关于保持盐池草原畜牧业生态平衡的建议

草原生态平衡是草原生态系统结构与功能关系的最优协调。为了保持草原生态系统的相对稳定,我们对宁夏盐池县草原畜牧业提出以下建议,供大家讨论。1.作好草原保护、管理和建设工作,为牧草转化为畜产品创造良好条件草原畜牧业生产过程要完成从牧草生产到畜产品生产的年度生产周期。如果某一环节失调或配合不好,就会直接影响产品获得。天然草场和人工草场是牧草转化为畜产品的基本     

土壤-牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,选取处于不同退化阶段的具有典型代表意义的草甸草场为研究对象 ,通过对其土壤氮素矿化补给能力、牧草对氮素的需求量的研究 ,探讨土壤 牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响。结果表明 ,在牧草生长季 5～ 8月 ,高寒草甸土壤的氮素矿化补给量为 15 86 g·m-2 ,而随着高寒草甸退化程度的加重 ,植物群落中优势种群由禾草演替为禾草 苔草 嵩草、嵩草至杂类草 ,其牧草生长需要的总氮量分别为 2 2 86、2 4 87、37 3、14 96g·m-2 ,只有在杂类草草甸阶段 ,其牧草生长对氮素的需求才与其土壤氮素供求相适配 ,可见养分是高寒草甸植被演替与草场退化的重要驱动因子之一。     

豆科植物在中国草原生态系统中的地位及其生理生态研究

豆科(Leguminosae)植物在改良土壤肥力、保持水土、提供多种经济产品方面功能显著,但我国干旱、半干旱草原区草场的退化使豆科植物资源受到严重破坏,有的面临灭绝的危险.本文明确了豆科植物在草原生态系统中的重要性,并综述了其光合、固氮等重要生理过程的研究进展,总结出自然生态系统中豆科植物的高光合机理和环境胁迫对固氮特性的影响,同时指出在豆科植物的适生机制和固氮潜能的发挥等还有很大的研究前景,在生产实践中,播种豆科灌木和豆科牧草是解决大面积人工林、草场"氮缺乏"的有效措施.     

豆科植物在中国草原生态系统中的地位及其生理生态研究

豆科(Leguminosae)植物在改良土壤肥力、保持水土、提供多种经济产品方面功能显著,但我国干旱、半干旱草原区草场的退化使豆科植物资源受到严重破坏,有的面临灭绝的危险。本文明确了豆科植物在草原生态系统中的重要性,并综述了其光合、固氮等重要生理过程的研究进展,总结出自然生态系统中豆科植物的高光合机理和环境胁迫对固氮特性的影响,同时指出在豆科植物的适生机制和固氮潜能的发挥等还有很大的研究前景,在生产实践中,播种豆科灌木和豆科牧草是解决大面积人工林、草场“氮缺乏”的有效措施。     

布氏田鼠体重生长与栖息地植被条件的关系

在内蒙古典型草原区多种不同植被条件栖息地中分析布氏田鼠当年雄鼠的体重生长差异。研究表明 ,布氏田鼠在不同植被条件下的体重生长具有显著的差异。在植被条件中等的草场 ,布氏田鼠的体重生长最佳 ,在植被条件优越的轻牧草场或者过度放牧草场 ,布氏田鼠体重生长一般 ,植被条件较差的重度放牧草场 ,布氏田鼠的平均体重较低。在不同类型草场 ,布氏田鼠可以通过调节体重大小和生长速度来适应各种不同类型的草场     

伊犁河谷春秋草场草地生态调查及其恢复对策

针对新疆伊犁河谷春秋草场严重退化的现状,通过对退化草场、围栏封育并实施灌溉的草场、单纯围栏的草场和灌溉但不封牧草场样方的对比调查,从地表植物的生物量、植物种类、优质牧草所占比例和草地植物多样性指数等的变化规律和特征方面,探讨了伊犁河谷地区春秋草场退化的原因和恢复措施。结果表明:适当灌溉后草地生物量为1540.5g.m-2,远高于不灌溉的草地(生物量为188.13g.m-2),表明干旱是本区草地植被生长一个重要制约因素;而仅改变草地的水分条件,在超载率达123%的大环境下,草场中优质牧草的比例由封育的62.38%下降到未封育的2.08%。因此,适度放牧并辅以灌溉措施是本区天然草场恢复的2个必要条件。     

海草场生态系统及其修复研究进展

海草场能够提供重要的生态系统服务。自20世纪末以来,由于人类活动和自然灾害的影响,全球范围内的海草场出现了急剧衰退,由此也促进了海草场生态系统的研究以及海草场人工修复技术的发展。近年来,针对海草场生境流失的现状,中国也开始开展海草场修复工作。从以下方面进行论述:(1)海草的种类、分布,海草场生态系统功能及其生态系统服务:与陆地系统相比,全球海草物种多样性较低,了解海草的分布特征有助于通过了解海草如何适应当地环境压力,以揭示海草适应环境的能力;海草场提供重要而广泛的自然生态系统服务,特别是在维护近岸生态系统健康和满足人类需求过程中起到重要的作用;(2)海草场的衰退及其原因:认识并缓解人类压力对海草场的危害是促进海草场生态系统可持续发展的重要一环;(3)国内外海草场修复现状:以此阐明海草场修复原理,为海草场修复提供科学的方法;(4)总结与讨论:基于科学研究背景,为中国海草场生态系统保护和修复提出建议。海草场的修复和保护应当相辅相成,并与我国海岸长远规划相结合,以此推动我国海草场生态系统服务的可持续发展。     

高寒草甸放牧生态系统夏秋草场轮牧制度的模拟研究

利用ＧＭＡＭＥ１模拟高寒草甸放牧生态系统夏秋草场在临界放牧压力下的２７０种轮牧制度,并对其累积采食量进行比较分析。结果指出：在高寒草甸放牧生态系统中,最佳的轮牧小区数目为３或４个。证明了Ｍｏｒｌｅｙ规则：最佳轮牧小区数目应该小于１０。推荐２个高寒草甸地区最佳的轮牧模式供野外实验和放牧规划参考：（１）３个轮牧小区,每小区每次持续放牧２９ｄ,放牧压力为３０．１４ｋＪ／ｍ２·ｄ,累积牧草采食量最高为４２５０．４４３ｋＪ／ｍ２。（２）为保持牧草结构的稳定和各轮牧小区牧草生物量的均匀性,可以采用３个轮收小区,放牧持续时间７ｄ,放牧压力Ｉ（１４５）＝２８．８９１４ｋＪ／ｍ２·ｄ,累积采食量为４０７３．３４ｋＪ／ｍ２。     

盘坡地区草场鼠害的综合治理

为探索在高寒草甸草场上实现对高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔长期、稳定、有效的控制和管理,促进植被的恢复和生产力的提高,于1986—1988年在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站所在的门源县风匣口地区严重退化的矮嵩草草甸牧场上开展了化学灭鼠、补播牧草、围栏封育、控制放牧、化学灭杂及残鼠控制等一系列试验研究,并在盘坡地区800ha草场范围内实施上述综合治理措施。经过两年的观察,综合防治区收到了明显的经济效益和生态效益。为青藏高原草场鼠害的综合治理奠定了一定基础。     

青藏高原高寒灌丛植被对长期放牧强度试验的响应特征

在青藏高原中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站对金露梅高寒灌丛草场植被开展了长期不同放牧强度试验,分别在短期(4年)、中期(11年)和长期(18年)放牧阶段研究不同放牧干扰强度对草地植物物种多样性、群落结构、地上生物量和草场质量的影响.研究表明,在不同放牧阶段,随着放牧强度增加植物群落的高度和盖度都降低.在中期放牧干扰阶段,物种多样性数和均匀度指数随着放牧强度增加呈现典型的单峰曲线模式;在长期放牧干扰阶段,随着放牧强度增加,占优势地位的灌木和禾草被典型杂类草替代,其中的重度放牧干扰简化了高寒灌丛植被群落结构,减少了地上现存生物量,特别是可食优良牧草生物量.植被对放牧的响应除了与放牧强度和放牧时间阶段密切相关外,还与该地区水热条件的变化有一定的相关性.针对长期放牧干扰的反应特性可将金露梅灌丛草场中植物划分为增加型、敏感型、忍耐型和无反应型4种类型.除了丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数外,其它一些特征参数并不支持著名的中度干扰假说.本研究发现,长期重度放牧促进了青藏高原高寒草地退化,适度放牧有利于高寒灌丛草场的生物多样性保护和牧草利用;"取半留半"的放牧原则在青藏高原草场放牧管理实践中值得推荐,它将有利于防止草场退化,提高牧草利用率和维持较高的生物多样性.     

Stability in simple grazing models: effects of explicit functions

A class of simple models of a grazed pasture is based on the assumption that the dynamics of green biomass can be expressed as a balance between rates of growth and consumption, both of which are functions only of the total amount of green biomass present. Graphical analysis, using only the general shape of these functions, has shown that the pasture may be either continuously or discontinuously stable under grazing. Further results require explicit specification of these functions. Four growth functions and four consumption functions are considered here and their mathematical and biological properties discussed. The stability properties of the 16 models resulting from combinations of these functions are compared by plotting the isoclines of zero pasture growth, and by obtaining expressions in terms of the parameters for some critical points and quantities. Both methods show considerable similarity between the models in their qualitative behaviour and in the role of certain parameters in determining critical values. There are substantial differences in quantitative predictions of critical values and particularly of the boundary between continuous and discontinuous stability. In the absence of an ungrazable residual, some models are discontinuously stable in the whole parameter space, others only in a limited region of it-albeit the region in which most real systems may be.     

放牧对小嵩草草甸生物量及不同植物类群生长率和补偿效应的影响

基于小嵩草(Kobresia parva)草甸连续2 a的牦牛放牧试验,研究了暖季和冷季放牧草场地上地下生物量及其分配规律、不同植物类群的绝对生长率生长率,探讨了放牧制度和放牧强度对不同植物类群补偿效应的影响。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加地上总生物量呈减小趋势,放牧强度对暖季草场地上总生物量的影响极显著（P?0.01）,对冷季草场地上总生物量的影响不显著（P?0.05）;两季放牧草场各土壤层地下生物量随放牧强度的增加呈明显下降趋势,放牧强度对暖季放牧各土壤层地下生物量的影响显著（P?0.05）,对冷季放牧各土壤层地下生物量的影响不显著（P?0.05）;冷季放牧草场牧草生长季地下生物量与地上生物量的比值随放牧强度的增大而减小,暖季放牧草场对照区地下生物量与地上生物量的比值低于轻度放牧和中度放牧、高于重度放牧;暖季放牧草场各放牧处理不同植物类群均存在超补偿生长,但莎草科和禾本科植物的超补偿生长在8月份,阔叶植物的超补偿生长发生在6月和7月份,禾本科植物的超补偿生长效应强于莎草科植物和阔叶植物,轻度和中度放牧的补偿效应更明显;冷季放牧下不同植物类群也存在超补偿生长,但补偿效应不明现。因此,暖季适度（轻、中度）放牧利用更有利于产生超补偿生长,而重度利用对植被的稳定产生潜在的不利影响。     

Effect of recovery period of mixture pasture on cattle behaviour,pasture biomass production and pasture nutritional value

Pasture management that considers pasture growth dynamics remains an open question. Conceptually, such management must allow for grazing only after the recuperation of the pasture between two separate timely grazing periods when pasture reaches optimum recovery, as per the first law of Voisin’s rational grazing system. The optimum recovery period not only implies a pasture with better nutritional value and higher biomass yield but one that also reduces the production of enteric methane (CH₄) to improve the grazing efficiency of cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate three different recovery periods (RP) of mixed grasses on the grazing behaviour of heifers, as well as herbage selectivity, herbage yield and nutritional value, in vitro degradability and CH₄ production. Based on these criteria, three pasture RPs of 24 (RP24), 35 (RP3) and 46 (RP46) days were evaluated in six blocks using a randomized block design. At each predetermined RP, samples of the pasture were taken before the animals were allowed to graze. Right after collecting the pasture samples, heifers accessed the pasture during 4 h consecutively for grazing simulation and behavioural observations. We also measured the bite rate of each animal. The pasture growing for 24 days had the highest biomass production, best nutritional value, best efficiency of in vitro CH₄ relative emission (ml) per DM degraded (g) and bite rate of the three RPs. Heifers all selected their herbage, irrespective of RP, but with different nutritional value and higher in vitro degradability. However, this did not change the production of in vitro CH₄. Considering the growth conditions of the area where the study was performed, we recommend the shorter RP24 as the most suitable during the summer season. The study’s findings support the idea of management intervention to increase the quality of grazing systems.     

A hierarchical model for analysing the stability of vegetation patterns created by grazing in temperate pastures

Questions: Does vegetation structure display any stability over the grazing season and in two successive years, and is there any correlation between the stability of these spatial patterns and local sward composition? Location: An upland grassland in the French Massif Central. Method: The mosaic of short and tall vegetation stands considered as grazed and ungrazed patches respectively is modeled as the realization of a Boolean process. This method does not require any arbitrarily set sward‐height thresholds to discriminate between grazed and ungrazed areas, or the use of additional variables such as defoliation indexes. The model was validated by comparing empirical and simulated sward‐height distributions and semi‐variograms. Results: The model discriminated between grazed and ungrazed patches at both a fine (1 m²) and a larger (500 m²) scale. Selective grazing on legumes and forbs and avoidance of reproductive grass could partly explain the stability of fine‐scale grazing patterns in lightly grazed plots. In these plots, the model revealed an inter‐annual stability of large‐scale grazing patterns at the time peak biomass occurred. At the end of the grazing season, lightly grazed plots showed fluctuating patch boundaries while heavily grazed plots showed a certain degree of patch stability. Conclusion: The model presented here reveals that selective grazing at the bite scale could lead to the creation of relatively stable patches within the pasture. Locally maintaining short cover heights would result in divergent within‐plot vegetation dynamics, and thus favor the functional diversity of vegetation.     

Novel interactions between phytoplankton and microzooplankton: their influence on the coupling between growth and grazing rates in the sea

Understanding the processes that regulate phytoplankton biomass and growth rate remains one of the central issues for biological oceanography. While the role of resources in phytoplankton regulation (`bottom up' control) has been explored extensively, the role of grazing (`top down' control) is less well understood. This paper seeks to apply the approach pioneered by Frost and others, i.e. exploring consequences of individual grazer behavior for whole ecosystems, to questions about microzooplankton–phytoplankton interactions. Given the diversity and paucity of phytoplankton prey in much of the sea, there should be strong pressure for microzooplankton, the primary grazers of most phytoplankton, to evolve strategies that maximize prey encounter and utilization while allowing for survival in times of scarcity. These strategies include higher grazing rates on faster-growing phytoplankton cells, the direct use of light for enhancement of protist digestion rates, nutritional plasticity, rapid population growth combined with formation of resting stages, and defenses against predatory zooplankton. Most of these phenomena should increase community-level coupling (i.e. the degree of instantaneous and time-dependent similarity) between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, tending to stabilize planktonic ecosystems. Conversely, phytoplankton, whose mortality in the sea is overwhelmingly due to microzooplankton grazing, should experience strong pressure to evolve grazing resistence. Strategies may include chemical, morphological, and `nutrient deficit' defenses. Successful deployment of these defenses should lead to uncoupling between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, promoting instability in ecosystem structure. Understanding the comparative ecosystem dynamics of various ocean regions will require an appreciation of how protist grazer behavior and physiology influence the coupling between rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing.     

Effect of rainfall on biomass,growth and dieback of pastures in an arid grazing system

The influence of rainfall and initial pasture biomass on growth and dieback of pastures in temporary enclosures over quarterly periods was examined from 1980 to 1985 at Menindee in western New South Wales. Rainfall during the previous 12 months had the most influential effect on biomass of grazed pasture, and accounted for 69% of the variance. During quarterly periods, when the biomass of pasture protected from grazing increased, rainfall accounted for 93% of the variance. For all quarterly periods (whether pasture biomass increased or decreased) current rainfall accounted for 72% of the variance in biomass change (growth minus senescence) and initial biomass accounted for a further 14%. The growth response to rainfall was similar in pastures grazed by a combination of sheep and kangaroos and in those grazed by kangaroos alone.     

Pattern, process and prediction in aquatic ecology. A limnological view of some general ecological problems

1. New scientific concepts such as models of chaos, complex dynamics and non-linear interactions have the potential to contribute to an improved understanding of ecological patterns and processes. This paper discusses some of the known dynamics of phytoplankton, pelagic food chains and nutrient cycles in the light of some of these new concepts. The paper brings these new conceptual models together with data from a wide range of sources in an attempt to produce a synthesis of system behaviour which allows us to understand why some things are inherently more predictable than others. In particular it looks at the limnological management tools of empirical biomass models and biomanipulation and at the need for prediction of species composition. 2. The structures observed in ecosystems (nutrient pools, sizes, species, temporal/spatial patterns) show properties at a spectrum of scales, as do the processes (fluxes, grazing, competition). Both respond to a spectrum of external perturbations that may be climatologically or anthropogenically induced. Empirical biomass models work because of the annual averaging of pattern and process and because of some inherent properties of the functioning of pelagic ecosystems. Many aspects of ecosystem pattern and process vary in a regular way with trophic state. Examination of empirical data sets can lead to an improved understanding of system behaviour if questions are asked about why things happen the way they do. 3. Feedbacks between pattern, process and periodicity are seen to be an inherent property of the system. Understanding the fundamental dynamics of non-linear interactions in ecosystems may make it possible to exploit the external spectrum of environmental perturbations and to control system function. For example, by imposing external physical perturbations on pelagic systems it may be possible to manipulate the species composition of the phytoplankton community. Because of the complexity of possible interactions both ‘horizontally’ between species and ‘vertically’ within the food chain, any prediction of species composition will necessarily be probabilistic.     

Reconstructing Anthropogenic Disturbance Regimes in Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study from the Swiss Rhone Valley

Anthropogenic disturbances of forest ecosystems are increasingly recognized as fundamental ecological processes with important long-term implications for biogeochemical cycles and vegetation patterns. This article aims at reconstructing the extent and intensity of the two most common types of traditional forest uses—forest litter collecting and wood pasture—in the Swiss Rhone valley (Valais) by (i) identifying the spatiotemporal patterns, and (ii) modeling the biomass removal through these practices. Detailed information on agricultural practices and socio-economic context were essential to develop reliable estimates of anthropogenic disturbance regimes. In the Valais, predominately goats and sheep grazed in the forests. The intensity of grazing was a function of the number of grazing animals and the available grazing area. Forest litter was used as bedding for farm animals during the winter. Key factors determining the intensity of litter collecting were the number of animal units, the amount of available substitute products (straw), and the area where litter raking could be practiced. The results show that wood pasture and forest litter collecting were practiced on a significant proportion of the forested landscape in the Valais up to the second half of the 20th century. Until the implementation of forest management plans in the 1930s, almost half of the forests in the study area were affected by wood pasture and/or forest litter collecting. The regulations in the management plans led to an essential reduction of the area available for these traditional practices but likewise to an increased pressure on the remaining areas. The results suggest that the notion of a slow but steady disappearance of traditional non-timber forest uses and the associated effects on forest ecosystems is oversimplified. Quantitative reconstructions of biomass output resulting from these practices confirm the importance of traditional non-timber forest uses for ecosystem development in this region. Furthermore, it is very likely that similar effects have been widespread throughout regions with similar natural and socio-economic context, for example, throughout a significant proportion of the European Alps. This study underlines the importance of environmental history for ecological sciences as well as for forest management and conservation planning.     

三江平原湿地小叶章生产力模拟模型

利用气象台站的常规观测资料,依据植物生长模拟理论,以d为步长,建立了湿地小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)植被生产力动态模拟模型。该模型包括3个子模块:1)光合作用与呼吸作用;2)干物质积累;3)同化物分配,主要考虑了温度和积水因子对植物生长的影响。并利用实测资料对该模型进行了检验,结果表明:小叶章地上活体、枯落物、茎、叶各器官枯落物的模拟值与实测值之间均呈极显著的线性相关(R²分别为0.98、0.99、0.99和0.92)。在相邻区域的检验结果也表明,季节性积水沼泽化草甸小叶章的地上生物量明显高于常年积水沼泽。两类湿地小叶章地上生物量的模拟值与实测值之间均呈极显著线性相关(R²分别为0.66和0.79)。相近区域长期定位观测点连续2年的模拟结果与实测值之间也具有极显著的线性相关(R²分别为0.97和0.76)。     

Intermediate Coupling between Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Maximises the Persistence of Grasslands

Aboveground and belowground biomass compartments of vegetation fulfil different functions and they are coupled by complex interactions. These compartments exchange water, carbon and nutrients and the belowground biomass compartment has the capacity to buffer vegetation dynamics when aboveground biomass is removed by disturbances such as herbivory or fire. However, despite their importance, root-shoot interactions are often ignored in more heuristic vegetation models. Here, we present a simple two-compartment grassland model that couples aboveground and belowground biomass. In this model, the growth of belowground biomass is influenced by aboveground biomass and the growth of aboveground biomass is influenced by belowground biomass. We used the model to explore how the dynamics of a grassland ecosystem are influenced by fire and grazing. We show that the grassland system is most persistent at intermediate levels of aboveground-belowground coupling. In this situation, the system can sustain more extreme fire or grazing regimes than in the case of strong coupling. In contrast, the productivity of the system is maximised at high levels of coupling. Our analysis suggests that the yield of a grassland ecosystem is maximised when coupling is strong, however, the intensity of disturbance that can be sustained increases dramatically when coupling is intermediate. Hence, the model predicts that intermediate coupling should be selected for as it maximises the chances of persistence in disturbance driven ecosystems.