A preliminary study of marine fungi from Abaco Island,the Bahamas

Marine soil, mangrove wood, and free floating algal collections were made in the shallow littoral zone of Abaco Island, The Bahamas. Material was subsequently examined in the laboratory for fungal populations inhabiting seawater shorelines of the island. The study follows previous mycological investigations of Abaco including the keratinophilic fungi (10) and the fresh water fungi (11).     

Colonizing success of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes on islands

The biodiversity of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetous macrofungi growing on seven islands in central Japan were compared to examine colonizing success within the context of island biogeography theory. Two hypotheses were tested: that the number of the fungal species depends on island area and that the slope of the species-area curve for saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal macrofungi differ in response to differences in their nutritional requirements. Data for the number of species that were identified based on sporocarps closely fit the conventional species-area curve. The slopes of the species-area curve for saprotrophic fungi (0.316) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (0.469) were similar to those reported for insects and birds, and plants on other archipelagos, respectively. In addition species-area curve data showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized only islands > 630 m(2). While the species composition of saprotrophic fungi found on any pair of islands was positively correlated to the ratio of the areas of the island pair being compared (smaller/larger), no such relationship was observed for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Conversely similar ectomycorrhizal fungi, mostly those belonging to the genera Amanita, Inocybe, Boletellus and Russula, were found on pairs of islands with similar vegetation in the same geographic region. These results suggested that the colonizing success by ectomycorrhizal fungi is limited by host plant diversity, which is lower on smaller islands, instead of restricted immigration resulting from limited spore dispersal ability.     

Fragmented environment affects birch leaf endophytes

The effect of environmental fragmentation on the species distribution and frequency of horizontally transmitted endophytic fungi in Betula pubescens and Betula pendula leaves was studied in an archipelago in southwestern Finland. The study system consisted of 14 islands, ranging in size and distance to the mainland, and five mainland sites. Endophytic fungi were grown out from surface-sterilized leaves. The frequency of endophytic fungi mainly depended on the size of the island, explaining 32-35% of the variation, and the distance to the mainland explaining 29-35% of the variation. The birch trees on the largest islands near the mainland had the highest endophyte frequencies. Fusicladium betulae, Gnomonia setacea and Melanconium betulinum were the most commonly isolated fungi. Foliar endophytes of birch trees are able to disperse to fairly fragmented areas, but their frequencies seem to depend on environmental isolation and size of the island.     

湛江沿海潮间带产胞外纤溶活性酶类海洋真菌的生物多样性分析

【目的】研究湛江沿海硇洲岛和徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区潮间带产胞外纤溶酶样酶和纤溶酶原激活物海洋真菌的生物多样性,为发掘新型溶栓药物奠定基础。【方法】采用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)和酵母膏蛋白胨葡萄糖(YPD)培养基分离培养海洋真菌,采用真菌r DNA转录间隔区1-5.8S r DNA-转录间隔区2(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)片段的序列分析及其系统进化树构建的方法鉴定分离培养的海洋真菌,采用脱脂牛奶马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(SM-PDA)培养基培养法筛选产胞外蛋白酶的海洋真菌,采用海水纤维蛋白马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(FN-PDA)培养基培养法筛选产胞外纤溶酶样酶和/或纤溶酶原激活物的海洋真菌。【结果】从湛江沿海的硇洲岛和徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区潮间带分离、培养和鉴定了海洋真菌446株,含真菌的98个种,分布于真菌域子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的6个纲、18个目、46个科、65个属;其中产胞外蛋白酶的海洋真菌有265株,61个种,分布于41个属;产胞外纤溶酶样酶的海洋真菌有67株,22个种,分布于14个属;产胞外纤溶酶原激活物的海洋真菌有84株,23种,分布于13个属;优势属为曲霉属(Aspergillus),其次为青霉属(Penicillium)。【结论】湛江沿海潮间带可分离培养的产胞外纤溶酶样酶和纤溶酶原激活物的海洋真菌物种丰富多样,是发掘新型溶栓药的丰富资源。     

模拟增温对青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物的影响

【背景】土壤微生物对其生存的微环境变化极为敏感,鸟岛作为湖滨湿地,对气候变化具有敏感性,但目前关于青海湖鸟岛的土壤微生物鲜有研究。【目的】探究气候变暖后青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物群落特征的变化。【方法】利用开顶箱模拟增温,通过高通量测序方法了解温度升高后土壤细菌及真菌的群落结构以及多样性的变化情况。【结果】温度的升高并未改变青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物的优势菌群,细菌优势菌群为变形菌门和酸杆菌门;真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门,优势菌纲为座囊菌纲。但增温改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,显著升高了拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、Patescibacteria及球囊菌纲的相对丰度,显著降低了锤舌菌纲的相对丰度。土壤微生物群落的多样性指数也发生了变化,温度上升后微生物的ACE指数及Chao1指数均降低,细菌的Simpson指数及真菌的Shannon指数降低。【结论】青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物对温度升高的响应明显,增温改变了土壤细菌拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、Patescibacteria的相对丰度及真菌的球囊菌纲、锤舌菌纲的相对丰度,降低了土壤微生物的多样性。     

几种生态环境中AM真菌多样性比较研究

对渤海湾的海岛林地(IFL),黄河三角洲盐碱地(SAS)、鲁西南煤矿(CMS)和内蒙古退化草原(DGL)等几种生态环境中丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的多样性进行了调查。结果表明,在所调查的样点中,AM真菌的物种多样性不同,IFL中的最高,其次是SAS,CMS和DGL的最低。各地AM真菌种的丰度、孢子密度、频度、相对多度等也差异较大。这与各生态环境中的生态因子的差异相关。在总体上,Glomus属在各采样点出现的频度和相对多度最高,其次是Acaulospora属。但不同生态环境之问又存在差异,例如CMS中Acaulospora属的频度和相对多度比Glomus属的高。在IFL中,Gigaspora属的相对多度比Acaulospora属的高。各生态环境中的生态优势种不同,如在CMS中是A．mellea,在IFL和SAS土壤中却分别是G．margarita和G．caledonium,而DGL中各个种的分布却较均衡。     

Leaves as islands for microbes

Summary The equilibrium theory of island biogeography provided a framework for describing the colonization of apple leaf islands by filamentous fungi. Surface sterilization of living leaves in situ by hydrogen peroxide allowed the colonization process to be followed from its inception. Numbers of species of filamentous fungi per leaf fluctuated from 6 to 21 during the first 2 weeks of colonization and equilibrated at about 12 by the third week. Turnover occurred in species composition at equilibrium. The equilibrium number of species was not related to leaf area.The presence of an equilibrium condition with turnover on the leaf surfaces is consistent with two key tenets of the theory of island biogeography. However, the apparent back of a species-area relationship is inconsistent with the island model.     

Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities along a river delta island in northeastern Brazil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a key role in the maintenance of the balance of terrestrial ecosystems, but little is known about the biogeography of these fungi, especially on tropical islands. This study aims to compare AMF community structure along a transect crossing a fluvial-marine island and relate these communities with soil and vegetation parameters to shed light on the forces driving AMF community structure on a local scale. We tested the hypothesis that the composition of AMF communities changes across the island, even within short distances among sites, in response to differences in edaphic characteristics and vegetation physiognomies. We sampled roots and soils in five different natural and degraded habitats: preserved mangrove forest (MF), degraded mangrove forest (MD), natural Restinga forest (RF), and two regeneration Restinga forests (RR1 and RR2) on Ilha da Restinga, northeastern Brazil. We determined the mycorrhizal colonization rate and AMF community structure based on morphological spore identification. The island soils were sandy with pH varying from acid to neutral; higher levels of organic matter were registered in RF and lower in MF; other chemical and physical soil attributes differed along the habitat types on the island. In total, 22 AMF species were identified, without any difference in species richness. However, the diversity and composition of AMF communities, spore abundance per families, and mycorrhizal colonization were statistically different among the habitats. The composition of AMF communities was strongly related to soil characteristics, especially the sum of exchangeable bases. Our results indicate that the different habitat types have diverse AMF communities even within short distances among habitats. In conclusion, islands with high spatial heterogeneity in soil parameters and diverse vegetation are potential refuges for the diversity conservation of AM fungi.     

城市水体对热岛的缓冲性能沿河岸距离的变化规律

城市水体包括城区内的自然水体和人工水体两大类。作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,水体在缓解城市热岛效应(Urban Heat Island, UHI)上具有重要作用。研究城市热岛效应的现状,探讨水体对城市热岛的缓冲效应,为改善城市热岛效应和生态环境,并对城市进行合理的改造和规划提供理论依据。以长沙市中心城区为研究区域,以南北向贯穿长沙市的湘江河道作为主要研究对象,基于长沙市2016年7月Landsat 8 TIRS遥感影像采用大气校正法反演地表温度(Land Surface Temperature, LST),利用监督分类法获取其同步的城市化进程和土地利用类型,分析市区内地表温度及热岛效应的空间分布特征。同时,通过在湘江两侧建立多个尺度的缓冲区,并将其与地表温度分布及土地利用类型叠置,分析湘江为主的水体对长沙市热环境及各缓冲区的缓冲效应,结果表明:(1)长沙市城市建设格局与热岛效应空间分布基本相似,建筑用地热岛效应更高,极端地表温度达到53.8℃;水体、绿地和裸地的热岛效应相对较低,最低地表温度为16.0℃;(2)湘江对长沙市热岛效应具有缓冲作用,对长沙市热岛效应的平均缓冲距离为400 m;(3)湘江对热岛效应的缓冲能力与水体周边土地利用类型有关,对河东区的缓冲作用小于河西区,对沿江休闲区的缓冲效应大于沿江住宅区。综上所述,长沙市热岛效应强度与用地类型相关,建筑用地热岛效应严重;水体对热岛的缓冲效应显著,但不同缓冲区内缓冲距离存在差异,因此对城市生态格局进行小规模改造可增强水体缓冲作用,缓解城市热岛效应。     

郑州市公园绿地景观特征对公园冷岛效应的影响

城市公园有助于缓解城市热岛效应,减少城市降温能耗。选取郑州市中心城区内44个主要公园,利用Landsat8遥感数据和土地利用数据,结合ENVI、ArcGIS、Fragstats、SPSS等软件分析公园冷岛效应的影响因素。冷岛强度的研究从景观特征、景观构成、景观配置3个层面来进行,结果表明:场地条件有限的情况下公园面积控制在20 hm2左右能产生较高冷岛强度;公园边界越简单冷岛效应越强,而植物和不透水表面斑块的边界越复杂公园冷岛效应越强;同等面积下有水体的公园与无水体的公园相比降温效果相差1℃左右;水体占比控制在14%左右公园冷岛强度较为显著;在进行公园景观配置时,公园内植物和水体的组合相比于不透水表面与植物的组合及不透水表面与水体的组合能产生更好的降温效应。利用标准差椭圆工具进一步分析公园冷岛强度的方向性,发现公园的冷岛方向主要与园内水体长轴以及园外高层建筑的分布有关。     

城市供水系统对水中真菌数量和群落结构的影响

【背景】对于饮用水中的微生物污染,绝大多数研究集中在细菌、病毒及原虫和蠕虫。由于真菌中包含多种潜在致病菌,应当引起人们的关注。【目的】研究城市供水系统中真菌数量、群落组成变化及可能存在的潜在致病真菌。【方法】利用MEA和RB两种培养基,对供水系统中的原水和两个水厂净水工艺过程及不同供水模式用户龙头水样进行培养法计数统计。提取上述样本总DNA,并应用Illumina MiSeq平台进行ITS1区高通量测序。【结果】从15个样本中共获得有效序列579 470条,1 260个OTU,包含8个门26个纲67个目228个属的真菌。门水平上子囊菌门真菌为供水系统优势真菌,属水平上不同样本存在差异,但曲霉属和枝顶孢属真菌在所有样本中均存在;培养法和高通量测序结果共同显示,活性炭过滤出水真菌数量和物种丰富度均较前一工艺有所上升;氯化消毒对真菌数量、物种多样性及物种组成影响显著;经过供水管网输配和二次供水设施后,用户龙头水样本真菌数量和物种丰富度明显高于出厂水。【结论】供水系统中的优势真菌为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),该门真菌可穿透净水工艺过程的多级屏障;水厂净水工艺能有效去除水中可培养真菌,生物活性炭过滤工艺能够影响真菌数目及物种多样性;供水管网及二次供水设施是末端饮用水中真菌污染的重要来源;供水系统中存在潜在致病真菌。     

海南省常见植物根围巨孢霉目丛枝菌根真菌

报道了从海南岛常见植物根围土壤中分离获得的巨孢霉目丛枝菌根真菌23种,分别属于Gigaspora、Scutellospora、Dentiscutata、Racocetra、Quatunica、Cetraspora等6个属,其中Dentiscutata hawaiiensis和Dentiscutata nigerita为中国新记录种。     

Are green islands red herrings? Significance of green islands in plant interactions with pathogens and pests

The term green island was first used to describe an area of living, green tissue surrounding a site of infection by an obligately biotrophic fungal pathogen, differentiated from neighbouring yellowing, senescent tissue. However, it has now been used to describe symptoms formed in response to necrotrophic fungal pathogens, virus infection and infestation by certain insects. In leaves infected by obligate biotrophs such as rust and powdery mildew pathogens, green islands are areas where senescence is retarded, photosynthetic activity is maintained and polyamines accumulate. We propose such areas, in which both host and pathogen cells are alive, be termed green bionissia. By contrast, we propose that green areas associated with leaf damage caused by toxins produced by necrotrophic fungal pathogens be termed green necronissia. A range of biotrophic/hemibiotrophic fungi and leaf-mining insects produce cytokinins and it has been suggested that this cytokinin secretion may be responsible for the green island formation. Indeed, localised cytokinin accumulation may be a common mechanism responsible for green island formation in interactions of plants with biotrophic fungi, viruses and insects. Models have been developed to study if green island formation is pathogen-mediated or host-mediated. They suggest that green bionissia on leaves infected by biotrophic fungal pathogens represent zones of host tissue, altered physiologically to allow the pathogen maximum access to nutrients early in the interaction, thus supporting early sporulation and increasing pathogen fitness. They lead to the suggestion that green islands are 'red herrings', representing no more than the consequence of the infection process and discrete changes in leaf senescence.     

Present status and future of boletoid fungi (Boletaceae) on the island of Cyprus: Cryptic and threatened diversity unravelled by ten-year study

Fungi historically placed in the iconic genera of Boletus, Leccinum and Xerocomus have been the subject of major taxonomic revisions in recent years. Yet, despite all advancements in systematics, boletoid fungi in insular ecosystems remain little explored and our knowledge of their diversity, distribution and abundance in Mediterranean ecoregions is far from complete. To shed light on this blind spot, the findings of a ten-year study from the island of Cyprus were analysed, integrating phylogenetic, ecological, morphological, phenological and chorological data. An unexpected diversity of Boletaceae fungi is unveiled, with twenty-five species phylogenetically confirmed to be present on the island, thirteen of them previously unreported. Sequencing of the ITS rDNA region, reveals crypticism within the Butyriboletus fechtneri, Caloboletus radicans, Rubroboletus lupinus and Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus species-complexes and infrageneric relationships are discussed. A strong link between boletoid fungi and Mediterranean oaks of the ilicoid group (Quercus alnifolia, Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos) is illustrated, with nineteen species (76%) overall found to be strictly or broadly associated with evergreen oaks. In stark contrast, the semi-deciduous Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris appears to be an unfavorable host for boletoid fungi, with just a single associated species so far. Phenological and chorological records indicate that most species on the island are rare, highly localized and fruit during very brief spells several years apart, mainly in response to increased annual, late summer or early autumn precipitation. The conservation status of these high-profile fungi is hence discussed, particularly in view of alarming climate changes, forecasted to have a dramatic impact on Mediterranean ecosystems in the years to come.     

The study of fungi in drinking water

The occurrence of fungi in drinking water has received increased attention in the last decades, and fungi are now generally accepted as drinking water contaminants. The knowledge about the occurrence and diversity of fungi in water has increased considerably from a low knowledge base. However, the relevance of waterborne fungi for water quality and human health is poorly understood and still conflicting. Scientific reports on effective treatment against fungi in water are also few. This article presents a review of the literature on fungal water studies, including some general results, and considerations of significance, limits, contradictions, precautions, and practical consequences.     

青海湖鸟岛地区植物群落物种多样性与土壤环境因子的关系

The study on the relationship between plant species diversity and soil factors in the bird island of Qinghai Lake indicated that this island was a low diversity district, its Shannon-Wienner index and species richness decreased with the increasing soil available K, water soluble salt concentration and pH, and there were significant linear and quadratic correlations between them. Stepwise linear regressions showed that soil available K and water soluble salt were the key factors to estimate Shannon-Wienner index and species richness in this island, respectively, and no correlation was found between species evenness and soil factors.     

Occurrence of fungi in water used at a haemodialysis centre

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify and determine the diversity, occurrence and distribution of fungi in water used at a haemodialysis centre. Methods and Results: Samples in the hydraulic circuit for the distribution of the water, dialysate samples and samples of sterilization solution from dialysers were collected over a 3‐month period, and 500 ml of each sample was filtered through membranes. All together 116 isolates of fungi were recovered from 89% of all water samples collected inside the haemodialysis unit, with prevalence of moulds in tap water samples and of yeasts in dialysate samples. Fusarium spp. was the most abundant genus found, whereas Candida parapsilosis was the predominant yeast species. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that various fungi were present in the water system. These data suggest the inclusion of the detection and quantification of fungi in the water of haemodialysis. Significance and Impact of the Study: The recovery of fungi from aqueous haemodialysis environments implies a potential risk for haemodialysis patients and indicates the need for continuous maintenance and monitoring. Further studies on fungi in haemodialysis water systems are required to investigate the organism ability to persist, their role in biofilm formation and their clinical significance.     

An improved method for the selective detection of fungi in hospital waters by solid phase cytometry

Yeast cells and mould spores can be fluorescently labelled with the viability stain carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) and detected on a membrane filter by laser scanning (solid phase cytometry, SPC). Although the selectivity of an existing commercial SPC procedure for fungi is ensured by using a 2 microm pore size membrane filter and a pre-incubation on a proprietary spore swelling/activation medium, some bacteria are still co-detected. In the present study, the selectivity for fungi has been enhanced by combining the green fluorescent CFDA with a second red fluorescent label, i.e. TRITC-concanavalin A, targetting fungal but not commonly bacterial cells. Additional improvements resulted from the prolongation of the pre-incubation and from the extra-rinsing of the membrane filter. The improved method was applied to detect fungi in hospital waters, dialysis fluids and endoscopic rinse waters. In general, SPC detected more fungi in water than plate methods. The occurrence of fungi in dialysis fluid and endoscopic rinse water was rare. Evidence for the presence of fungal viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells in water was weak.     

Selection of appropriate host plants used in trap culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in coalmine spoil, island forest and saline soils were enriched in pot culture with maize (Zea mays L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens Linn.) and silverweed cinquefoil (Potentilla anserina L.). Based on spores, there were more species of AM fungi in the coalmine spoil (15 species, 3 genera), than in the forest soil (11 species, 4 genera) and the saline soil (5 species, 2 genera). In the trap cultures, the total of 28 species in Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, and Sclerocystis detected in the original soils were all recovered with at least one of the four trap plants. The highest spore and species numbers were recovered in trap cultures of T. repens inoculated with coalmine spoil. Glomus constrictum and Glomus multicaule were the dominant species associated with N. tabacum grown in saline soil and forest soil. The dominant species of AM fungi on the four hosts was Acaulospora mellea, which had over 90% of the spore incidence in pot trap culture in coalmine spoil. It is suggested that there be selectivity between host plants and AM fungi. The number of species of AM fungi detected was influenced by host plants under certain conditions and white clover was generally the optimal host plant to detect diversity of AM fungi.     

Effect of sea water concentration on hyphal growth and antimicrobial metabolite production in marine fungi

We studied the effect of sea water concentration in a culture medium on fungal growth and the production of antimicrobial metabolites. Most of the marine fungal isolates were identified as members of the same genera as terrestrial isolates, such asAspergillus andTrichoderma. Many of the marine fungi isolated grew more abundantly as the sea water concentration increased. The production of antimicrobial materials was improved as the sea water concentration increased. Even though the marine fungi were considered to be similar to fungi from terrestrial environments, from a mycological perspective, the two types have different physiological characteristics. The fungi from marine samples are useful microbial resources in the search for new bioactive compounds.