AIDS鼠模型最新免疫学研究进展

AIDS鼠模型是AIDS治疗药物的重要初筛模型。目前关于艾滋病的治疗,注视的焦点集中在提高AIDS病患者的免疫功能上。与此相应,对AIDS鼠模型的相关免疫研究主要集中在CD4T、CD8T、NK、B细胞以及IFNγ等细胞因子上,以期通过对AIDS鼠模型的研究,对逆转录病毒感染人体后,人体的相关免疫应答有一个更为深入的了解。     

日本爱滋病(AIDS)现状及对策

自1981年由美国首例报导AIDS(后天性免疫缺陷综合症)以来,数年间,在世界范围内广泛扩散、发病人数急剧增加。根据1988年国际AIDS会议,1988年止、世界AIDS患者数已达96000人,推算患者人数可达20万人。WHO推算的世界HIV感染人数约1000万人,其中有10～30％将在1991年之前发生AIDS症状,成为新的AIDS患者。日本于1985年3月报告首发病例,至1988年5月18日止,已确认AIDS患者为80名,死亡46人。从世界上看,可以说日本属AIDS的后进     

从第16届世界艾滋病大会中获得的启示

2006年8月13～18日在加拿大多伦多市召开的第16届世界艾滋病(AIDS)大会,不仅是历年来规模最大、出席人数最多(26 509人)、代表面最广泛[包括政府官员、行政管理人员、科学家、AIDS防治专业人员、非政府组织人员,媒体工作者,还有近1/3的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HⅣ)感染者、AIDS患者及其家属、亲朋好友]、我国代表也近300人,而且大会的主题"即时行动(Time to deliver)"得到了与会代表统一的认识,即HIV/AIDS流行的严重性并未根本转变,AIDS疫苗和治愈药物的研制仍未突破,但是AIDS是可以预防与控制的,要控制AIDS流行又取决于政府的承诺.同时,与会者一致认为掌握了一项生物的、行为的或社会的防治措施并不等于控制住AIDS的流行,更需要落实到行动中.通过大会全体会议、大会专题交流、卫星会议、专题讲座、研讨会、文化展示活动等,既看到了最新研究成果和工作经验,又从技术层面认识到对今后AIDS研究上的热点[1].     

The Progress on the Studies of HIV/AIDS Vaccine

人类控制HIV感染长远的目标是发展安全、有效、廉价的HIV AIDS疫苗。但经 2 0多年的努力 ,人类探索HIV AIDS疫苗之路仍在继续。分析了疫苗研究的复杂性和发展HIV AIDS疫苗过程中所面临的挑战 ,并对发展HIV AIDS疫苗的可能性从实验和临床方面进行了阐述。同时结合HIV感染的免疫应答原理对现有的各种HIV AIDS疫苗研究策略作一综述 ,并根据以往HIV AIDS疫苗研究的经验和教训提出未来疫苗的发展思路及展望。     

树突状细胞在AIDS灵长类动物模型疾病进程中的作用

非人灵长类动物模型在艾滋病(AIDS)发病机制、传播途径、疫苗和药物等方面的研究中具有重要作用。树突状细胞(DC)作为最重要连接先天免疫与获得性免疫的抗原递呈细胞,在AIDS发病进程中扮演着重要的角色。研究非人灵长类AIDS动物模型中DC亚群数量、表型以及功能的变化,对揭示AIDS发病机制具有十分重要的意义。该文将重点总结近些年来DC亚群在AIDS动物模型发病机制中的作用研究进展,为以后的研究提供思路。     

HIV基因结构及其疫苗研究

艾滋病（acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome,AIDS）危及全世界,成为本世纪难以治疗的病毒病。病原体是反转录病毒科的人免疫缺陷病毒（humal。immunodeficiencyvirus,HIV）。AIDS又叫获得性免疫缺陷综合症,是由于机体感染HIV后造成细胞免疫缺陷,抗感染能力下降,以致伴有机会感染、恶性肿瘤及神经障碍等症候群的统称。HIV感染到AIDS发病为止,大约需5～15年。这期间大致经过四个过程。无症状带毒者（aspoptomaticcarrier,AC）、持续性全身淋巴结肿（persistentgeneralliedlpophodenopathy,PGL）、AIDS相关症候群（AIDS…     

AIDS病的诊断与治疗

<正> 1981年美国首先发现AIDS病患者,其主要表现为出现原出不明的免疫功能不全的男性同性恋者伴发卡氏肺囊虫肺炎、白色念珠菌感染及Kaposi肉瘤等。其后在经常静脉注射药物的人群中亦出现AIDS病患者。免疫学调查表明AIDS病患者除见于血友病、接受输血者外,还见于有异性接触史的人中。1983年发现淋巴腺相关病毒(LAV),1984年分离出人类嗜淋巴细胞病毒Ⅲ型(HTLV-Ⅲ)及AIDS病相关病毒(ARV),1986年后,作为AIDS病的病原统一命名为人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)。 1982年美国将AIDS病定义为有细胞免疫功能不全、尤其是T4细胞降低,有卡氏肺囊虫肺炎、白色念珠菌感染及并发Kaposi肉     

HIV/AIDS的细胞治疗

获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染引起的危险性极高的慢性传染病。高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）能够阻断正在进行的病毒复制而不能清除潜伏的病毒,目前尚无有效根治AIDS方法。免疫细胞在HIV/AIDS发展过程的不同阶段发挥着十分复杂的作用。细胞治疗是通过筛选表达抗HIV基因型的细胞或转染抗HIV基因、受体基因等方法获得抗HIV免疫细胞,并在体外进行扩增,将其转输给HIV/AIDS患者。细胞疗法与HAART等疗法有协同作用,促进HIV/AIDS的治疗。本文综述抗HIV-CAR T细胞、aTCR T细胞、负载HIV抗原的树突状细胞等在HIV/AIDS治疗中的应用及其疗效。     

Commentary remarks on “HIV/AIDS in China“

The global AIDS epidemic continues to spread in the world. HIV in Factor Ⅷ infected the first Chinese in 1983,while the first AIDS patient was reported in 1985 in China. By the end of 2003, the cumulative estimated number of citizens living with HIV/AIDS is 840,000. At the end of September 2005, the cumulative number of reported HIV/AIDS cases is 135,630. These reports indicate that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading in the general population and that the proportion of female HIV case has increased considerably in recent years. It is predicted that there will be about 10millions HIV/AIDS cases in China by the year 2010 if the appropriate and sufficient action against the AIDS epidemic is not taken.……     

AIDS机理研究的转折点

从人类分离到AIDS病毒(HIV)以来已有九年了,HIV感染机体,导致CD_4+T细胞的死亡为AIDS的发病机理为大家所公认,可是1991年开始有关AIDS的发生机理研究领域里出现了新的争论,这场争论的结果将影响今后AIDS的机理研究,特别是HIV疫苗的研制。争论的起点是由加洲大学伯克利分校的Peter Duesberg挑起的,他认为HIV根本不是AIDS的病因,AIDS的机理是由机体产生抗T淋巴细胞的抗体,从而引起T细胞的损伤、清除,因而是一种自身免疫病,该论点的主要依据为HIV感染的T细胞仅为1/100,000,不可能引起大量T细胞的死亡,尽管大多数学者不同意此论点,但有些实验结果却令人感到困惑,     

Commentary remarks on “HIV/AIDS in China”

The global AIDS epidemic continues to spread in the world. HIV in Factor Ⅷ infected the first Chinese in 1983, while the first AIDS patient was reported in 1985 in China. By the end of 2003, the cumulative estimated number of citizens living with HIV/AIDS is 840,000. At the end of September 2005, the cumulative number of reported HIV/AIDS cases is 135,630. These reports indicate that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading in the general population and that the proportion of female HIV case has increased considerably in recent years. It is predicted that there will be about 10 millions HIV/AIDS cases in China by the year 2010 if the appropriate and sufficient action against the AIDS epidemic is not taken.     

脑组织中高浓度的HIV-1DNA水平将HAART后AIDS痴呆综合征或心血管病的AIDS人与普通AIDS人区别开

高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（highlyactiveantiretroviraltreatment,HAART）在延长获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquiredimmunodeflciencysyndrome,AIDS）患者的生存方面具有重要作用,然而随着HIV感染者寿命的延长,AIDS痴呆综合征（AIDSdementiacomplex,ADC）,其他非AIDS相关疾病,心血管病（cardiovasculardisease,CVD）也比较常见．这些各种疾病对脑组织中HIV-1DNA的影响在HAART后还未完全搞清楚．本文的研究目的是澄清HAART后ADC以及其他HIV感染的并发症对AIDS病人脑组织中病毒载量的影响．本实验用定量PCR研究了13例AIDS病人脑组织尸检标本,这些病人死于AIDS并发症,除1例病人外,其他12例病人均从1995年开始接受HAART治疗,直到死亡．2例死于严重的CVD,脑组织中广泛的动脉粥样硬化（cerebrovascularatherosclerosis,CVA）．5例AIDS病人死于ADC,6例AIDS人既无ADC,也无CVA．用定量PCR检测了病人脑组织6个部位（脑膜、前叶灰质、前叶白质、颞叶皮层下部、小脑和基底节）HIV-1DNA的含量并对其进行了比较．HAART后,与非ADC／CVA的AIDS病人相比,ADC的AIDS病人脑组织中HIV-1DNA含量明显升高．一个新的发现是,2例患有CVD,特别是CVA的病人,脑组织中,也同样检出高浓度的HIV-1DNA,这些病人并没有ADC的症状,这是首次报道CVA与脑组织中HIV-1病毒载量有关．研究表明,HAATR抗性的HIV病毒储存库可能存在于ACD患者脑组织的损伤部位及富含巨噬细胞的动脉粥样硬化斑块中,仍需要大量的CVA病例研究来证实后者．     

Development and Challenge of HIV/AIDS Testing Laboratory Network and Quality Assurance System in China

This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4 T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved.     

Commentary Remarks on “HIV/AIDS in China”

The global AIDS epidemic continues to spread in the world. HIV in Factor VIII infected the first Chinese in 1983, while the first AIDS patient was reported in 1985 in China. By the end of 2003, the cumulative estimated number of HIV/ AIDS cases is 840,000. At the end of September 2005, the cumulative number of reported HIV/AIDS is 135,630. These reports indicate that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading in the general population and that the proportion of female HIV case has inc…     

非毒性AIDS病毒有利于开发疫苗

国立癌症研究所的R.Gllo等人生产出一种能自我复制的AIDS病毒变异体,它不会象毒性病毒那样去破坏T-4辅助细胞。这种失去了遗传物质200个碱基对的非毒性AIDS病毒可作为试验疫苗的基础,目的是用它使人体带有抵抗AIDS病毒的能力。 研究者们队为;AIDS病毒的外壳蛋白质很可能是使T-4细胞致死的原因,因而那些探求生产AIDS病疫苗的人都把兴趣放在这种病毒的蛋白质外壳下。     

艾滋病合并咽喉马尔尼菲青霉菌病的研究

目的研究艾滋病(AIDS)患者合并咽喉马尔尼菲青霉菌病(Penicilliosis marneffei,PSM)的咽喉表现和诊疗方法。方法收集2002年5月~2007年3月,经真菌学、血清学和组织病理学证实的5例AIDS合并咽喉PSM患者。应用抗逆转录病毒药物治疗AIDS,用两性霉素B联合氟康唑静滴治疗PSM。结果咽痛、声嘶及粘膜溃疡是AIDS合并PSM的咽喉部症状体征。5例病变组织病理学检查发现细胞内PM菌体。真菌培养分离出双相性马尔尼菲青霉菌(Penicillium marneffei,PM)。经抗真菌治疗,2例体温下降,咽喉疼痛减轻,声嘶改善,扁桃体炎症消退,溃疡面缩小,全身症状减轻。最终4例机会性感染死亡,1例仍在随访中。结论AIDS合并咽喉PSM是根据病史、临床表现和实验检查三方面作出诊断;HIV/AIDS用抗逆转录酶病毒治疗,PM用两性霉素B联合氟康唑静滴治疗。     

Injection drug use and HIV/AIDS transmission in China

INTRODUCTION Although sexual transmission accounts for most of the AIDS epidemic globally, HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users (IDUs) is a growing problem worldwide. First de- tected in China in 1989 among drug abusers on the Yunnan border, HIV/AIDS subse…     

United Nations system efforts to support the response to AIDS in China

In the last two years, we have seen a remarkable intensification in the response to AIDS in China. A number of organizations have joined and contributed to the efforts of the Chinese government in responding the AIDS epidemic in China. This article specifically describes the role of the United Nations in supporting and strengthening those responses. Achievements of the United Nations （UN） highlighted in the article include： strengthened leadership and political commitment to respond to AIDS; improved HIV/AIDS surveillance and information; expanded prevention efforts; improved treatment, care and support to people living with HIV and increased resources for AIDS programs. Additional roles of the United Nations system in the near future include strengthening national leadership by supporting the ‘three ones＇, i. e., one national plan on AIDS; one national coordinating authority for AIDS; and one monitoring and evaluation system for AIDS. In addition, the UN system is expected to strengthen alignment and harmonization of activities of all international organizations and improved accountability and oversight. Remaining challenges identified include increasing awareness of AIDS and reducing stigma and discrimination; reducing vulnerability and risk behaviour among specific groups; providing improved treatment, care and support for people living with HIV; promoting stronger engagement by civil society, and; addressing the gender dimensions of AIDS.     

HIV/AIDS患者CD4水平对甲状腺功能影响的比较研究

目的观察HIV/AIDS患者甲状腺功能的变化,了解HIV对内分泌的影响。方法检测168例HIV/AIDS患者TT4、TT3、FT4、FT3、TSH,并分析不同CD4水平对甲状腺功能影响。结果HIV/AIDS患者甲状腺功能可保持正常,但低CD4组的FT3、TSH水平低于高CD4组。结论HIV/AIDS患者甲状腺功能可保持正常,但HIV感染不同阶段会对内分泌系统有一定影响。HIV感染对甲状腺影响的具体机制尚不十分清楚,利用动物模型进行进一步研究非常必要。     

HIV Vaccine-Challenges and Opportunities

The need for an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine remains the highest priority of the world HIV/AIDS agenda. The generation of an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine proves an enormous scientific challenge. This article reviews the neutralizing antibody problem,elusive immune protection,im-munogen design,pre-existing anti-vector immunity and design of phase 3 vaccine trials and the challenges and opportunities in development of HIV/AIDS vaccine are discussed.