地下水埋深和季节性干旱对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭生理和生长的影响

干旱区因降水稀少,地下水成为荒漠植被重要且稳定的水源。选取古尔班通古特沙漠南缘建群种植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）为研究对象,通过测量不同地下水埋深（3.45、9.08、10.47、13.27 m和15.91 m）下生长季前期和后期同化枝生理生化指标（黎明水势、正午水势、含水量、氯离子、钠离子、脯氨酸和非结构性碳水化合物）和生长与形态特征（生长速率和胡伯尔值）,旨在认识荒漠植物对地下水埋深增加和季节性干旱的响应特征和调节适应机制。结果表明：（1）梭梭应对地下水埋深变化的生理调节对策,是采取先降低后升高黎明前同化枝水势、降低新枝形成期同化枝生长速率、增大胡伯尔值和积累非结构性碳水化合物的策略;（2）梭梭应对生长季大气干旱的生理调节对策,是通过降低黎明前同化枝水势、维持较高胡伯尔值、积累钠离子和消耗淀粉抵御季节性干旱;（3）在大气干旱与地下水水文干旱交互作用下,梭梭是采取降低正午同化枝水势、维持较高的同化枝含水量和积累可溶性糖的生态策略。综上所述,梭梭在响应地下水水文干旱和季节性大气干旱的生理特征间存在差异。研究结果丰富了水文和大气干旱对梭梭生理和生长影响的认知,可以为基于地下水资源管理的干旱区荒漠植被保育提供参考。     

西南岩溶槽谷区隧道建设的水文生态环境效应研究进展

西南岩溶槽谷区隧道分布密集,隧道突水引发了一系列的生态环境问题。梳理了隧道建设产生的生态环境效应现状,包括:改变水资源分布格局及水文过程,诱发地质灾害,降低土地质量和引起土壤污染,影响植被生长与分布等。在隧道影响水文和水资源方面已有丰富的研究成果,而在对土壤和植被的影响研究方面缺乏统一认识。指出了未来研究的总体趋势和方向:隧道影响水资源分布格局与水文过程的水文地质模式,降水、地表水、土壤水、地下水及隧道水的转换过程与地下水流场演化机制,岩溶隧道区植被生理过程与多样性变化等。     

天山北麓典型地段植被对景观格局和动态的指示意义

景观是由气候、地貌、水文、土壤、植被等组分构成的综合体。这些组分之间相互影响、相互作用,其中植被对其它组分的反映最为敏感。研究了天山中段北坡从中山开始,向下经准噶尔盆地南缘壤质和黏土荒漠,到古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的范围内,以典型温带荒漠植被为主的天然植被格局及其与环境梯度的关系,并以此为基础探讨了干旱区荒漠植被对于景观格局及相应的景观过程的指示意义。结果表明,土壤质地对研究区植被类型有显著的影响,白梭梭-梭梭群落、梭梭群落、琵琶柴群落对细粒物质的偏好依次增大,对粗粒物质含量则有相反的规律;研究区壤质和黏土荒漠中的白梭梭-梭梭群落可以作为景观中土壤沙化过程的指示体。在对土壤含盐量的适应性方面,琵琶柴群落高于梭梭群落,分布在总盐含量更高的生境中,柽柳群落则对土壤盐分没有明显的偏好;盐生矮半灌木群落可以作为土壤盐渍化过程的指示体。在对土壤水分与地下水位的适应性方面,柽柳群落表现出较明显的对高的土壤含水率的偏好,可以指示景观中具有优良生境的斑块。荒漠化过程是干旱区重要的景观生态过程,主要表现为土壤沙化和土壤盐渍化,而这两个过程都有非常明显的植被表征,因此,在以荒漠化动态为目标的干旱区景观动态分析中,可以通过植被的演化来推断景观格局的动态变化,进而推断荒漠化动态。     

Responses of restored grassland ditch vegetation to hydrological changes, 1989–1992

The impact of hydrological manipulation of an unfertilised, Dutch peat grassland area on plant species composition on ditch banks and in ditchwater was studied. The hydrological manipulation involved raising the groundwater level by admitting nutrient-poor, Ca-rich groundwater in one compartment, and by retaining precipitation in another compartment. A third compartment served as control.The plant species composition showed significant correlations with the following hydrochemical parameters: in bank vegetation with K⁺ concentration, and winter and summer groundwater levels, water depth and elevation; in aquatic vegetation with pH, the concentrations of Cl^- organic-C and NH₄ ⁺ water temperature and elevation.The number of terrestrial plant species increased after compartmentation from 97 to 122; 16 submerged and floating species were found. Most new terrestrial species probably emerged in response to cessation of fertilization and biomass removal, since they showed no preference for any compartment. Five species showed preference for the groundwater compartment and two for the rainwater compartment. Of the new terrestrial plants, seven were relatively rare: Carex panicea, C. oederi, C. pallescens, C. vesicaria, Galium uliginosum, Juncus acutiflorus and Stellaria uliginosa. Of the aquatic plants, eight were relatively rare: Chara globularis, two Callitriche spp., four potamogetonaceae and Ranunculus circinatus.This study indicates that hydrological manipulation of grassland systems in which fertilisation has ceased has profound effects on the vegetation in the ditches of these systems. Bank vegetation responds more slowly and to other hydrochemical factors than aquatic vegetation. Short-term responses in terms of increase in diversity of vegetation pattern and species richness are promising. Long-term responses are not yet known.     

Turlough ground beetle communities: the influence of hydrology and grazing in a complex ecological matrix

Turloughs are groundwater dependent grazed wetlands of conservation importance that occur in limestone depressions in the karst landscape, mostly in the west of Ireland. Data on Carabidae, hydrological regime, soils and management (using grazing exclosures) were collected to assess the effects of both hydrological regime and grazing management on ground beetles of Skealoghan turlough. Distinct ground beetle communities have been found associated with different hydrological regimes with carabid beetle community composition sensitive to both changes in hydrological regime and vegetation structure. The hydrological regime is the primary factor controlling the carabid species composition of this grazed wetland. Grazing, particularly selective grazing by animals plays an important but subordinate role to hydrology in providing suitable habitat conditions for many species of conservation importance. This paper provides a detailed assessment of species responses to wetland management and demonstrates the need to maintain a range of hydrological and grazing regimes.     

Life on the edge – to which degree does phreatic water sustain vegetation in the periphery of the Taklamakan Desert?

Questions: Do the vegetation‐specific patterns in the forelands of river oases of the Taklamakan Desert provide clues to the degree to which a vegetation type depends on unsaturated soil moisture, brought about by extensive floodings, or phreatic water? Location: Foreland of the Qira oasis on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Methods: A vegetation map was prepared using a SPOT satellite image and ground truthing. Measurements of soil water contents were obtained from a flooding experiment and transformed into water potentials. Sum excedance values were calculated as the percentage of days on which different thresholds of soil water potentials were transgressed. Groundwater depth was mapped by drilling 30 groundwater holes and extrapolating the distances to the whole study area. Results: The vegetation was characterized by only six dominant or codominant species: Alhagi sparsifolia, Karelinia caspia, Populus euphratica, Tamarix ramosissima, Calligonum caput‐medusae and Phragmites australis. The vegetation patterns encountered lacked any linear features typical of phreatophytes, thus not allowing direct conclusions on the type of the sustaining water sources. Soil water potentials never transgressed a threshold of pF 5 (?10 MPa) in horizons above the capillary fringe during periods without inundation, thus representing water not accessible for plants. Depth to the groundwater ranged between 2.3 and 17.5 m among plots and varied between 1.7 and 8.0 m within a plot owing to dune relief. The seven main vegetation types showed distinct niches of groundwater depths, corresponding to the observed concentric arrangement of vegetation types around the oasis. Conclusions: Inundation by flooding and unsaturated soil moisture are irrelevant for the foreland vegetation water supply. Although distances to the groundwater table can reach about 20 m, which is exceptionally large for phreatophytes, groundwater is the only water source for all vegetation types in the oasis foreland. In consequence, successful maintenance of oasis foreland vegetation will crucially depend on providing non‐declining ground water tables.     

Vegetation characteristics and eco-hydrological processes in a pristine mire in the Ob River valley (Western Siberia)

Relations between vegetation characteristics and eco-hydrological processes were assessed in a pristine mire in the valley of the Ob River (Western Siberia). Along a transect from the terrace scarp to the river, field data were collected on vegetation composition, peat stratigraphy, peat chemistry, hydrology and hydrochemistry. Based on floristic composition, eight vegetation communities were distinguished. Hydraulic head measurements were used to obtain an indication of groundwater flow directions. The water balance of the mire was calculated with a two-dimensional steady-state numerical groundwater model. Water types were defined based on cluster analysis of hydrochemical data. The results revealed that the dominant hydrological factor in the Ob mire is the discharge of groundwater, which supplies about threefold more water than net precipitation. Although the discharge flux decreases with increasing distance from the terrace scarp, high water levels and a “groundwater-like” mire water composition were observed in the major part of the study site. Precipitation and river water play only a minor role. Despite dilution of discharging groundwater with rainwater, spatial differences in pH and solute concentrations of the surficial mire water are small and not reflected in the vegetation composition. Although small amounts of silt and clay were found in the peat in the proximity of the river, indicating the occurrence of river floods in former times, no river-flood zone could be recognized based on hydrochemical characteristics or vegetation composition. A comparison of the Ob mire with well-studied and near-natural mires in the Biebrza River valley (Poland) revealed substantial differences in both vegetation characteristics and the intensity and spatial pattern of eco-hydrological processes. Differences in the origin and ratios of water fluxes as well as a dissimilar land use history would seem to be key factors explaining the differences observed.     

商丘市浅层地下水位下降对区域气候的影响

地下水包括浅层地下水和深层地下水,是陆地水循环的重要组成部分,其中浅层地下水受气候条件和植被地形及人类活动的影响大。浅层地下水埋深对气候变化的响应研究是气候变化影响研究的前沿和热点之一,对于水资源管理及其相关研究与应用具有重要意义。商丘市所在的黄淮平原是我国第一大地下水富集区,由于气候变化和人类活动的影响,地下水资源量与1984年相比下降了20%以上。地下水作为黄淮平原重要的水资源,研究气候变化和人类活动的影响与地下水的相应关系有着重要的现实意义。以几个典型城市的气温与地下水位的变化情况为基础,全面分析讨论了商丘市浅层地下水对水温、蒸发量和气温的影响关系,为商丘市以及黄淮平原地下水资源变化提供科学的依据。     

鄱阳湖湿地地下水埋深及其与典型植被群落分布的关系

地下水位直接影响土壤含水量,进而影响湿地植被生长、分布和演替.本研究以鄱阳湖湿地为研究区,基于2014-2018年地下水位野外定点观测数据,分析湿地地下水年内与年际动态变化特征,构建鄱阳湖湿地地下水数值模型,分析地下水流场空间特征以及地下水埋深分布,结合高斯回归方法分析地下水埋深与典型植被分布之间的关系.结果表明:年内...     

Groundwater drawdown drives ecophysiological adjustments of woody vegetation in a semi‐arid coastal ecosystem

Predicted droughts and anthropogenic water use will increase groundwater lowering rates and intensify groundwater limitation, particularly for Mediterranean semi‐arid ecosystems. These hydrological changes may be expected to elicit differential functional responses of vegetation either belowground or aboveground. Yet, our ability to predict the impacts of groundwater changes on these ecosystems is still poor. Thus, we sought to better understand the impact of falling water table on the physiology of woody vegetation. We specifically ask (a) how is woody vegetation ecophysiological performance affected by water table depth during the dry season? and (b) does the vegetation response to increasing depth to groundwater differ among water‐use functional types? We examined a suite of physiological parameters and water‐uptake depths of the dominant, functionally distinct woody vegetation along a water‐table depth gradient in a Mediterranean semi‐arid coastal ecosystem that is currently experiencing anthropogenic groundwater extraction pressure. We found that groundwater drawdown did negatively affect the ecophysiological performance of the woody vegetation. Across all studied environmental factors, depth to groundwater was the most important driver of ecophysiological adjustments. Plant functional types, independent of groundwater dependence, showed consistent declines in water content and generally reduced C and N acquisition with increasing depths to groundwater. Functional types showed distinct operating physiological ranges, but common physiological sensitivity to greater water table depth. Thus, although differences in water‐source use exist, a physiological convergence appeared to happen among different functional types. These results strongly suggest that hydrological drought has an important impact on fundamental physiological processes, constraining the performance of woody vegetation under semi‐arid conditions. By disentangling the functional responses and vulnerability of woody vegetation to groundwater limitation, our study establishes the basis for predicting the physiological responses of woody vegetation in semi‐arid coastal ecosystems to groundwater drawdown.     

2002-2016年华北平原植被生长状况及水文要素时空特征分析

基于MODIS增强型植被指数（EVI）资料,结合降水、GRACE重力卫星水储量（TWS）、地下水、土壤水等资料,分析华北平原植被2002-2016年间的生长状况及各水文要素时空分布特征。研究结果表明：（1）2002-2016年间华北平原植被呈好转趋势,降水、水储量、土壤水、地下水等水文要素值呈减少趋势。（2）黄淮平原区植被以农作物为主,植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,而降水、水储量、地下水、土壤水均呈减少趋势,超采地下水灌溉农作物是短期内保障粮食安全的重要措施。（3）燕山-太行山山麓平原区、冀鲁豫低洼平原区的城乡居民用地区域植被覆盖显著减少,而降水增多,水储量、土壤水、地下水减少,人类活动对植被和水文要素贡献量大。（4）山东丘陵农林区分布着林地和草地,这些区域生长季的植被指数呈减少趋势,与降水量减少呈正相关关系。在气候变化和人类活动影响的大背景下,探讨不同生态环境的植被生长特征,清楚植被对水文变化的响应机理,可以消除影响植被生长的不利因素,为制定合理用水制度提供理论依据。     

Modelling rising groundwater and the impacts of salinization on terrestrial remnant vegetation in the Blackwood River Basin

Summary Southwest Western Australia has a particularly rich biodiversity. Clearing for agriculture has greatly reduced the extent of native vegetation in wheatbelt catchments; it also set into train hydrogeological and hydrological changes that are still evolving toward a new equilibrium. With those changes come widespread land salinization that presents a further risk to remnant vegetation, particularly in low portions of the landscape. The equilibrium position of shallow groundwater was modelled for the Blackwood Catchment, and used to assess the extent of risk to a set of remnant vegetation classes. A total of 37 368 ha of remnant vegetation was identified to be at risk of salinization when hydrological equilibrium is reached. Further hydrological modelling assessed the rate of development of these watertables (and hence the rate of impact on remnants), as well as the potential to protect remnants by controlling groundwater recharge with revegetation. The results demonstrate that only high levels of revegetation are effective at protecting high value remnants in the longer term. The timing of events is dependant on the accuracy of estimating recharge.     

Linking vegetation type and condition to ecosystem goods and services

Our focus here is on how vegetation management can be used to manipulate the balance of ecosystem services at a landscape scale. Across a landscape, vegetation can be maintained or restored or modified or removed and replaced to meet the changing needs of society, giving mosaics of vegetation types and ‘condition classes’ that can range from intact native ecosystems to highly modified systems. These various classes will produce different levels and types of ecosystem services and the challenge for natural resource management programs and land management decisions is to be able to consider the complex nature of trade-offs between a wide range of ecosystem services. We use vegetation types and their condition classes as a first approximation or surrogate to define and map the underlying ecosystems in terms of their regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services. In using vegetation as a surrogate, we believe it is important to describe natural or modified (e.g. agronomic) vegetation classes in terms of structure – which in turn is related to ecosystem function (rooting depth, nutrient recycling, carbon capture, water use, etc.). This approach enables changes in vegetation as a result of land use to be coupled with changes to surface and groundwater resources and other physical and chemical properties of soils.For Australian ecosystems an existing structural classification based on height and cover of all vegetation layers is suggested as the appropriate functional vegetation classification. This classification can be used with a framework for mapping and manipulating vegetation condition classes. These classes are based on the degree of modification to pre-existing vegetation and, in the case of biodiversity, this is the original vegetation. A landscape approach enables a user to visualise and evaluate the trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives at a spatial scale at which the delivery of ecosystem services can meaningfully be influenced and reported. Such trade-offs can be defined using a simple scoring system or, if the ecological and socio-economic data exist in sufficient detail, using process-based models.Existing Australian databases contain information that can be aggregated at the landscape and water catchment scales. The available spatial information includes socio-economic data, terrain, vegetation type and cover, soils and their hydrological properties, groundwater quantity and surface water flows. Our approach supports use of this information to design vegetation management interventions for delivery of an appropriate mix of ecosystem services across landscapes with diverse land uses.     

额济纳天然绿洲景观演化驱动因子分析

额济纳天然绿洲位于我国西北干旱内陆河流域黑河流域下游 ,近年来 ,随着黑河中、上游地区下泄地表径流量的减少 ,额济纳天然绿洲景观退化严重。基于研究区近十几年来的景观演化总体特征 ,分别从气候因素、水文因素、人类干扰因素等几个主要的景观变化驱动因子入手 ,探讨其演化机制、揭示其演化规律。研究结果表明 :黑河流域中、上游下泄地表径流量的锐减而导致研究区地下水水位下降、地下水矿化度升高以及水质恶化是额济纳天然绿洲景观发生退化的根本原因 ,绿洲人类活动强度的增加、绿洲关键区域的超载和过牧以及蒸发度指数的升高、湿润系数的下降均加剧了研究区景观退化的程度。     

新疆三工河流域尾闾绿洲地下水变化与土壤积盐的响应

研究地下水动态和土壤积盐过程有助于了解地下水抬升对土壤积盐的作用规律,合理利用水资源,防止土壤盐渍化。根据1985年、2000年和2005年的地下水等值线图资料,结合研究区1983~2005年水资源利用和0~20cm土壤层总盐数据以及土地利用数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了近23a来地下水动态,以及地下水抬升与地表积盐的关系。结果表明:区域输水灌溉是地下水水位抬升的直接动因。年均地下水水位抬升0.09m,地下水位每抬升1m,造成区域地表积盐区增加144.45hm2,地下水位的抬升对区域灌溉景观的积盐面积的扩张作用要强于非灌溉景观,在灌溉景观中耕地积盐速率最快,达0.43t.hm-.2a-1,23a间,单位面积的积盐量增加了40.04%,在非灌溉景观中,盐碱地的积盐作用较强,积盐速率达0.68.thm-.2a-1。     

Primary forest succession on poor sandy soilsas related to site factors

Three main succession lines are found to occur on poor sandy soils in a blown drift sand landscape in the Netherlands. Site factors – organic matter, parent material, soil moisture regime and relief – were determined. Site types, specific combinations of these site factors, are defined. For five site types succession was studied. The primary criterion for separating succession lines and for delineating the successional stages, was the site factor organic matter and the second criterion, groundwater level. Influence of organic matter on succession was significant on site types with a buried podzol. Species composition on these site types indicated richer sites than the species composition on the site types without a buried podzol. Groundwater level of about 1m with gleyzone was critical for species requiring moist sites. Within a succession line vegetation stages are characterized and the potential forest type is presumed. The stages were related to humus form and soil development. Litter of dominant species was suggested to be the main criterion for the humus form. Initial and older vegetation stages were linked to development of soil horizons. The defined site types, their soil development and relationships with the succession lines clarify spatial and temporal structure and diversity of vegetation, and herewith is the basic information for clarifying the heterogeneity and potential biodiversity of this blown drift sand landscape.     

Knowledge-based framework for delineation and classification of ephemeral plant communities in riverine landscapes to support EC Habitat Directive assessment

Riverine landscapes are shaped by the spatio-temporal dynamics of the water regime. Water level transitions induce a shift in plant species composition from aquatic to ephemeral vegetation communities in riparian habitats. Hence, the occurrence of these ephemerals is strongly related to the hydrological connectivity and therefore used as indicator for the assessment of riparian habitat types. The delineation and assessment of such habitat types is time-consuming due to the indifferent occurrence of the plants. Therefore, in this study a knowledge-based framework is presented to provide readily usable polygons to support subsequent field surveys on species level. Different hierarchical scales range from hydrological connectivity classes to watercourses and to the micro-morphological classification of riparian habitats. The object-based image analysis approach was used to extract information from terrain and groundwater models, aerial images, and thematic data. The study site is located in the Danube floodplains east of Vienna Natura 2000 site. The micro-morphological classification of the watercourses resulted in the delineation of the classes Waterbodies, Riparian Habitats and the remaining Transition Zones. Watercourses with high flow velocity or with low hydrological connectivity show a small portion of potentially suitable riparian habitats for ephemeral vegetation communities. The framework with focus on terrain models delineating the shape of the riparian habitats performed well with an overall accuracy of 90% (kappa = 0.74). The thresholds in the framework were set fixed or calculated automatically to facilitate an application by spatial ecologist due to the combination of remote sensing techniques and GIS functionalities. The knowledge-based framework can be adapted to provide a harmonised and standardised dataset for any riverine study area.     

The role of soil pH in linking groundwater flow and plant species density in boreal forest landscapes

In hilly boreal landscapes topography governs groundwater flow which strongly influences soil development, and thus vegetation composition. Soil pH is known to correlate well with plant species density and composition, but in boreal forests this relationship has been little studied. Previously, we successfully used a topography-based hydrological index, the topographical wetness index (TWI), as an approximation of the variation in groundwater flow to predict local plant species density in a boreal forest landscape. Data on species indicator values demonstrated that soil pH can be an important soil variable linking groundwater flow and plant species density. In the present paper we explore this link by relating measured soil pH to species numbers of vascular plants and TWI in 200-m² plots within two boreal forest landscapes, differing in average soil pH. The two landscapes showed almost identical relationships between plant species number and soil pH, implying that this relationship is robust. The landscapes also had similar relationships between soil pH and TWI as well as between plant species number and TWI except at high TWI values, which indicate groundwater discharge areas. In these areas soil pH and plant species numbers were higher in the high-pH landscape at any given TWI value. We conclude that for predictive mapping of the species density of vascular plants in boreal forests, soil pH is a major factor. However, TWI as a measure of groundwater flow is a practical alternative predictor.     

Groundwater Macrocrustaceans as Natural Indicators of the Ariège Alluvial Aquifer

The macrocrustacean fauna from an alluvial aquifer in the French Pyrénées was investigated using 15 wells scattered over the floodplain. Wells were sampled at three contrasting periods for faunal, phy‐sical and chemical variables to investigate relationships between amphipod, isopod distributions and environmental factors. The assemblages, dominated by stygobite amphipod species, showed an overall persistence between the sampling dates. Groundwater quality exhibited between‐site variations related to agriculturally‐induced pollution. Low correlations existed between water quality and fauna distribution patterns. At the scale of the aquifer, groundwater contamination did not influence the macrocrustacean distribution. The spatial distribution of amphipods and isopods was clearly related to hydrogeology and hydrodynamics: strong relationships were found between the assemblages composition and the hydrological context of the stations (wells from the alluvial plain and from the alluvial terrace). With respect to spatial and temporal scales and providing adequate sampling methods, macrocrustaceans then constitute natural indicators of groundwater hydrodynamics in the Ariège aquifer.     

Phreatophytic vegetation response to climatic and abstraction-induced groundwater drawdown: Examples of long-term spatial and temporal variability in community response

The influence of climatic drought and groundwater abstraction on phreatophytic vegetation dynamics was investigated in the southwest of Western Australia. Two contrasting examples of long-term phreatophytic plant community response to reduced water availability are presented. Multivariate analysis of vegetation and hydrological parameters determined depth to watertable as the dominant biophysical driver of floristic spatial and temporal patterns. Under lower rates of watertable drawdown (9 cm year^?1), a progressive change in floristic composition was observed over a 33-year period. The abundance of species with a preference for wetter sites was significantly reduced, whereas that of more drought-tolerant species increased. Higher rates of drawdown (50 cm year^?1) where groundwater abstraction exacerbated climatic drought resulted in a threshold response in vegetation and 33% dissimilarity to pre-abstraction floristics in 12 years. In the context of an ecohydrological state and transition conceptual model, it is suggested higher rates of groundwater drawdown result in a threshold breach and subsequent transition to an alternative ecohydrological state, whilst lower rates result in a progressive floristic transition.