植物β-胡萝卜素羟化酶研究进展

-β胡萝卜素羟化酶是植物类胡萝卜素合成代谢中的关键酶,它催化了植物中β-胡萝卜素经中间产物β-隐黄素合成玉米黄素的过程。β-胡萝卜素羟化酶广泛存在于植物、蓝藻和细菌等生物中,其基因在植物中成对出现,在原核生物中则处于基因簇内。该酶是一种非血红素双铁单加氧酶,分子中有富含组氨酸的模体。多种生物的β-羟化酶基因已被克隆并分别在细菌、蓝藻或植物中表达。玉米黄素能帮助植物抵御胁迫环境,β-隐黄素对癌症等人类疾病有抑制作用。采用基因工程手段改造β-羟化酶基因,将为培养高抗逆性作物和大规模生产β-隐黄素提供新途径。     

南丰蜜橘β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因内含子的鉴定和分析

植物β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(简称β-羟化酶)是玉米黄素合成过程中的关键酶。柑橘、拟南芥、大白菜等多种植物β-羟化酶基因都已被克隆。柑橘中合成玉米黄素的中间产物β-隐黄素的含量远远高于其它植物,推测柑橘与其它植物的β-羟化酶基因相比有一些特殊的差异。本研究以南丰蜜橘为材料,克隆了柑橘β-羟化酶全长基因,并对该基因内含子进行定位和分析,结果表明南丰蜜橘β-羟化酶基因具有6个内含子,其中内含子6的长度远大于拟南芥和大白菜中相应的内含子。进一步研究发现内含子6中有两段特殊序列,一段长122 bp,另一段长95 bp。特别是122 bp序列两端具有反向重复序列,全序列中含有许多不同的转录起始原件。二级结构预测其对应RNA二级结构能构形成较稳定的发夹结构。     

南丰蜜橘β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因的克隆和序列分析

以南丰蜜橘[Citrus reticulata Blanco var.kinokuni(Tanaka)H.H.Hu]基因组DNA为模板,根据已报道的柑橘β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因保守序列设计4对引物,进行PCR扩增,得到4条长度为470、761、294和991 bp的片段.将这些片段克隆到pMD18-T载体,并进行测序.测序结果拼接成1条2 326 bp的序列.分析发现该序列含6个内含子,7个外显子.内含子两侧有典型的GT-AG保守序列.该序列中预测的编码序列与温州蜜柑、拟南芥等植物的β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因序列保守性达80%以上,表明该序列确实为β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因.该基因编码了1个含311个氨基酸的蛋白.将该序列递交到GenBank数据库,序列号为AM408552.     

植物阿魏酸-5-羟化酶生物信息学分析

阿魏酸-5-羟化酶(F5H)是木质素生物合成的关键酶之一,它依赖于细胞色素P450催化阿魏酸在5位上发生羟基化反应。采用生物信息学的方法和工具对在GenBank上注册的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、油菜(Brassica napus)、杨树(Populus trichocarpa)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)、紫苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、喜树(Camptotheca acuminate)等植物的阿魏酸-5-羟化酶基因的核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行分析,包括组成成分、氨基酸翻译后修饰、跨膜拓扑结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质二级功能结构域等进行分析预测和推断。结果表明,植物F5H是一个具有跨膜结构域的亲水性蛋白,存在于内质网等分泌途径中,α-螺旋和不规则卷曲是其二级结构的主要结构元件,具有细胞色素P450家族特征性结构域及保守功能域。     

雨生红球藻β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因的克隆与序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis 34-1n)总RNA中扩增出β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因cDNA序列,将此序列亚克隆于pMD 18-T simple Vector上,经过序列测定,表明该基因的开放阅读框为879bp,编码292个氨基酸,与雨生红球藻(H. pluvialis Flotow NIES-144)β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因氨基酸序列相比,其在编码氨基酸的第33位有一个氨基酸的缺失。在15、314、9和56位上的氨基酸也存在差异。多序列比对分析表明,雨生红球藻与莱茵衣藻的亲缘关系较近,与其他高等植物以及细菌的亲缘关系相对较远。     

绿色杜氏藻不同β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因家族胁迫应答模式研究

β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(β-carotenoid hydroxylase, CHYB)是植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的一个重要限速酶。本研究对绿色杜氏藻转录组测序数据进行分析,获得2条β-胡萝卜素羟化酶家族基因chyb1和chyb2。采用染色体步移法分别克隆并获得了绿色杜氏藻chyb1和chyb2基因的启动子序列,全长分别为1080 bp(GenBank登录号：KY012338)和1155 bp (GenBank登录号：KY012339)。利用Plantcare软件分析两个启动子的顺式作用元件,结果表明绿色杜氏藻chyb1基因启动子含有与甲基茉莉酸、花生四烯酸、水杨酸等非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件,而绿色杜氏藻chyb2基因启动子含有与光照相关的顺式作用元件。通过qRT-PCR分析了绿色杜氏藻CHYB基因家族在不同胁迫下的基因表达水平,结果表明该基因家族的基因表达水平与启动子调控相关,且不同的家族基因应答不同的胁迫。     

喷雾干燥β-胡萝卜素微胶囊化工艺研究

β-胡萝卜素是所有类胡萝卜素中含量最多、生物活性最大和研究最多的一种。但它极不稳定,易氧化变质而失去生理活性。本文采用微胶囊技术,选用明胶与蔗糖作为复合壁材,对β-胡萝卜素进行喷雾干燥微胶囊化,探讨其主要工艺参数。通过单因素分析、正交实验等得出了最佳工艺条件为壁材中明胶与蔗糖的比例为3：17,喷雾干燥进风温度190℃,喷雾压力0．1MP,进料速度为5mL/min.     

产β-胡萝卜素酿酒酵母工程菌的构建

以酿酒酵母SaccharomycescereviaiaeBY4742为宿主菌,利用DNA组装（DNAassemble）技术,向宿主菌导入了β-胡萝卜素合成途径,表达了源自Xanthophyllomycesdendrorhous的CrtE,Cn馏和CrtI3个基因,获得了一株染色体整合型工程菌株HCCB08531,β-胡萝卜素产量达3．68mg／g干重。     

通过转基因提高β-胡萝卜素生物合成量

在黄花龙胆 (Getianalutea)花瓣中获得了植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的 5个基因GGPS、PSY、ZDS、LycB、LycE ,它们分别位于类胡萝卜素合成途径中生成α 和 β 胡萝卜素的上游 .将其中的主要酶基因PSY、ZDS与 35S启动子和NOS终止子相连 ,通过根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)转入烟草 ,并通过RT PCR ,Northern分子杂交 ,Western分子杂交等证实这些基因在RNA、蛋白质水平能较好转录及表达 .高效液相层析法分析显示 ,这些基因的翻译产物具有酶的活性 .结果表明 ,PSY可使 β 胡萝卜素含量提高 1 0 8% .     

RBS文库调控重组大肠杆菌β-胡萝卜素合成途径关键基因提高β-胡萝卜素合成能力

β-胡萝卜素属于类胡萝卜素家族的一员,在药品、保健品、化妆品和食品行业有广泛的应用。本研究通过用RBS文库对重组大肠杆菌CAR005中β-胡萝卜素合成途径的关键基因dxs、idi和crt操纵子进行调控来提高β-胡萝卜素合成能力。研究发现3个基因分别用RBS文库调控后,与起始菌株相比β-胡萝卜素产量最高分别有7%、11%和17%的提高,表明使用RBS文库调控比使用多个固定强度启动子调控能筛选到更有利于目标产品合成的基因表达强度。三基因组合调控后,β-胡萝卜素产量相对于CAR005菌株提高了35%。同时发现,单基因文库筛选到的最优强度对于组合调控来说,未必是最优强度。本研究为利用基因表达调控优化目标产物合成途径提供了一种新的方案。     

Mutational Analysis of Substrate Inhibition in Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Abstract: Substrate inhibition in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was analyzed by deletion mutagenesis. The deletion mutant TH 156/456 was the smallest section of TH to retain substrate inhibition. The TH 156/456 was monomeric, and so multimer formation does not play a role in substrate inhibition in TH. Further deletion at the N terminus to residue 169 produced a TH molecule with no substrate inhibition but high activity. A mutagenic scan of this region showed that mutations at Trp¹⁶⁶ were responsible for this phenotype. A screen of a library of TH molecules containing random mutations identified three other mutants that had lost substrate inhibition but retained high activity. The results in this report are consistent with a model in which substrate inhibition acts through an allosteric mechanism.     

小鼠酪氨酸羟化酶启动子序列分析

目的对小鼠酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）启动子进行序列分析,研究启动子不同区域对下游基因表达调控能力。方法高保真PCR分别扩增出450、1500、2000、2400、3400bp TH启动子片段置换pcDNA3中CMV启动子,并在多克隆位点插入EGFP报告基因,重组后质粒分别瞬时转染MN-9D细胞（TH^＋）和ECV细胞（TH^-）,流式细胞仪观察EGFP基因在细胞内表达情况。结果转染后MN-9D细胞中EGFP阳性率分别为8.01%、7.97%、7.85%、7.72%、7.74%,差异无显著性。转染ECV细胞（TH^-）中,EGFP阳性率分别为6.51%、6.35%、6.71%、0.89%、1.02%。3400bp、2400bp启动子片段在TH^-细胞中调控能力受到明显抑制。结论上述启动子片段均有调控基因表达能力,初步证明TH启动子中特异性调控区域在2400-2000bp范围内。     

Chronic Cocaine Administration Increases CNS Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity and mRNA Levels and Tryptophan Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity Levels

Cocaine is an inhibitor of dopamine and serotonin reuptake by synaptic terminals and has potent reinforcing effects that lead to its abuse. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyze the rate-limiting steps in dopamine and serotonin biosynthesis, respectively, and are the subject of dynamic regulatory mechanisms that could be sensitive to the actions of cocaine. This study assessed the effects of chronic cocaine on brain TH and TPH activities. Cocaine was administered (0.33 mg/infusion, i.v.) to rats for 7 days every 8 min for 6 h per day. This administration schedule is similar to patterns of self-administration by rats when given ad libitum access to this dose. This chronic, response-independent administration increased TH enzyme activity in the substantia nigra (30%) and ventral tegmental area (43%). Moreover, TH mRNA levels were also increased (45 and 50%, respectively). In contrast to the enzymatic and molecular biological changes in the cell bodies, TH activity was unchanged in the terminal fields (corpus striaturn and nucleus accumbens). Similarly, TPH activity was increased by 50% in the raphe nucleus (serotonergic cell bodies). In summary, the chronic response-independent administration of cocaine produces increases in the expression of TH mRNA and activity in both the cell bodies of motor (nigrostriatal) and reinforcement (mesolimbic) dopamine pathways. These increases are not manifested in the terminal fields of these pathways.     

Circadian Variations in the Activity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase, Tyrosine Aminotransferase, and Tryptophan Hydroxylase: Relationship to Catecholamine Metabolism

Abstract— Circadian variations in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, tyrosine aminotransferase, and tryptophan hydroxylase were observed in the rat brain stem. Tyrosine hydroxylase exhibited a bimodal pattern with peaks occurring during both the light and dark phases of the circadian cycle. Tyrosine aminotransferase had one daily peak of activity occurring late in the light phase, whereas tryptophan hydroxylase activity was maximal late in the dark phase. Circadian fluctuations in tyrosine hydroxylase activity did not correlate well with circadian variations in the turnover rates of norepinephrine or dopamine nor with levels of these catecholamines. This supports the idea that although tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, other factors must also be involved in the in vivo regulation of this process. Administration of α -methyl- p -tyrosine (AMT) methyl ester HC1 (100 mg/kg) had no effect on the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, but effectively eliminated the peak of tyrosine hydroxylase activity that occurred during the light phase. AMT also lowered levels of tyrosine aminotransferase, but only at times near the daily light to dark transition. These chronotypic effects of AMT emphasize the importance of "time of day" as a factor that must be taken into account in evaluating the biochemical as well as the pharmacological and toxicological effects of drugs.     

Effects of Cold Exposure on Rat Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase: An Analysis of RNA, Protein, Enzyme Activity, and Cofactor Levels

Long-term cold exposure (5-7 days) is known to induce concomitant increases in the levels of adrenomedullary tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA, protein, and enzyme activity. In this report, we compare the time courses of these changes and investigate the effects of cold exposure on the levels of biopterin, the cofactor required for tyrosine hydroxylation. After only 1 h of cold exposure, TH mRNA abundance increased 71% compared with nonstressed controls. Increases in total cellular TH RNA levels were maximal (threefold over control values) within 3-6 h of cold exposure and remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment (72 h). TH protein levels increased rapidly after 24 h of cold exposure and reached a maximal value threefold above that of controls at 48-72 h. Despite the relatively rapid and large elevations in TH RNA and protein content, only modest increases in TH activity were detected during the initial 48 h of cold exposure. Adrenomedullary biopterin increased rapidly after the onset of cold exposure, rising to a level approximately twofold that of the nonstressed controls at 24 h, and remained at this level throughout the duration of the stress period. Taken together, the results of this time course study indicate that cold-induced alterations in adrenal TH activity are mediated by multiple cellular control mechanisms, which may include pre- and posttranslational regulation. Our findings also suggest that cold stress-induced increases in the levels of the TH cofactor may represent another key event in the sympathoadrenal system's response to cold stress.     

Phosphorylation and Activation of Tryptophan Hydroxylase by Exogenous Protein Kinase A

Abstract: The catalytic subunit of protein kinase A increases brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity. The activation is manifested as an increase in V_max without alterations in the K_m for either tetrahydrobiopterin or tryptophan. The activation of tryptophan hydroxylase by protein kinase A is dependent on ATP and an intact kinase and is inhibited specifically by protein kinase A inhibitors. Protein kinase A also catalyzes the phosphorylation of tryptophan hydroxylase. The extent to which tryptophan hydroxylase is phosphorylated by protein kinase A is dependent on the amount of kinase used and is closely related to the degree to which the hydroxylase is activated. These results suggest that a direct relationship exists between phosphorylation and activation of tryptophan hydroxylase by protein kinase A.     

A Sensitive Radiometric Assay for Tryptophan Hydroxylase Applicable to Crude Extracts

Abstract: We describe here a simple and convenient method for assay of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase (hydroxylase), applicable to enzyme in all states of purification. It is based on the enzyme-catalysed formation of 5-hydroxy-[4-³H]tryptophanfrom [5-³H]tryptophan, and the subsequent acid-dependent quantitative release of ³H as ³H₂O; unreacted substrate is removed with activated charcoal. The assay is linear with respect to both protein concentration and time, and gives results similar to those in a standard fluorimetric assay.     

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activation and Inactivation by Protein Phosphorylation Conditions

Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA, Cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation conditions alter tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat striatal homogenates. In agreement with other laboratories, we find that short-term pre-incubation (3 min) of extracts under phosphorylating conditions (Mg . ATP, cAMP) increases enzyme activity two- to tenfold over control as measured during a subsequent 15-min assay. We now report that preincubation under phosphorylating conditions for longer periods (30 min) results in a loss of activity to levels equal to or below that of the control enzyme. Addition of purified bovine brain protein kinase catalytic subunit and Mg . ATP enhances activation and increases the rate of inactivation. To demonstrate that inactivation is not associated with proteolytic degradation or irreversible denaturation, the inactivated form of the enzyme can be reactivated. The protein kinase inhibitor protein decreases the activation process and prevents inactivation of the enzyme to below control values. The sedimentation coefficient is not changed by phosphorylation conditions (S = 8.8 +/- 0.1). Although the apparent Km of the enzyme for the 6-methyltetrahydropterine (6-MPH4) cofactor is reduced (0.86 mM, control; 0.32 mM, activated), it is also reduced in the inactivated form (0.38 mM). The Ki for dopamine is increased from 4.5 microM for the control to 28 microM for the activated enzyme, whereas the inactivated form of the enzyme exhibits a Ki of 10 microM. Removal of catecholamines by gel filtration fails to alter activity and the apparent cofactor Km. Moreover, both the activated and the inactivated states persist following gel filtration. It therefore appears that the activation-inactivation process is not mediated solely by the modulation of enzyme feedback inhibition or changes in the Km for 6-MPH4. We also describe a coupled decarboxylase assay in which labeled dopamine is resolved from the precursors tyrosine and DOPA by low-voltage paper electrophoresis.     

Monovalent Cations and Striatal Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Abstract: The kinetic properties of soluble tyrosine hydroxylase from rat striatum and the activation of the enzyme by the polyanion heparin were assessed as a function of the monovalent cations K⁺, Na⁺, tetramethylammonium (TMA⁺), and Tris. Substitution of K⁺ or Na⁺ for TMA⁺ or Tris can alter the kinetic properties of tyrosine hydroxylase in the absence of heparin, the nature of the interaction of the enzyme with heparin and also the kinetic properties of the heparin-activated enzyme. The data suggest that monovalent cations can support unique conformational states of the enzyme.