, it was rarely possible to provide specific diagnoses. Pure fatty change and primary cholestasis could be reliably differentiated from the steatosis and bile plugging seen in other liver disorders. Cirrhosis could be suggested in a limited number of cases, although in most cases the findings were nonspecific. Cytology was found to be less reliable than biopsy in the discrimination between the major pigments. Finally, cytology was an acceptable method for detecting and quantitating fatty change.     

Auscultatory percussion of the head.

Eighty-nine consecutive patients with suspected intracranial masses were examined by auscultatory percussion in a blind study to assess the sensitivity of the procedure. Each patient underwent computed tomography (CT) of the brain as part of his medical care, and the results were compared with those of auscultatory percussion. Fifty-one of the patients had abnormal CT scans, of whom 44 (86%) had abnormal (positive) findings on auscultatory percussion; seven (13%) yielded false-negative results. Each of the patients with subdural haematomas had distinctly positive findings by auscultatory percussion. Of the 38 patients with normal CT scans, 11 had strokes with hemiparesis, and each had positive findings in the contralateral hemisphere by auscultatory percussion. The remaining 27 patients with normal CT scans were healthy; 25 had normal findings on auscultatory percussion, two (7%) gave false-positive results. Twenty subjects were studied with phonoscopy. Auscultatory percussion is easy to perform and is clinically useful.     

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the thorax in a goat: case report

Background

This case report describes the clinical and ultrasonographic findings in a Swiss Braunvieh cow with lymphosarcoma of the abomasum.

Case Presentation

The main clinical findings were vomiting in response to eating and melena. The results of serum biochemistry and rumen fluid analysis were indicative of abomasal reflux syndrome. The main ultrasonographic findings were two enlarged lymph nodes caudal to the reticulum and a severely enlarged abomasum with thickening of the abomasal wall and folds. Based on all the findings, pyloric stenosis caused by lymphosarcoma was tentatively diagnosed and later confirmed at postmortem examination.

Conclusions

This is an interesting case, which broadens the spectrum of abomasal reflux syndrome.     

Aspiration biopsy cytology of secretory carcinoma of the breast. A case report.

Secretory carcinoma diagnosed by aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) disclosed many characteristic figures that were similar to a bunch of grapes, secondary mucous globular structures (MGSs) and clustered MGSs. The MGS was a unit structure of secretory carcinoma composed of a centrally located, small amount of mucus and two or more tumor cells covering it. Other findings were vacuolated cells and mucus in a clear background. The presence of the above findings, especially the "bunch of grapes" and related forms, were though to be essential findings in the cytologic differential diagnosis of secretory carcinoma by the ABC method. The origin of the characteristic features is discussed.     

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the vulva. Report of two cases

The cytologic and histologic findings in two cases of the extremely rare alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the vulva are reported. The tumor cells in fine needle aspiration smears from one case and tumor imprints from both cases were isolated or were in sheets or reticular patterns. The nuclei were round to oval; only a few cells were multinucleated. The chromatinic material was increased in amount and finely granular. Many mitotic figures were observed. The cytoplasm was scanty in general, but some cells had abundant cytoplasm; cross striations were not recognized. The tumor cells were positive with immunocytochemical stains for desmin, vimentin and myoglobin. Similar findings were observed in biopsy and surgical specimens.     

Cytodiagnosis of in situ and early carcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract

Three cases of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, two in situ and one superficially invasive, and one of superficially invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus are presented to illustrate the problems encountered in the diagnosis of early lesions of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the contribution that cytodiagnosis can make. The symptomology and roentgenographic findings in these cases were largely nonspecific. While endoscopic biopsies were repeatedly negative in three of the four cases, endoscopic brushing cytology consistently indicated the presence of a malignancy. Surgery was finally performed on the basis of the cytologic findings, confirming the presence of early malignancy. The cytologic findings, with histologic correlations, are presented in an effort to define some specific criteria for the diagnosis of early malignancy of the upper GI tract.     

Cytologic study of the tissue repair cells of the uterine cervix. With special reference to their origin.

In order to characterize tissue repair cells (TR) of the uterine cervix and clarify their origin, exfoliated cells obtained after laser conization for early cervical lesions were examined. One specimen was first examined by Papanicolaou staining and then examined for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and vimentin by immunocytochemical staining, using a restaining method. The other specimen was observed by phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) staining. Morphologic findings on TR were investigated together with the histologic findings on the wound healing process. TR were classified morphologically into three groups: stromal (STR), epithelial (ETR) and of unknown origin (UTR). Validity of this classification was confirmed by the findings of immunocytochemical staining with EMA and vimentin. These cells appeared one to eight weeks after laser conization. TR with relatively large nuclei, or atypical TR (ATR), appeared when each type of TR was most plentiful, at two to five weeks. Regarding the origins of each TR, cytologic and histologic findings could be considered to offer evidence that ETR originated with hyperplasia of immature cells of the squamous epithelium or reserve cells below the columnar epithelium. The presence of myofibrils in cytoplasm, demonstrated by PTAH staining for STR and some UTR, strongly suggested the possibility that these cells were myofibroblasts in granulation tissue.     

Histologic study of 3 cases of so-called tubular adenoma of the testis

Three cases of so called tubular adenoma in cryptorchid subjects are reported. The histological findings were tubules with a particularly small diameter containing Sertoli cells (similar to the precursor type). No elastic fibres were present in the basement membrane giving a picture similar to last term fetal and neonatal testicles. These findings are regarded as hypoplastic foci of tubules which have not developed. The relationship between Pick's adenoma and malignant Sertoli cells neoplasia is also discussed.     

Mapping the semantic space for the subjective experience of emotional responses to odors

Two studies were conducted to examine the nature of the verbal labels that describe emotional effects elicited by odors. In Study 1, a list of terms selected for their relevance to describe affective feelings induced by odors was assessed while participants were exposed to a set of odorant samples. The data were submitted to a series of exploratory factor analyses to 1) reduce the set of variables to a smaller set of summary scales and 2) get a preliminary sense of the differentiation of affective feelings elicited by odors. The goal of Study 2 was to replicate the findings of Study 1 with a larger sample of odorant samples and participants and to validate the preliminary model obtained in Study 1 by using confirmatory factor analysis. Overall, the findings point to a structure of affective responses to odors that differs from the classical taxonomies of emotion such as posited by discrete or bidimensional emotion theories. These findings suggest that the subjective affective experiences or feelings induced by odors are structured around a small group of dimensions that reflect the role of olfaction in well-being, social interaction, danger prevention, arousal or relaxation sensations, and conscious recollection of emotional memories.     

The x-ray morphological characteristics of the early manifestations of sarcoidosis

The paper is devoted to an analysis of combined x-ray findings supplemented by CT findings in patients with sarcoidosis detected for the first time with early signs of this disease. A conclusion has been made that apart from lymph node enlargement, sarcoidosis is characterized by lung parenchymal changes which manifest themselves as symptoms of broncho-alveolitis. Characteristic x-ray symptom complexes are described. Roentgeno-semiotics of these changes were compared with the results of morphological investigation of transbronchial puncture specimens. Roentgenologically detectable changes showed good correlation with morphology findings. The authors have also emphasized the importance of morphological verification of this disease at early stages.     

Identification of Medically Actionable Secondary Findings in the 1000 Genomes

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommends that clinical sequencing laboratories return secondary findings in 56 genes associated with medically actionable conditions. Our goal was to apply a systematic, stringent approach consistent with clinical standards to estimate the prevalence of pathogenic variants associated with such conditions using a diverse sequencing reference sample. Candidate variants in the 56 ACMG genes were selected from Phase 1 of the 1000 Genomes dataset, which contains sequencing information on 1,092 unrelated individuals from across the world. These variants were filtered using the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) Professional version and defined parameters, appraised through literature review, and examined by a clinical laboratory specialist and expert physician. Over 70,000 genetic variants were extracted from the 56 genes, and filtering identified 237 variants annotated as disease causing by HGMD Professional. Literature review and expert evaluation determined that 7 of these variants were pathogenic or likely pathogenic. Furthermore, 5 additional truncating variants not listed as disease causing in HGMD Professional were identified as likely pathogenic. These 12 secondary findings are associated with diseases that could inform medical follow-up, including cancer predisposition syndromes, cardiac conditions, and familial hypercholesterolemia. The majority of the identified medically actionable findings were in individuals from the European (5/379) and Americas (4/181) ancestry groups, with fewer findings in Asian (2/286) and African (1/246) ancestry groups. Our results suggest that medically relevant secondary findings can be identified in approximately 1% (12/1092) of individuals in a diverse reference sample. As clinical sequencing laboratories continue to implement the ACMG recommendations, our results highlight that at least a small number of potentially important secondary findings can be selected for return. Our results also confirm that understudied populations will not reap proportionate benefits of genomic medicine, highlighting the need for continued research efforts on genetic diseases in these populations.     

Selective Angiography in the Diagnosis of Hydatid Disease of the Liver

Six cases of cystic hydatid disease of the liver studied by selective angiography are described. In three of these a very characteristic triad of signs was demonstrated. In the fourth case, where the cysts were relatively small and restricted to the left lobe of the liver, no angiographic abnormality and could be found although the diagnosis was strongly suspected clinically. In the fifth case, where the cyst had virtually extruded itself from the liver and had undergone chronic leakage, the findings were atypical. The sixth patient had an old heavily calcified, non-symptomatic cyst, and here the angiographic findings were unremarkable. We believe that these cases illustrate the great value of selective angiography in this condition and some of its limitations.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung (plasma cell granuloma). Report of four cases

The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic findings in four cases of inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung are described. Histologic material was available for comparison in three of the four cases. FNA of these lesions usually yielded moderately to poorly cellular smears. The smears showed a mixture of chronic inflammatory cells and tissue fragments, without a predominance of plasma cells. Characteristic cytologic findings were not observed. The cytologic findings can be distinguished from those of other circumscribed benign and malignant lesions, however. The diagnosis of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung may be suggested by a combination of roentgenographic (a localized density) and FNA findings, which may justify a more conservative surgical approach.     

Some observations on the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis of certain Cervidae

The pituitaries of four species of deer were examined with the electron microscope and our findings are discussed in relation to their function. Functions are ascribed to the granular cell types, and the stellate cells discussed.     

Diurnal variation in the distribution of lipid in the pectoralis muscle of the House sparrow (Passer domesticus)

The content and distribution of lipid in avian muscle were investigated on a diurnal basis. The results were discussed with reference to shivering and with respect to apparently conflicting findings obtained by previous workers on the effects of exercise and starvation on intracellular lipid in muscle fibres.     

Significance of the laboratory diagnosis of hypercoagulability

Alterations characteristic of the hypercoagulation syndrome such as changes in fibrinogen content, in FDP concentration and platelet counts as well as the presence of fibrinogen complexes were demonstrated by laboratory findings in 175 patients with severe diseases and disturbances of haemostasis. Twenty per cent of the patients showed no clinical signs of disturbances of haemostasis, in 32.5 per cent pronounced venous thrombosis occurred, bleeding complications arised in 28 per cent and microthrombosis developed in 20 per cent. The different findings in the individual groups are assumed to be due not only to haemostatic factors but also to other ones.     

A study of the evoked electromyography of the superior orbicularis oris muscle in man

A study was made of the impulse conduction speed by moving recording electrodes at 5 mm intervals, successively, after stimulating facial nerves on one side in normal subjects. The findings showed that the speed of the potentials was fast and the amplitude was large, up to a distance of 0.5 cm across the midline. This makes us believe that there is an intermingling, of approximately one cm, of the left and right superior orbicularis oris muscles. Evoked potentials were recorded up to 1.5 to 2.5 cm across the midline--but as the speed reduced abruptly and the amplitude became small, we believe these potentials were conveyed by volume conductors. Six patients with facial palsy were studied, but in none were these findings indicating any reinnervation from the normal side. However, the conduction speed was delayed in them (as compared to normal subjects).     

乳腺癌人类表皮生长因子受体2表达与X线表现的相关性分析

目的：对比分析人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）阳性和阴性乳腺癌X线特征,探讨乳腺癌X线征象与HER-2基因之间的相关性。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理确诊的1153例女性乳腺癌患者的X线表现,根据免疫组织化学结果分为HER-2阳性组（314例）和HER-2阴性组（839例）。对比分析两组乳腺癌肿块和钙化的X线特征,肿块主要分析形态、边界及边缘,钙化主要分析形状及分布形式,并对各项分析结果进行X2检验,P〈0.05为差异性有统计学意义。结果：HER-2阳性组乳腺癌较阴性组多表现为钙化（X2=42.528,P=0.001）,HER-2阴性组乳腺癌X线表现多为单纯肿块（389/839,X2=16.374,P=0.001）。星芒状肿块在HER-2阴性组比例较高（57/514,X2=5.912,P=0.015）,两组类圆形（P=0.480）、分叶状（P=0.111）、不规则形肿块（P=0.152）分布比例则无明显统计学差异。HER-2阳性组乳腺癌肿块边界多模糊不清（X2=8.319,P=0.004）,阴性组肿块边界多为部分清楚（X2=5.818,P=0.016）。HER-2阳性组乳腺癌钙化形态多表现为沙砾状（X2=8.955,P=0.001）、多形性和不定形（X2=7.137,P=0.001）,分布形式无明显统计学差异。结论：HER-2阳性乳腺癌X线表现钙化居多,且多为沙砾状、多形性和不定形钙化,肿块边界多模糊不清;HER-2阴性乳腺癌多表现为单纯肿块,边界多为部分清楚,星芒状肿块多见。     

Living with the dying: use of the technique of participant observation.

Through participant observation, questions concerning optimal care of dying patients and needs of their families were answered. A general surgical ward and a palliative care unit were the sites of observation. The observations support the belief that a palliative care unit, specifically designed to meet the known needs of dying patients and their families, is preferable to a general surgical ward. The main findings, of less concern in the palliative care unit than on the surgical ward, were the following: the importance of patient-to-patient support; the discomfort of sick-role behaviour; the impersonal and sometimes intimidating nature of patient care; the limitation of the patient''s need (as a person) to give as well as to receive; and the value of families, student nurses and volunteers in total care. These findings emphasize the importance of personal interest in relieving the distress suffered by many terminally ill patients.