苏云金芽胞杆菌基因组研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌制剂是目前世界上产量最大、使用最广的微生物杀虫剂.近年来,国内外研究人员在苏云金芽胞杆菌的功能基因组学领域开展了深入的研究,取得了丰硕的研究成果.本文拟就苏云金芽胞杆菌的基因组、转录组、蛋白质组及代谢组研究进展进行简要论述.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌重组工程菌研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)可以产生对多种农业害虫有毒性的晶体蛋白(Insecticidal crystal protein,ICP),是目前世界上使用范围最广、应用最成功的杀虫微生物.已经发现苏云金芽胞杆菌可以对包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目等在内的9个目500多种昆虫具有杀虫活性①,同时对某些螨类、吸虫、鞭毛虫及动植物线虫也有一定的活性.     

我国生物农药的发展现状

我国生物农药的研究开发始于 5 0年代 ,直到 80年代中期才开始正式列入国家科技攻关的发展计划。近十多年来 ,在生物农药的资源筛选评价、新产品开发、生产工艺、产品质量检测和新技术示范推广方面都取得了长足的进展。目前国内生物农药研究开发的热点 ,主要集中在苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫剂、农用抗生素杀虫剂、农用抗生素杀菌剂、拮抗细菌生防制剂、昆虫病原真菌制剂和昆虫杆状病毒杀虫剂几个方面。生物农药技术产品开始逐渐走入市场。1　我国生物农药技术产品现状1.1　苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫剂我国自 5 0年代末开始苏云金杆菌 (简称 Bt)杀虫剂的…     

钙粘蛋白与苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素 互作机制研究进展

昆虫钙粘蛋白是苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素的重要受体之一,本文简述了昆虫钙粘蛋白种类、结构特征和在昆虫体内的分布,对昆虫钙粘蛋白与苏云金芽胞杆菌毒素相互结合位点进行了较深入讨论;详细论述了苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素作用孔洞模式和信号转导模式,并简要介绍了钙粘蛋白与昆虫抗性的关系.     

昆虫对苏云金杆菌的抗性及防治策略

苏云金杆菌Bacillusthuringiensis（B.t.）因其毒力高,致病快,且对非靶标昆虫及人类无毒,对环境安全等优点,成为世界上应用最广泛的一类微生物杀虫剂。使用对年来,一直没有害虫对其产生抗性的报道。然而,肥年代以来,人们在不同的实验室分别发现,经人工选择多代以后,昆虫对B．t．产生了抗性,有的抗性水平还很高[1]。更为严重的是,80年代后期,在美国的夏威夷及菲律宾等长期使用B．t．制剂的地区,发现一种世界性蔬菜害虫小菜蛾PtoteyatwteHa（LinnaeuJ对B．t．产生了抗性［4,5］。这些事实说明,昆虫对微生物杀虫剂同样有可能…     

利用废弃物发酵生产苏云金芽胞杆菌的研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)是目前应用最广泛和产量最大的微生物杀虫剂,它对鳞翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目等许多害虫有特异毒杀作用,而对人类和其它非靶标动物以及农作物无害。长期以来,人们一直致力于苏云金芽胞杆菌的筛选及发酵研究,以期能获得高毒力的绿色生物杀虫剂产品。由于发酵培养基成本较高,利用废弃物生产Bt杀虫剂既有利于资源循环利用和环境保护,又能降低Bt杀虫剂的多重优点,因此成为近年来国内外的研究热点。本文简要介绍了筛选苏云金芽胞杆菌的基本方法以及利用废弃物发酵生产Bt杀虫剂的研究进展。方法以及利用废弃物发酵生产Bt杀虫剂的研究进展。     

本期重点推介

正肽聚糖识别蛋白(peptidoglycan recognition proteins,PGRPs)是昆虫免疫系统中一类重要的模式识别蛋白。苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis是广泛应用的微生物杀虫剂,其晶体毒素杀虫机理得到较多研究,但与宿主的免疫互作机制研究较少。为了阐明苏云金芽胞杆菌侵染后小菜蛾Plutella xylostella PGRP-SA基因(Px PGRP-SA)的免疫响应机制,华南农业大学农学院郑志华和金丰良等利用qRT-PCR技术测定了B.thuringiensis侵染小菜蛾幼虫后Px PGRP-SA的转录模式,通过RNAi技术结合抗血清封闭实验检测和分析     

苏云金芽胞杆菌肠毒素基因的PCR检测

采用多重引物PCR进行了 45株苏云金芽胞杆菌、2株蜡状芽胞杆菌和 2株球形芽胞杆菌溶血素BL ,肠毒素T和entS基因的检测 ,结果表明 95 6%苏云金芽胞杆菌含溶血素hblA基因 ,91 1 %含bceT基因 ,93 3%含entS基因。用两种商业化肠毒素检测试剂盒TECRA和RPLA进行所有菌株肠毒素的体外免疫测定 ,大部分苏云金芽胞杆菌和阳性蜡状芽胞杆菌都能产生不同水平的肠毒素活性 ,同hblA基因PCR检测结果基本相符。尽管DBT0 0 7和T2 4 0 0 1含有hblA基因 ,但用TECRA却检测不到肠毒素 ;Dmu39菌株不含肠毒素基因 ,但用TECRA却检测出高的肠毒素活性。苏云金芽胞杆菌BDT2 4 8和球性芽孢杆菌不含肠毒素基因和肠毒素。结果表明昆虫病原菌苏云金芽胞杆菌的安全性有待进一步研究     

生物防治因子

862727生物杀虫剂:1.苏云金芽抱杆菌〔英〕/Krieg,A.…1 Ady.Bioteehnol。Proeesses一1984,3一273~290〔译自CBA,1985,(8),2736〕综述。参考文献55篇。     

晶胞粘连苏云金芽胞杆菌C15杀线虫毒力因子发掘与功能鉴定

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）制剂作为一种高效的微生物杀虫剂,在植物病虫害防控领域有着广泛的应用。Bt制剂的主效成分为杀虫晶体和芽胞,其中,杀虫晶体的环境低持久性是Bt农药应用的重要限制因素之一。自然界中存在着一些Bt菌株,其产生的杀虫晶体位于芽胞外壁和芽胞衣之间,这种特殊的表型被称为晶胞粘连（spore-crystal association, SCA）表型。由于芽胞外壁对晶体的保护作用,SCA表型可以提升晶体抵抗不良环境因素的能力,是开发新型Bt生物囊杀虫剂的有效育种策略。本文选取对线虫具有强毒杀能力的 SCA菌株C15作为研究对象。获得了C15菌株的完整基因组序列,包括一个5 637 049 bp的环状染色体和8个不同大小的环形质粒（240 314 bp到3 188 bp）。C15基因编码了5个杀虫蛋白（Cry蛋白）基因：cry21-99、cry21-67、cry21-66、cry21-46和cry-N。在Bt无晶体突变株BMB171中异源表达cry21-99基因,发现其表达产物形成菱形晶体,且对秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）和南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）均有毒杀活性。同时,还在全基因组范围内预测了Cry毒素以外的杀线虫毒力因子和次生代谢产物。此外,在C15基因组中预测了本团队已报道的苏云金芽胞杆菌幕虫亚种（B. thuringiensis serovar finitimus）菌株YBT-020 SCA表型决定因子的同源基因,缺失后突变体仍然保留稳定的SCA表型,说明C15菌株的SCA表型形成机制与YBT-020不同,该菌株代表了一种新的SCA表型形成机制。本研究为转基因作物防控线虫提供了新的遗传资源,也为研究SCA表型形成机制,开发新型高效Bt制剂提供了新线索。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.