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1.
During their first year of growth yellow perch, Perca flavescens, undergo an ontogenetic niche shift from invertebrate feeding to piscivory. They also undergo a similar shift in their response to heterospecific alarm cues, switching from anti-predator to foraging behaviour. We conducted laboratory trials to determine whether yellow perch experience a comparable ontogenetic shift in their response to conspecific alarm cues. When exposed to either young-of-year (YOY) or adult perch skin extract, YOY perch responded with decreased time in motion and number of feeding attempts as well as increased time spent with spines erect and latency to first feeding attempt, all of which are indicative of an anti-predator response. Adult perch, when exposed to the same cues, responded with increased time spent moving and number of feeding attempts as well as decreased time spent with spines erect and latency to first feeding attempt, indicative of a foraging response. These data suggest that yellow perch undergo an ontogenetic niche shift in response to conspecific alarm cues. 相似文献
2.
G. S. Solanki Awadhesh Kumar B. K. Sharma 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(5):1075-1083
We studied reproductive behavior of free-ranging capped langurs (Trachypithecus pileatus) in the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Four species of primates —Trachypithecus pileatus, Macaca mulatta, M. assamensis, and Nycticebus bengalensis— live there. We studied the mating seasons, mating frequency, copulatory attempts, time spent in copulation, and interval
between 2 successive copulations, gestation length, and interbirth interval of 4 groups of capped langurs during 2001–2003.
We observed 2 mating seasons in a year. The first was larger, comprising 5 months (September–January), and the second was
short, April and May. Mating was intensive in the morning session (0600–1000 h); 57% of total mating events occurred then.
The average gestation period was 200 d. November was the most favorable month for breeding. In a year, 107 mating events occurred
involving 5 adult females. Average time per mounting attempt is 12 s. Duration of mounting was the maximum in November. Interbirth
interval was 23 months and 10 d. The birth season was 129 days, December–April; 53% of births occurred in February and March.
Average birth rate is 0.386 birth/female/yr. 相似文献
3.
Naoki Agetsuma 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(5):595-609
I investigated the activity budget and diet of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui,)in warm temperate broad- leaved forest of Yakushima, Japan. Both time spent feeding and time spent moving varied considerably
between half- months. However, total time spent in active behaviors— feeding time plus moving time— was stable. The composition
of the diet also showed considerable variation between half- months. The macaques fed mainly on fruits, seeds,mature leaves, fallen seeds, flowers, and young leaves, each of which accounted for more than 30% of feeding time in at least
1 half- month. They also ate insects and fungi, but each of them comprised ≤ 25 and ≤ 8% of feeding time in any half- month,
respectively. Time spent feeding on mature leaves, young leaves, flowers, or fallen seeds is positively correlated with total
time feeding and is negatively correlated with time moving. In contrast, time feeding on fruits, seeds, insects or fungi is
negatively correlated with time feeding and is positively correlated with time moving. Foraging on foods that have a low energy
content, a high density, and a relatively even distribution— mature leaves— or that need much manipulation to be processed—
flowers and fallen seeds— increased feeding time, while foraging on foods for which monkeys must search intensively in the
forest— fruits, seeds, insects, and fungi— led to increased moving time. I examined foraging strategies of Yakushima macaques
in terms of moving costs and the quality of food items. Regarding time feeding on fruits, which have more energy and may need
less manipulation than other foods, as a benefit, and moving time as a cost, they seemed to employ a strategy that balanced
the costs and benefits of foraging. 相似文献
4.
This is a report of an observational study designed to examine some factors on the development of play behavior in yearling
and juvenileMacaca mulatta within a simulated natural community. Social factors—Dominance, Gender, and Age—had a large influence on the quality and
quantity of the play behavior exhibited by the subjects. In addition Age appeared to influence the effects of both Gender
and Dominance. Three contextual factors—Temperature, Activity, and Vocalization—also had an effect on play behavior. No relationship
however was found for the fourth contextual factor, Cloud Cover.
This research was partially supported by Grant No. HD-00122 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 相似文献
5.
A central challenge in community ecology is to predict patterns of biodiversity with mechanistic models. The neutral model
of biodiversity is a simple model that appears to provide parsimonious and accurate predictions of biodiversity patterns in
some ecosystems, even though it ignores processes such as species interactions and niche structure. In a recent paper, we
used analytical techniques to reveal why the mean predictions of the neutral model are robust to niche structure in high diversity
but not low-diversity ecosystems. In the present paper, we explore this phenomenon further by generating stochastic simulated
data from a spatially implicit hybrid niche-neutral model across different speciation rates. We compare the resulting patterns
of species richness and abundance with the patterns expected from a pure neutral and a pure niche model. As the speciation
rate in the hybrid model increases, we observe a surprisingly rapid transition from an ecosystem in which diversity is almost
entirely governed by niche structure to one in which diversity is statistically indistinguishable from that of the neutral
model. Because the transition is rapid, one prediction of our abstract model is that high-diversity ecosystems such as tropical
forests can be approximated by one simple model—the neutral model—whereas low-diversity ecosystems such as temperate forests
can be approximated by another simple model—the niche model. Ecosystems that require the hybrid model are predicted to be
rare, occurring only over a narrow range of speciation rates. 相似文献
6.
Bistra Atanassova 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2000,22(3):221-225
Advantages and disadvantages in using functional male sterility (positional sterile — ps, positional sterile 2 — ps 2, and excerted stigma — ex) in tomato hybrid seed production and attempts to elaborate systems for their more efficacious use in breeding were discussed
in this review. It was concluded that the application of one of these types of sterility, (ps 2) in practice, although in a limited number of countries, showed the functional male sterility in tomato was a potential not
to be underestimated in developing approaches that aimed at reducting the time and cost associated with hybrid seed production. 相似文献
7.
We study the transient dynamics, following a spatially-extended perturbation of models describing populations residing in
advective media such as streams and rivers. Our analyses emphasize metrics that are independent of initial perturbations—resilience,
reactivity, and the amplification envelope—and relate them to component spatial wavelengths of the perturbation using spatial
Fourier transforms of the state variables. This approach offers a powerful way of understanding the influence of spatial scale
on the initial dynamics of a population following a spatially variable environmental perturbation, an important property in
determining the ecological implications of transient dynamics in advective systems. We find that asymptotically stable systems
may exhibit transient amplification of perturbations (i.e., have positive reactivity) for some spatial wavelengths and not
others. Furthermore, the degree and duration of amplification varies strongly with spatial wavelength. For two single-population
models, there is a relationship between transient dynamics and the response length that characterizes the steady state response
to spatial perturbations: a long response length implies that peak amplification of perturbations is small and occurs fast.
This relationship holds less generally in a specialist consumer-resource model, likely due to the model’s tendency for flow-induced
instabilities at an alternative characteristic spatial scale. 相似文献
8.
Alan R. Mootnick Elaine Baker Ronald D. Nadler Bjorn Merker 《International journal of primatology》2006,27(3):809-825
From 1976 to 2005, we observed 100 captive gibbons (Hylobatidae) in all 4 genera at the Gibbon Conservation Center (GCC) and noted a behavior not previously thought to be part of the ethogram of gibbons—hostile presenting—in 25 of 66 individuals of Hylobates. We observed gibbon-to-gibbon hostile presenting, featuring anogenital presenting combined with agonistic behavior, only in parent-reared gibbons. When directed toward humans, the expression of the behavior varied with the displaying gibbon's rearing condition. We here describe the behavioral details of hostile presenting as expressed in captivity. 相似文献
9.
Coordination of Chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>) in a Stag Hunt Game
Anke F. Bullinger Emily Wyman Alicia P. Melis Michael Tomasello 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(6):1296-1310
Group-living animals frequently face situations in which they must coordinate individual and sometimes conflicting goals.
We assessed chimpanzees’ ability to coordinate in a Stag Hunt game. Dyads were confronted with a situation in which each individual
was already foraging on a low-value food (hare) when a high-value food (stag) appeared that required collaboration for retrieval,
with a solo attempt to get the stag resulting in a loss of both options. In one condition visibility between partners was
open whereas in the other it was blocked by a barrier. Regardless of condition, dyads almost always (91%) coordinated to choose
the higher valued collaborative option. Intentional communication or monitoring of the partner’s behavior before decision
making—characteristic of much human coordination—were limited. Instead, all dyads adopted a leader–follower strategy in which
one partner took the risk of going first, presumably predicting that this would induce the other to join in (sometimes communicating
if she was slow to do so). These results show that humans’ closest primate relatives do not use complex communication to coordinate
but most often use a less cognitively complex strategy that achieves the same end. 相似文献
10.
Edward H. Plimpton Karyl B. Swartz Leonard A. Rosenblum 《International journal of primatology》1981,2(2):175-185
The relationship between foraging demand and social behavior was experimentally studied in a laboratory group of bonnet macaques.
Fourteen adult animals were housed in a large outdoor enclosure containing three shallow gravelfilled circular containers
that served as the foraging sites. During the experimental foraging sessions raisins were placed in the containers and the
social and foraging behaviors of the group were observed for 50 min following the distribution of raisins. Three types of
foraging conditions were inter-spersed with one another on different test days: (1) surface load— raisins placed on top of
the gravel; (2) buried load— raisins hidden underneath the gravel; and (3) sham load— no raisins placed at the foraging sites.
Three basic foraging patterns, defined along a temporal dimension, were seen. One group of animals completed 50% of their
total foraging by the end of the first 15 min. A second group foraged more steadily through the session. A third group foraged
late, completing 50% of their foraging during the last half of the session. The foraging patterns were similar in the buried
and surface condition, although the patterns were more compressed during the surface condition. More aggression and more avoidance
of other animals occurred in the buried condition than in the surface condition. Very little foraging occurred during the
sham condition. There was no clear relationship between the patterns of interaction during foraging and nonforaging observation
sessions. The results suggest the value of manipulative laboratory studies in examining the relationship between ecological
variables and social behavior in nonhuman primates. 相似文献
11.
Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias: I. Assumption of transitivity 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anatol Rapoport 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1953,15(4):523-533
A previously derived iteration formula for a random net was applied to some data on the spread of information through a population.
It was found that if the axon density (the only free parameter in the formula) is determined by the first pair of experimental
values, the predicted spread is much more rapid than the observed one. If the successive values of the “apparent axon density”
are calculated from the successive experimental values, it is noticed that this quantity at first suffers a sharp drop from
an initial high value to its lowest value and then gradually “recovers”.
An attempt is made to account for this behavior of the apparent axon density in terms of the “assumption of transitivity”,
based on a certain socio-structural bias, namely, that the likely contacts of two individuals who themselves have been in
contact are expected to be strongly overlapping. The assumption of transitivity leads to a drop in the apparent axon density
from an arbitrary initial value to the vicinity of unity (if the actual axon density is not too small). However, the “recovery”
is not accounted for, and thus the predicted spread turns out to beslower than the observed. 相似文献
12.
Eliezer Gurarie Daniel Grünbaum Michael T. Nishizaki 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》2011,73(6):1358-1377
Helical swimming is among the most common movement behaviors in a wide range of microorganisms, and these movements have direct
impacts on distributions, aggregations, encounter rates with prey, and many other fundamental ecological processes. Microscopy
and video technology enable the automated acquisition of large amounts of tracking data; however, these data are typically
two-dimensional. The difficulty of quantifying the third movement component complicates understanding of the biomechanical
causes and ecological consequences of helical swimming. We present a versatile continuous stochastic model—the correlated
velocity helical movement (CVHM) model—that characterizes helical swimming with intrinsic randomness and autocorrelation.
The model separates an organism’s instantaneous velocity into a slowly varying advective component and a perpendicularly oriented
rotation, with velocities, magnitude of stochasticity, and autocorrelation scales defined for both components. All but one
of the parameters of the 3D model can be estimated directly from a two-dimensional projection of helical movement with no
numerical fitting, making it computationally very efficient. As a case study, we estimate swimming parameters from videotaped
trajectories of a toxic unicellular alga, Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). The algae were reared from five strains originally collected from locations in the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, where they have caused Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). We use the CVHM model to quantify cell-level and strain-level
differences in all movement parameters, demonstrating the utility of the model for identifying strains that are difficult
to distinguish by other means. 相似文献
13.
Mannose-binding lectin haplotypes influence Brucella abortus infection in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. Capparelli M. Parlato M. G. Amoroso S. Roperto R. Marabelli F. Roperto D. Iannelli 《Immunogenetics》2008,60(3-4):157-165
A case-control study established that the haplotype pair HYA/HYA at the MBL (mannose binding lectin) locus of water buffalo
is associated with resistance to Brucella abortus infection (P < 10−7) and the haplotype pairs LYD/LYD with susceptibility to the same pathogen (P < 10−7). The subjects included in the present study were tested twice—at a 1-month interval—for the presence of anti-B. abortus antibodies in the serum by agglutination, complement fixation and flow cytometry. Cases (335 subjects) included animals consistently
positive to all these tests; controls (335 subjects) comprised animals exposed yet negative by the same tests. The serum from
genetically resistant subjects displayed in vitro significantly higher antibacterial activity compared to the serum from genetically
susceptible subjects, lending biological significance to the results from the association study. Inhibition of the antibacterial
activity following heat treatment of the serum, addition of specific MBL inhibitors (EDTA, mannose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) or anti-human MBL antiserum provide convincing evidence that the antibacterial activity present in the serum
results from the interaction between MBL and B. abortus. A replication study (comprising 100 cases and 100 controls) confirmed the results from the original study. 相似文献
14.
Selectivity of recreational angling on fish behaviour was studied by examining whether capture order or lure type (natural v. artificial bait) in ice‐fishing could explain behavioural variation among perch Perca fluviatilis individuals. It was also tested if individually assessed personality predicts fish behaviour in groups, in the presence of natural predators. Perca fluviatilis showed individually repeatable behaviour both in individual and in group tests. Capture order, capture method, condition factor or past growth rate did not explain variation in individual behaviour. Individually determined boldness as well as fish size, however, were positively associated with first entrance to the predator zone (i.e. initial risk taking) in group behaviour tests. Individually determined boldness also explained long‐term activity and total time spent in the vicinity of predators in the group. These findings suggest that individual and laboratory‐based boldness tests predict boldness of P. fluviatilis in also ecologically relevant conditions, i.e. in shoals and in the presence of natural predators. The present results, however, also indicate that the above‐mentioned two angling methods may not be selective for certain behavioural types in comparison to each other. 相似文献
15.
Luke J. Matthews 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(5):709-728
Variation in ranging behavior, social organization, and feeding ecology among capuchins (Cebus spp.) is a classic example of how closely related species may be differentially adapted to their local environments. Marked
differences in all 3 areas occur among Cebus spp. between the untufted capuchins (Cebus capucinus, C. olivaceous, and C. albifrons) and the tufted capuchins (C. apella, C. xanthosternos, C. nigritus, and C. libidinosus). The key socioecological distinction between the 2 groups has traditionally been that, compared with the tufted group, untufted
capuchins eat more ripe foods, as befits their more gracile masticatory system; range more broadly in search of high-quality
foods; and live in larger groups with more males and more agonistic interactions between groups. Here I assess how well the
basic socioecological characteristics —activity budget, ranging— of previously unstudied Ecuadorian Cebus albifrons fit within this model. Few researchers have conducted studies on Cebus albifrons, despite its prominent role in the initial development of the model for socioecology of Cebus. The results of my 1-yr study of a single social group support the model’s general characterization of untufted capuchins
in ranging and feeding behaviors, but also suggest that direct ecological and demographic effects, in addition to adaptation
to local conditions, may explain additional variation in group size across species of Cebus. 相似文献
16.
Modelling of the activation of G-protein coupled receptors: drug free constitutive receptor activity
P. J. Woodroffe L. J. Bridge J. R. King C. Y. Chen S. J. Hill 《Journal of mathematical biology》2010,60(3):313-346
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a crucial component of approximately 80% of hormone pathways. In this paper, the
most popular mechanism for activation of GPCRs—the shuttling mechanism—is modelled mathematically. An asymptotic analysis
of this model clarifies the dynamics of the system in the absence of drug, in particular which reactions dominate during the
different timescales. Equilibrium analysis of the model demonstrates the model’s ability to predict constitutive receptor
activity. 相似文献
17.
Yu. V. Gerasimov 《Inland Water Biology》2008,1(2):175-181
The foraging behavior of four fish species—bream, Abramis brama (L.); roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.); crucian carp, Carassius auratus (L.); and a tropical catfish, Corydoras paleatus (Jenins)—differing in their degrees of morphological specialization for benthic foraging has been studied. In the modeling
of a stable environment, fish encountered a constant pattern of food location, while under unstable conditions, food location
varied between subsequent trials. In contrast to an unstable environment, after long exposures to constant conditions, there
was an increase in motor activity not associated with foraging and the feeding rate fell. This drop in feeding rate resulted
in decreased growth rates in the studied fish. 相似文献
18.
Rodney L. Johnson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(2):191-203
Mother-infant dyads were observed among three populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in India and Nepal. Physical contact between mothers and infants, essential for effective maternal care in rhesus, was found
to be influenced by the mothers' feeding behavior. As early as the second week of life, infants exhibited a diminished probability
of being in contact with their mothers if their mothers were feeding rather than resting. Rhesus mothers disproportionately
rejected their infants within feeding contexts, indicating that mothers were actively discouraging contact attempts by their
infants during feeding bouts—perhaps because an active infant, if it remained in contact, would diminish its mother's foraging
efficiency.
In contrast to the mothers' feeding behavior, mother-infant contact was found to be little influenced by maternal locomotion.
Most infants were found to be neither disproportionately in, nor out of contact while their mothers were in motion. However,
as the amount of time mothers spent walking increased, so did the probability that infants would be carried. These data suggest
that rhesus mothers behave so as to minimize their energetic costs during locomotion. 相似文献
19.
New record of predatory behavior by the mandrill in Cameroon 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The predatory behavior of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx,Linnaeus 1758), a forestliving baboon, on the bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis,Gray 1864) was observed under natural conditions. In the predatory episode, at least two mandrills (one adult female and one adult
male) attacked a bay duiker, but no overt aggressive interactions between the attackers occurred during consumption. The estimated
predation pattern based on scars—intensive attacking of the head and pulling of the hind legs to eat the thigh muscles first—resembled
the predation patterns of captive mandrills observed experimentally. The findings suggest that the predatory behavior is established
in mandrills as a feeding behavior pattern as in savanna-living baboons. New data are thus presented which are relevant to
the discussion of the origins of hunting behavior in early hominids. 相似文献
20.
Jean-Guy J. Godin 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1978,3(3):261-266
Synopsis The behavior of individual, juvenile pink salmon toward novel prey (Artemia salina) under laboratory conditions is described. Two aspects of predatory behavior, namely latency time to initial prey-capture attempt and prey-capture success, are quantified in relation to chronological age and feeding experience. Initially, mean latency time declined slightly with increasing age up to Day 19 (post-emergence from gravel), but increased sharply to an asymptote with further aging. Mean percentage capture success gradually increased from 7.88% on Day 1 to 92.9% on Day 45. Prior feeding experience on the prey resulted in a decline (to a stable level) in mean latency time in experienced fish compared to control fish. Mean percentage capture success was not significantly altered by prior feeding experience on the prey. 相似文献